جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "شهر" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

This study is aimed at investigating how Tehran is represented in the context of Iranian Novels. The study considers novels as epistemic components, shedding light on the contribution of these components to a general phenomenon named modernity, which is manifested by the city. To this end, the following novels were selected theoretically and purposively: Half Invisible (Hossein Sanapour, 1999), Tehran, a city without sky (Amirhossein Cheheltan, 2001), We'll get used to it (Zoya Pirzad, 2004). These novels were analyzed, using Lefebvre's maxims and critical analysis. From Lefebvre's perspective, there is inherently no space. He maintains that space is produced socially. Explaining how social space is produced, Lefebvre refers to the following three dimensions, which have internally dialectic interrelations: Spatial practices, spatial representations, representational spaces. The results of the study show that the novels at best only represent one of the three dimensions, failing to represent the city emerging from the dialectic relations among these spaces. Being unaware of the dialectic nature of the city, the authors have represented an image of a suppressive city rather than a dynamic polyphonic one in their novels. In fact, the adoption of a romantic approach to novel writing dating back to the First Pahlavi resulted in a regressive, anti-urban society, depriving the authors of the opportunity to view the city from a dialectic perspective.

Setting in literature has long been a prominent issue in literary evaluations. The systematic concern with setting and space dates back to the time Aristotle first discussed the concept of "spectacle" in his Poetics, deeming it essential to the formation of a proper tragedy. Today, spatial studies frequently acknowledge Charles Dickens as one of the greatest observers of the operation of the city in the novel. His foremost novel, Great Expectations, depicts modernity and the social hardships of the time in the form of a love story bringing the plot in close proximity with Morteza Moshfeq Kazemi’s novel Tehran-e Makhuf .This article focuses on the scrutinizing of the creation of social spaces in these two novels through the utilization of Henri Lefebvre’s theory of space as an active production of each society. The concern with space and city and their function is further reflected in the section “City, Space, and Society,," followed in more detail in the section “The City.” In the section “Society, and the Background of the Author,” and the one after, “The Portrayal of the Two Cities and Social Space,” the cities envisioned are observed apropos of the image created, its relationship to the narrative, and social relations. Consequently it is proposed that the cities produced by these two novels are not essentially objects, but rather, the city is a product of that society-- dominating and producing the society itself through its active production by the witnesses,

