جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ضمیر" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

In this research, we aim to investigate the structural features of negative pronouns in Russian language to find the appropriate Persian equivalents for these pronouns and the errors in the translation of sentences containing these pronouns into Persian language. Since the topic of negative pronouns is different in terms of lexical, semantic, and functional features in Russian and Persian languages, Iranian language learners always face many problems when learning, understanding, and using these pronouns in speech. In this research, the question is raised, what were the causes of these problems and also the occurrence of errors in the translation of negative pronouns into Farsi. The purpose of this research is to find the cause of this problem by examining negative pronouns in Russian and Persian languages and showing their structural, semantic and grammatical differences and to provide solutions to solve it. The authors of this article, using the analytical-comparative method and relying on the available theoretical sources and also through the comparison of 160 cases of negative pronouns in the three existing translations of the literary novel ‘The Gambler’, carefully examined these pronouns and also the errors in their translation into Persian language. It should be noted that Iranian linguists in the semantic and grammatical classification of pronouns have never named negative pronouns as an independent group of pronouns. From the results of this research, it is possible to point to the presentation of suitable solutions for the translation of negative pronouns from Russian to Persian, the division of errors in the translation of these pronouns and the sentences containing them into Persian and how to correct them.

Persian independent pronouns can be considered as the head of noun phrases) Shaghaghi, 2015). However, the head of the noun phrase with a prepositional phrase (preposition + pronominal clitic) can be occupied by a pronominal clitic. To deal with this dual behavior, we adopt distributed morphology, developed by Halle & Marantz (1993), to analyze the internal structure of dependent pronouns or pronominal clitics. This research draws upon descriptive-analytical method, and the data come from Persian language. In this paper, theoretical arguments as well as linguistic evidence will be employed to examine the hypotheses. We suggest that the so-called “pronominal clitics” are actually different elements with different semantic features and structural relationships. Finally, we argue that the (M) index, as a secondary product of morphological merger (Merger) between the two heads, is supposed to be the distinctive element of the dependent pronouns, not of the independent pronouns.

Narrative is a collection of interconnected utterances that create a discourse. According to Levinsohn (2015) one of the essential components of narrative discourse analysis is participant reference. Participants in a narrative may be human and non-human major participants, also human and non-human minor participants such as animals. Languages use different reference devices such as: zero anaphora, noun pronouns and phrases which refer to participants in narrative discourse. This research attempts to describe and examine different ways of participant reference, methods of introducing major and minor participants in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh based on Levinsohn (2015) model. The data examined in this study consists of eight chapters which include twenty stories. In each story, this reference devices were examined in subject and non-subject context and analyzed with SPSS software and Chi-squer test. The results indicated that the examined stories of Kelile and Demne used different reference devices such as: zero anaphora, pronouns and noun phrases which refer to major and minor participants in narrative discourse. Furthermore, the results showed that the reference devices and types of participants had a meaningful relationship. Also, among participant reference devices; zero anaphora had the highest use, noun phrases and pronouns were at the next range. 

As far as the approach of narrative discourse analysis is concerned, Levinsohn (2015) is among the linguists who has presented narrative discourse components in narrative studies. On Levinsohn’s opinion, discourse is a connected series of utterances and narrative is a series of connected events in the form of either spoken or written. Sometimes, the sequence of the occurrence of events is important because it indicates the temporal and spatial distance of each event which, in turn, is a signal of cohesion in a text. Consequently, he deals with the explanation of essential components of the narrative discourse analysis that may exist in a text.  According to Levinsohn’s (2015) model, the narrative discourse components comprise the number of speakers in a text, text genre, text style and text register, being oral or written text, cohesion, coherence, participant reference, thematic grouping, discontinuities, text charting, the main concept of reference, reference strategies, the methodology for analyzing reference patterns and types of speech reporting. So, one of the narrative discourse components is participant reference which refers to types of the participant (major, VIP (very important), minor, human, and animal) and the ways of giving reference to each participant. As Levinsohn (2015) states, languages typically have a fairly extensive range of forms of giving reference to participants in a story which extend from complete ellipsis (in the form of zero anaphora) to an implicit reference conveyed only by the inflection of the verb, to two or more sets of independent pronouns, to a full noun phrase. In addition, he maintains that, in many cultures, the easiest narratives to obtain are traditional folktales such as animal stories; they can be very valuable for text analysis. As he believes, animals are symbolic of humans in folktales stories. They behave and talk like humans. In this regard, the translation of Kelileh and Demneh is one of the examples of animal’s stories in Persian literature in which allegorical stories are narrated from the language of animals appearing in a social link. Therefore, recognizing narrative discourse characteristics of this book will be very effective in its analyzing and understanding. Thus, this research is going to identify, study and describe types of participants and the use of different discourse devices employed to refer to the participants in eight chapters of Kelileh and Demneh stories based on levinsohn’s (2015) model as well as to answer the following questions:The major research question:Can we study and describe types of participant reference components in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh based on Levinsohn’s (2015) model?
The minor research questions:1-1- How are types of participant reference components proposed in Levinsohn’s (2015) model represented in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh?
1-2- What kind of relationship is there between the usage frequency of types of participants in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh?
1-3- What kind of relationship is there between the usage frequency of types of giving reference ways to participants in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh?
1.1. Detailed Research