 With the death of Karim Khan and the lack of strong succession, the number of his relatives especially the brothers and cousins were campaigns destroyed for access to government. These events consist of the wide range of historical sources in the end of twelve century. With careful study on the historical texts, we can be follow up the various ranges of civic society for protecting the citizen lives and properties and also for access to gain the financial - political interests personally or a special group. This research by using the methods of historical research and techniques of library data collection from original historical references after description and classification of the political – military functional of various ranges of civic society specifications of related cities in that specific times deals to analyses and interpretations of these features and their impacts on cities relations with the various claimants succeed of Karim Khan.   In the Zand period, the political-military structure of many cities consisted of three layers of people, elders and ruler. The support and following of the cities and the adjacent areas of their elders had a great influence on the rise and fall of Karim Khan Zand's successors. The people who were the lowest social category of cities were subordinate to their leader's authorities in obedience or disobedience to the rulers. The pursuit of the people led to the social-financial capability of the elders to carry out effective political-military activities. In the sources of this period, the general loyalty of the society lower classes of Haji Ibrahim Khan has been mentioned by the general and obscure word "ahali". This is in the first First Look of is the collective will of the this classes, but by examining more precisely the historical texts, we find that the interests and efforts of the heads of the guilds and districts in the political-military organization of the ordinary people of the community provide an effective political-military role of the elders, such as Haji Ibrahim Khan kalantar. The complete resident's follow-up of the elder's actions led to their displacement by the victorious commanders. The rulers, at the beginning of the rule, tried to prevent the expression of the political-military elder's power by the exaltation of them and some of their loyal people from indigenous areas with extensive social protection to areas directly under their control. In this regard, any support from the survivor's elders and residents of the rest of the monarchy's claimants exposed the captives to torture and execution. The tribal families, who had been living in the cities by Karim Khan in particular in Shiraz and Esfahan, formed the core of tribal forces of Karim Khan's successors. Contrary to the native inhabitants of these cities, whose security was their most important concern, the tribesmen wanted to obtain financial revenues from the treasury and the spoils of war; thus, by joining the various armies, persisted the struggles of the kingdom's conquerors. Despite this tribesmen, were ready to betray their commanders and join the victorious forces if they fail in the battle for the more benefits. Despite of the tribesmen political instability, they were tendency to Continuation the Zand's rule because most of them had a lot of tribal-cultural ties. This led to the deportation of the  this tribes to the areas under the direct control of the Qajar government when the Aqa Muhammad Khan captured the Isfahan and Fars, in order to prevent the thier supporting from the survivors of Zand clan. In the second half of the twenty century, the political-military structure of the cities consisted of three groups of inhabitants, elders and ruler. The following of the native peoples led to the social-financial capability of the elders to carry out effective political-military Abilities. Mentioned Following, the victorious commanders prevented the expression of their political-military power by the elders and some of the people by the exile of them. The compulsory migration, in addition to depriving the victor's enemy of the acquaintance of the elders for city administration, was a security guarantee to obey the insurgent cities. The relationship between the native and tribal households in the cities was based on suspicion due to a different social structure. The suspicion that occurred during the confrontation of Fars elders with Lotf Ali Khan Zand became apparently a mutual hostility. Nevertheless, the main weakness point of the tribal citizen were their families Residence, which made the rulers of the cities absorb or reject them according to their policy, but the mistreatment of them led to their separation and joining the rival competing camps.  The elders were the intermediaries to reflect the socioeconomic demands of the lower classes of the society to the ruler, as well as to the tax collector and the warriors who usually continued their positions in a kinship manner. During this period, the city's representative for the political talks with the victorious commanders was the Shikh al-Islam or Judge, but when they failed in the negotiations, other ulama were sent to ask for intercession. The ulama of the city had a great influence on the people, so they reacted in the face of the siege or tyranny of the ruler. The coherence actions of the elders, in the internal disputes events by group or personal interests, would have resulted in their plotting or rebellion against the ruler to fail. Nonetheless, the coherence actions of the fars Elders led to the defense of each other's interests in crisis times. One of the main reasons for this could be the effective political-military ties between Fars elders and the bureaucracy of the Zand government, including their unity in a separate group in the army. During the period of the weakness of Zand's rule, the elders had a lot of power in applying their policies, because the divisions between the civilian tribes and their annexation to the camp of various claimants, while reducing their military significance, increased the military role of the civil gunmen. Initially, the political style of Fars elders was united with the some insurgent tribal elders to create state changes. This policy was successful with the period of Jafar Khan, Seyyed morad khan and then Lotf Ali Khan. Due to this giving crown of the elders, Haji Ibrahim Khan insisted on the acquittal of the elders who had united in the killing of Ja'far Khan Zand. The event ultimately led to the displacement of Lotf Ali Khan and the expulsion of urban tribes. However, the Level power of the rulers had a direct impact on the elites' political-military behavior. Therefore, despite of the relative weakness of Ja'far Khan and Lotf Ali Khan Zand, the Fars elders were completely submissive to the military power of the Qajar dynasty.

Narrative interpretation is a process of transferring meaning from the researcher to the reader. This study aims to discuss the functions of the narrative interpretation in social studies in general and urban studies in particular. Narrative analysis moves beyond the linguistic analysis, investigating perspectives and presuppositions emerging from stories to understand the ways human experiences are formed. Although it seems that only the narrator evaluates the event, in fact, the narrator and the reader construct the meaning through interaction. An example of these narrations can be found in the representation of urban gentrification from the viewpoint of the benefactors. These representations, which are based on the life experience of the social agents, are realized and narrated in the form of open interviews. Then, they are interpreted from a hermeneutic approach. The main theme of the constructed narrative of the agents of gentrification can be understood as a "pretentious loss"