The method of doing this research has been library research. In this regard, first, the related theses, articles and books were studied to describe the theoretical concepts of the research, as well as all the previous research having commonalities whit the present research either in the use of Levinsohn’s (2015) model or in the analysis of Kelileh and Demneh text were reviewed. In this research, eight out of total number of fifteen chapters of Kelileh and Demneh including “Borzoye-y-e Tabib”, “Shir va Gav”,” Bazjoste kar Demneh”, “Kabootar-e motavvagheh” Boom va Gharab”,” Moosh va Gorbeh”, “Shir va Ebne Avi” and “Ebne Malek va Ashab” were selected. Then different types of participant reference used in these chapters were identified and examined. The data analysis method is descriptive-qualitative because the purpose is to describe and compare the usage frequency of types of participants and the ways of referring to each participant. The results were analyzed by using SPSS software which is a statistical package for social sciences. In this analysis, Chi-Square test was used.

As above-mentioned, according to Levinsohn (2015), participant reference is one of the discourse components in the structure of a narrative which includes types of the participant and the ways of giving reference to the participants. As to the latter, in each language, there is a range of referential forms of participants in a story. These reference giving devices maybe noun phrases, pronouns or zero anaphora. Based on the data gathered, it was recognized that types of the participant were realized in the form of major, minor, human, and animal participants. In addition, it was specified that zero anaphora had the highest frequency in relation to the way of giving reference to participants where a personal ending refers to a participant that is the agent of the verb in narrative structure. In other words, the participant is syntactically and semantically present but without a phonetic representation. The use of zero anaphora or null subject pronouns in Persian language is one of its grammatical features which causes it to be regarded as a pro-drop language. Also, the use of pronouns and noun phrases were in the next ranges. That is to say, pronouns such as “man (I)”, “to (you)”, “u (she or he)” or noun phrases such as “Demneh” and “Shanzabe” were used to refer to participants in the story.
As a result, this study indicated that the types of participant reference components represented in the stories of Kelileh and Demneh under investigation were in agreement with those presented in Levinsohn’s (2015) model. So, the answer to the question (1-1) is positive. In addition, the analysis and description of different types of participants and also different types of giving reference ways in a number of Kelileh and Demneh stories showed that there was a significant relationship between the usage frequency of types of participants. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the usage frequency of types of giving reference ways to participants. Therefore, due to the frequency, percentage and mean of the usage of different types of participant reference components in the stories under study, the answer to the main question is positive as well.  This, in turn, means that we can study and describe types of participant reference components in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh based on Levinsohn’s (2015) model.
Therefore, due to the theoretical importance of this research and exploring different types of participants and also the ways of giving reference to each of the participants in a number of Kelileh and Demneh stories following Levinsohn’s (2015) model, the present study can be not only a model to the scientific studies of other Kelileh and Demneh stories, but also an outline for exploration and study of narrative discourse of other related literary works. In addition, the findings of this research show that the reference system of Kelileh and Demneh discloses the three functions or tasks suggested by Dooly and Levinsohn (2001): the semantic, discourse- pragmatic and processing functions, by employing different reference devices. In other words, the use of each participant reference devises or components aims at fulfilling the functions of the language reference system. Studying and recognizing these tasks and the reference devises can lead to a better understanding of the narrative discourse structure of the stories of Kelileh and Demneh.

In this research, the participant reference components were examined in the form of types of the participants and the ways of giving reference to the participants in subject and non-subject contexts in eight chapters of Kelileh and Demneh. The data surveyed in this study designated that different types of the participants were identified in Kelileh and Demneh stories, being major and minor participants including humans and animals. Likewise, in order to refer to each of the participants various reference devices such as noun phrases, zero anaphora and pronouns were used to introduce and refer to different types of the participants involved, among which zero anaphora had the highest usage frequency, the pronouns and noun phrases were in the next ranks of the usage.

The present research aims to investigate the place of noun in Persian language based on cognitive approach under framework of Lanckager’s cognitive grammar (2008). To achieve this goal, authors have selected 150 Persian simple nouns from Sokhan Dictionary (1382) accidentally. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is based on library studies.  After the study of collected data of research, authors concluded that in Persian language, the discussion on being countable or non-countable of noun doesn’t make much sense and unlike cognitive approach mass nouns are the same as countable nouns, which receive plural –s morpheme and together with proper nouns, they constitute a different class of nouns. Also in Persian language as well as cognitive approach, pronouns can replace nouns.