City, as an active organism, a literary mapping of a metropolitan consciousness and a site of culture, is an emblematic space that transforms man’s daily life. Nowadays cities are not merely more than known geographical borders but they are psycho-verbally mapped. This paper focuses on James Joyce’s (1882-1941) Dublin, as the manifestation of mental, architectural materials in language in Ulysses (1922), which determines how he proposes an artistic and aesthetic picture of the city, its official and private places, streets, restaurants, coffeehouses, hospitals, and generally its dwellers’ customs and thoughts. Referring to psychogeography and mapping metropolitan geography through Merlin Coverley’s theories, this paper deals with the verbal, literary map of Dublin. Joyce merges images of individuals, citizens, society and their urban life into psycho-images, and architectural symbols, especially the real architecture of the city based on the experiences of the characters such as Leopold Bloom, Stephen Daedalus, and Molly Bloom. On the one hand the determinate geography of social classes in Dublin shapes and is shaped by the distribution of housing types and tenures, then, the architecture of houses, streets, and the psycho-verbal map of those settling in these houses are engaged in a reciprocal interaction hence are not separated from each other. On the other hand, their psychogeography is investigated while walking or strolling in various streets of Dublin. What Joyce suggests in Ulysses is to reread the exterior, architectural layers of places, particularly Martello Tower, as well as their internal layers including cultural, artistic, and socio-political and mental characteristics of characters through psycho-geographical discourse. This knowledge is resulted from the characters’ walking and waking in Dublin streets. Place, de facto, gives every reader the history of the city and its inhabitants.

Throughout the history of the city and the urbanization phenomenon ever, the species of man deal with this phenomenon are different. The interest shown in it, and sometimes it was in conflict have .
And modernity in contemporary urban life in the city and complexity, the poets who have migrated from rural areas, With new faces and places are ,  encounter distinct phenomenon and of residence in the city, it is evident that in his poetry.
Badr Shaker and contemporary modernist poet Nima Yooshij Alsyab two, both of which affect school culture and language and literature, Romanticism and the West were familiar with the poets born in the village have  That "Yoosh" and "Jykvr" Habib their land against the city that it is a strange land   can be used And creates a conflict be In fact, the negation of thought vulgar materialism and ethics governing the city and its rejection.
In addition to contrasting urban and rural areas of the city and the village over Both the poet's solitude hash  city, and due to their tendency to take refuge in schools and the romantic nature,  concern over the social and political issues and their home and the valleys and mountains    atmospheric water and palm groves of northern Iran and Iraq are And to express the pains and desires and dreams of birds, trees, nature and the symbolic language of myth and history can help Species that can be said to Alpha

Iran is an ancient civilized country. A search in its epic literature with venerable motifs and myths can lead us to trace back the track of many social phenomena of old-time societies in Iran, and so to claim this country to have been a community, especially one the members of which had had identity and their nationalism had always supported it. The literature produced in a community will fully reflect the ideas and introspections rooted in its social conditions. Revolution, as a social phenomenon and in its modern concept rather than uprising or rebellion, has been manifested in the story of Zahhak. This story of Zahhak and Kava is a mythical narration, and while the myths are so old that no social data could be found for them, then considering the social phenomena in Persian literary texts it can be concluded that revolution is as old as the ancient Iranian community. The present paper studies Kava’s fighting against Zahhak based on Lucien Goldmann’s theory of “Genetic Structuralism” in order to conclude that the social phenomenon of revolution had been chronicled in Iran before any other community

After achieving many innovative developments, human beings left the villages and inhabited in cities. In every period in the history of mankind, cities have been the center of human evolutions and almost all cities have had similar features. After the Renaissance, cities, more than the past, took men into their gears. This issue hurt poets more than others. The dominance of certain socio-political conditions over the cities led to the spiritual and social alienation of poets. In Arab countries, too, after experiencing the socio- political changes, the same situation occurred for poets. The contemporary Arabic literature influenced by the Western literature, criticized city and its effects on people's lives. In contemporary Arabic poetry, Abdolvahhab Al-Bayati has dealt with this issue more than his counterparts. In the present research, after reviewing some points about city, the most important topics related to this word such as utopia and the appearance of city portrayed as prostitute are reviewed. Then, relying on Al-Bayati's political perspective, Baghdad, Babel, Neishabour, Paris and Shiraz, which in his poetries, have significance and high-frequency, have been studied. The findings of the study show that except Shiraz, the main characteristics of these cities are corruption, destruction, and darkness; and that only Shiraz is full of beauty and light and is the opposite point of those cities.

The analysis of city as an approach in reading has drawn a lot of attention from the end of nineteenth century till present time and the concept of city, real or imaginary, utopia or promise land has been one of the most significant frameworks for narrative techniques. The present research attempts to introduce George well's theories concerning Utopia, and apply them to analyze Suhayl Idris ' novel Our Hands That Flame. The conclusion achieved is that the author portrays a utopian society from his bourgeois perspective which is close to that of George Wells. Thus the author believes that love, security, law, proper use of wealth, and respect to women must be appreciated and practiced in Arab countries in order to get close to utopia.

The idea of conflict between urban and rural areas in literature is to consider the living features of these places concerning and the effect of those characteristics on their inhabitant's temperaments. Since long time ago, this theme has been limitedly seen in the works of Arab poets however, due to many improvements and the people's tendency towards urban life, this focus has been widely seen in the contemporary period. The outstanding aspects of the conflict between these two concepts can be well viewed in the works of the Egyptian poet Abdolmoti Hejazi. Hejazi has dealt with this issue more than his other contemporaries and he has pointed to angles which have been less considered by others. This article investigates the approach of contemporary poets, particularly Hejazi with this phenomenon.

The author of the book “The limit of the world” believed that the zone of Kerman included the current province of Kerman, except Rafsanjan toward west and south, as well as the current provinces of Baluchestan and Hormozgan.He considered Kerman as the second largest province in Iran, after Khorasan and described its cities, important villages, mountains, deserts, and the rivers.His objective was to write the Persian names of this place in order to prevent them from being recorded in Arabic writing system and preserve the national identity.

This essay's purpose is to study the aspect of the city and its characteristics in the children and adolescents’ stories in the 1360s. Therefore, the content of 335 stories for children and adolescents, which were written by 40 eminent writers and have been published for the first time in the 1360s, have been studied from quantitative and qualitative points of view. The results of this study prove that the city, as the principal environment in 195 stories and a part of the environment in other 21 stories (all in all 64 percent), is the first environment in the children and adolescents’ stories. The presented aspect of the city and its habitants has been limited to describe a number of determined elements and the life of special classes of the society (poor classes). So, most of the stories present the repeated stereotype places, environmental elements and limited personages. The authors ignore the life of other addressees, who are not few. This case has been under the influence of the political, economical and social atmosphere dominating the society in the 1360s and also the life of the authors and the tendency of a number of the writers to create realistic stories and also to defend the deprived classes of the society.

Fiction is a popular genre due to its various characters, settings, plots and subjects. One of the controversial subjects in this genre is the approach of authors to children and adolescent’s environment in recent decades and its effect on the fiction. In this research the content of 411 children and adolescent’s stories, written by 20 eminent writers of the area and first published in the 70's, have been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, in order to examine the urban settings and its features and the degree to which the writers are influenced by the reality of Iranian society. The results of this study have proved that the city, as the principle environment of 200 stories and one of the described settings of 31 stories, and with 56 percent overall, is the first environment in the children and adolescent’s environment of the 1370's. In the formation of the urban settings, three elements are influential: first the writer's tendency to create realistic stories, second their tendency to describe the lives of the lower social class, and finally the difference between the time of writing and the time the stories took place.

Since it came to being, the “City” has had wide relation with modern man, both as a friend and as an enemy. In turn, modern man has had different approaches toward the city which have been mirrored in contemporary poetry. This article takes the example of Arabic and Persian poetry to investigate the human relations to nature, social problems and values in the cities. Meanwhile it studies the Utopia as pictured in these poems to describe one aspect of the city’s presence in poetry. The article concludes that citizens adopt a paradoxical behavior: from one side they explicitly complain about the glittering of the cities and tend to get rid of them; from the other side they continue to live in cities and if possible to change it in the direction of their goals and ideals.