Although exterior of language in the texts of Morsal prose has been embellished and glamorized through figurative language, the essential elegance of this type of prose rests on the interior of the language, and it is achieved through the artistic arrangement of words. According to systemic functional linguistics, pronouns, due to their great flexibility, play a critical role in this embellishment. In such texts, pronouns are among the most frequent and crucial elements. Furthermore, their sliding position in the sentence structure has given them an exceptional prominence. Authors of such books like Tarikh-i Bal'ami or Tārīkhnāma and Tarikh-i Sistan (History of Sistan) achieved diverse artistic objectives by syntactical replacement of the pronouns. Therefore, Jakobson's theory of metonymic pole could equip us with an effective device to reevaluate the aesthetics of the pronouns in such texts. The aim of this article is to answer the question of how pronouns could attain such artistic and aesthetic function in conjunction with other words. Relying on the theory of the metonymic pole of language, the author of this article has closely studied Tarikh-i Sistan (History of Sistan), as one of  the magnificent works of Morsal prose, using a descriptive-analytical method. The main findings of the present grammatical-rhetorical research indicates that the author of the Tarikh-i Sistan has used disconnected and connected pronouns in various forms in the beginning and the end of a sentence to create artistic language. The technique has also helped the author to obtain secondary purposes and creating literary figures of speech such as: praising, contempt, amazement, emphasis, brevity, syntactic equilibrium, Tard va Aks , Laff va Nashr ( two forms of chiasmus whereby individual elements in one line of poetry are rearranged in subsequent line), contradiction, irony, repetition as a literary figure of speech, creation of rhythmic prose, and creation of suspense. Also, along with moderate decorating of the exterior, he made the interior of the language meaningfully elegant and artistic. Seemingly; aPpreciating the rhetorical-grammatical features of pronouns in the Tarikh-i Sistan and other literary texts, as well as adopting them, could transform the tedious and sedentary nature of current pronouns and expand the literary capacity of contemporary Farsi language.

Se-Qaleh dialect is being used only in Se-Qaleh city, which is part of the larger city of Saryn in South Khorsn Province. There are no reliable language. The study of Iranian ancient languages will provide us with more information about different semantic and syntactic layers in the construction of these languages. The Khotanese language is one of the eastern middle Iranian languages. Since this language has been studied and researched less than other old Iranian and western middle Iranian languages, the present article aims to studyCoordinate and subordinate compound sentences in the Book of Zambasta, chapter 2. The Book of Zambasta is one of the major works of literature in Kholanese language which is an original and indigenous compilation that describes the Mahyna school of Buddhism doctrine. Studies prove the existences of three forms of simple, compound sentences in the text. In this article only nominal clauses of subordinate compound sentences are discussed. For this purpose, some sentences are collected from the Book of Zambasta, chapter 2 as examples.

language is a prescribed system of phonemes, speech, and writing signs. It is also a means of communication to understand other humans. Since the acquisition of language ability, the existence of different languages and dialects was understood by people. Linguistics means scientific study of human language and applied linguistic is a branch of a novel knowledge which investigates practical methods and techniques of language research. dialectology is a branch of applied linguistics. Lori dialect of Kamfirooz belongs to southwest languages of Iran. Its grammar and lexical structure of this dialect show that it is rooted in middle persian. (Sasani- Pahlavi) which is a sequence of ancient Farsi. Kamfirooz is a vast area of Marvdasht town located in Fars province. The present study is done by a combination of field and descriptive method. Through linguistic analysis, this study has provided a variety of pronouns in Kamfirooz Lori. The study shows that pronouns of this dialect have some similarities and differences with Farsi; some pronouns of this dialect equal with Farsi counterparts and for some of these pronouns a special word is used. For example Speakers of this dialect use /Vo/ instead of third person singular pronoun (He/She) and (/Vo/, /Yo) instead of "This" and "That".

Mowlavi's Masnavi-e-Manavi, aside from being the most prominent mystical texts of Persian literature has a great poetic value. One of the most poetic aspects of the language in Masnavi is the pronouns and their functions in aesthetic and semantic features of this valuable collection of poems. In this article, the concepts of defamiliarization and deviation from the norm are described based on the views of
Russian formalists on the poetic function of language; then the semantic, stylistic, syntactic and lexical deviations and extraregularity related to pronouns in the poetic evidences of Masnavi-e- Manavi and their relationships with the poet's ideas are investigated.
The results show that the pronouns have a major role in the poetic and imaginative aspects of Masnavi-e-Manavi, and besides their aesthetic role, they make a great contribution to convey meaning and concepts.

Dialectology is branch of applied linguistics which examines the scientific methods and techniques for linguistic studies. “Lashani”dialect is a branch of “Lori” dialect, which itself is one of the dialects common in southwest of Iran and in Fars province, specifically in Arsanjan city, where the majority of people speak the dialect. This article investigates “pronouns” as elements of a language and identifies types of pronouns in Lashani dialect. Types of pronounsin Lashani dialect areexamined, analyzed, described and compared to pronouns in standard Persian language by means of library and field research methods and through interviewing the elderly speakers of the dialect.The results show that, although the construction and application of pronouns in Lashani dialect are almost the same as standard Persian, there are minor differences: some pronouns have differences in their phonemes, especially in the deletion of "n" which can be due to the rule of thumb. The most important difference observed is in theplural suffix pronouns. In such pronouns, plural “n” is removed from the word and when such pronouns are used in a word ending with consonants “m” and “n”, such consonants are doubled.

It is challenging for Iranian students to understand some Russian pronouns and especially specific pronouns. Specific pronouns which behave like adjectives in syntax, match the Farsi vague adjectives when translated to Farsi, so it could be stated that at least in translation, it shows the exact opposite of the concept of being specific in Russian. The reason behind this contradiction and inconsistency could be found in the way a Farsi- speaking person sees the world in comparison with the manner in which a Russian- speaking individual sees the world and its phenomena. When finding the equivalent for «каждый», «любой», and «всякий» specific pronouns in Farsi, they are mostly translated as “any” which is a vague adjective. The important matter is that their meanings are very similar which confuses the Iranian students in most cases. The questions are: «Do these three specific pronouns have different or similar meanings in Russian Language? What is the semantic or practical difference of them»? We intend to examine the Russian specific pronouns in this article and to examine the similar concepts and separate meanings, which makes it easier to distinguish and understand them.

Althoagh a pronoun is not as varced as the other words such as an arjective, an adverb, anoun or the other grammatical categories, a can be ??? of the most impostant words by which a poet can playand be a goooe device for creativity and r??etics. The present research tries to focus on the poet’s cre-tivity using pran??ns and their artistic functions in a poes through chamlas poems. The method to do so is descript??ve and ane??ytic. thes linguistic category, which is more or less siteady in formad and non-literary works, can serve as agond basis fer creativity and fovegrounding in sha??lu’s poems. The most import and pronominal functions in his poems can be studied in the frelds of ???? structre and disconrse. The former consist’s of li??aistic and sematic fore g???nding through combination, pronmical cooles ???? traditionalism, syntactic sleills, brevity, mu???andetc. the latter consists of conesion, ambiga??ty, extension contrast, ???? focus and suspension etc. these are the most important functions of pronovuns in shamlu’s poems. To be of a great value in his poems regarding aesthics.

Nearly 300 years ago، Shah Valiyollah Mohadess Dehlavi born in Delhi، India، translated Holy Quran so that even today we can find no more translations that are as fluent and precise as it is. Unfortunately، this valued work has، for some reasons، been remained unknown in Iran. In this article after introducing Shah Valiyullah Dehlavi، some characteristics of his translation from Quran is introduced and then by utilizing some comparatively syntactic criteria between Arabic and Persian، the accuracy of the translation is studied in more details.

The Present paper is an attempt to study and protect Persian dialects seem doomed to extinction. Tati is one of these dialects spoken by a few speakers in a village named Kalāsure near Kaleibar. Introducing Kalāsure, its geographical and human situation, people's life style, phonetic symbols and grammatical rules controlling noun and pronoun including gender, definition, number, agent, and verb agreement, singular or plural, noun cases, ergative, inflections are among issues presented in this paper. Post- Position is also dealt with in great details here. For each case, plenty of examples with their Farsi equivalent have been provided.

The relation existing among the sentences of any text has a vital role in its final perception. Due to this reason a number of linguistics have devoted a large share of their theoretical discussion to the analysis of this relation. One of these theories is Holiday’s ‘Role Tendency’, in which he has made cohesion among the conceptual, verbal, syntactic and the rational sentences of any individual text. Through this attitude, coherence has factors such as; 1. reference. 2. subordination and omission. 3. vocabulary cohesion. and 4. Connection. Since this discussion covers a wide domain, the writers of this essay chose to survey one of these factors; which is reference. By reference, as a relation, the interpretation of one of the partners of reference, in other words the presupposing element, does not actually take place based on its conceptual characteristics. Instead, for doing this process, it is referred to the other party of this relation; in other words the referent. Reference has three kinds; personal, allusive, and comparative. This research only discusses the personal and allusive ones. The personal reference is concerned about the person, while the allusive one points to the place and the extent of its distance; whether far or close. In the Persian language personal reference is comprised of personal pronouns and reflexive pronouns, while the allusive reference includes demonstrative pronoun and demonstrative adverbs.