جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ما بعد الاستعمار » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Investigation of literature and literary works, especially in the field of criticism is associated with interdisciplinary research and specifically with the science of sociology; this is due to the importance of literature as a reflector of social problems. Sociological literature investigations can be modified cultural structure of society, solve its problems and transform it in various fields. On the other hand we see that the novel from some time ago, with a prominent place in the expression of social issues, it is distinguished from other literary knowledge and techniques. Subsequently, the Islamic novel is a literary genre that is expressing the Muslim community issues; because it cannot be around this literature from addressing important social issues of the nations. For this reason the Islamic literature is a committed, indicative and aware literature of the evolution of human societies. Thus, the Islamic novel addressed the sustainability issue, and figured the pains of oppressed that live under the yoke of colonialism. Naguib al-Kilani is a pioneer of the contemporary Islamic novel, he is show special attention to the female characters in his novels, especially the "A’dhra’ Djakarta" novel, and as a Muslim novelist, most examples of female characters in the novel used to showing his emphasis on the role and attitude of women in the subject of resistance. This article is addressed the positive aspects of woman character in the "A’dhra’ Djakarta" novel with a descriptive and analytical method and According to a sociological analysis of the novel, and indicates that Naguib al-Kilani focuses on three aspects of the woman that is champion, stable and martyr woman, pictured a sublime status of Muslim women to encourage people of colonized countries to face the enemy. The field of post-colonial theory relates to a specific historical period that followed the demise of colonialism, or the period that followed the political independence obtained by countries that were under foreign colonialism. This theory uses a variety of modern critical approaches, including the renaissance of cultural studies and feminist studies. It benefits from all critical approaches, especially post-structuralism and postmodernism. The term post-colonialism came with the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism book, and the French writer Madame de Stael was the first to point out the importance of the relationship between literature and society, and between literature and politics. The issue of ideology is another topic that Goldman refers to in his research on the sociology of literature, as he sees that the creator of literary works is not only their author, but its creator is the ideology belonging to a particular social class.   In this article, our attention has focused on the two topics related to the novel The A’dhra’jakarta, while the first topic is related to the study of the features of the positive characters in the novel, including the heroine of the novel "Fatima", and her political and revolutionary activities and other feminist personalities participating in this jihad, and to shed light on the features of these novelists, We analyze their most important social and political activities, which continue their struggle until the last moment of life to achieve complete freedom for their homeland and people. The second topic concerns the effects of post-colonialism   Al-Kilani was interested in the issue of resistance, as it is a distinguished literature, and he took care in the novel of The A’dhra’jakarta from both sides, the first of which is drawing the features of feminist personalities, and focusing on the important position of women in Islamic society, which is the participation of women in the most important social issues and in the fate of her homeland and her future, and Islamic literature confirms it in various areas of peoples' lives. The second is to express the effects of communist colonialism on the different levels of Indonesian society. In his novel, Al-Kilani was concerned with the issue of the complete equality of women and men, their social and political rights, the nature of communism, its ideological goals, and its opportunist policies that oppose Islamic teachings. On the other hand, he used the figure of Fatima, as a militant woman whose Islamic features the author has employed to express his beliefs about The functions of women in their social life, and to emphasize the extent of their importance in the resistance and steadfastness in the face of manifestations of colonialism and injustice. Al-Kilani has benefited from the method of preaching and guidance in the sayings of this female character, and he has used her Islamic features, and painted them in his novels, to emphasize the role of women in global revolutions, and he wanted to say that the role of women in the resistance movement is no less than that of men. According to his Islamic ideology and his revolutionary beliefs, he wanted, through the features of these positive personalities, to point out two things: First: that revolutions around the world are proceeding on one line, which is the union of the different classes of peoples. And secondly: that women can do great things, and help men to continue the path towards freedom and lofty goals

Over the past two decades, the teaching of Arabic in Europe,  and France in particular, has made significant progress for several reasons, notably geopolitical ones. Indeed, since the terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Daesh has begun to strike within Europe and the United States, and since the American invasion in Iraq aiming at fighting terrorism, several institutions have set up teaching the Arabic language. While individuals’ and state institutions’ interest in the Arabic language has been beneficial, it has in the meantime been detrimental, because it directly associates the Arabic language with Islam and does not consider it as a regular language among many others. In France, although the beginning of the teaching of Arabic is historically linked to colonial times, it was gradually dissociated from this bias and settled as a purely academic teaching in universities. The present study proposes a historical reading of this teaching and discusses its current state in French universities. It focuses on the teaching of Arabic literature from its syllabi in relation to the cultural and political situations that Europe, in general, and France, in particular, are experiencing.

This article explores the nature of the narrative techniques adopted by the writer "Abd al-Rahman Munif" in his novel Cities of Salt، and the significance of these techniques in terms of the fact that this novel is considered one of the important petroleum texts in post-colonial Arabic literature that deals with Western postcolonial discourse in general and the American discourse in particular. This novel has been the subject of profound debates in terms of its literary classification، but in-depth objective research proves that Cities of Salt is a magical، petroleum، post-colonial novel that addresses the negative social، economic and political impacts of oil discovery on the societies of the Arabian Peninsula. To this end، this article will shed light on the narrative tools that Munif used to communicate his post-colonial contradictory message through modern narration techniques such as magic realism، character formation، and multiple voices with the aim of presenting various perspectives of events by the author. In this way، Munif has presented an innovative narrative genre in Arab literature and a rare work on the international level، as very few Arab and international literary works have addressed the issue of oil، which has become considered as a taboo due to the American political pressure to prevent this sensitive issue from being discussed. On the other hand، in order to accurately explain the multiple layers، levels، and encodings embedded in Cities of Salt، this article will adopt Edward Said's theory known as contrapuntal reading، as a scientific methodology of research، with the aim of placing the novel in its appropriate socio-political place. This article will also build on concepts of magic realism by Stephen Slemon. It should also be noted that this article will touch on how Munif embodied the concept of inclusion، according to Todorov's narrative criticism theory، to explain how Munif incorporated minor stories into the general narration with the aim of shedding light on a specific point that serves the overall purpose of the narration. And of course، putting a work in its proper literary position contributes to establishing a kind of civilized mutual understanding between East and West through the current and future cultural dialogue، in a world where the struggle and resistance against hegemony، imperialism and aggressive wars are the main engines that generate global crises and many disasters and tragedies again and again، especially in the West Asia region.

Cultural identity might be revealed in group features of human beings sharing many relationships like common history, social and religious descriptions. All cultures represent their identity through different tools and means. It is the representation that gives to any group a picture of itself and others. This process is so important that there a term associated with it, "narrative identity". In this respect, the postcolonial literature portrays the continuous relationship between the colonialist and the colonialized a relation based on submission and subjugation. This situation requires the removal and suppression of the identity, intentionally or unintentionally. The Arab writers who suffered this period creatively and aesthetically reacted to it. They tried through writing, thinking and imagination, to portray different faces of this experience in all its cruelty. These pictures have sought to separate the present identities from the past and be involved in a global race based on cultural competitions beyond, say, military and economic competitions. The novel Chicago by Ala al Aswani employs the phenomena of exile and diaspora, which the characters of the novel have lived or observed, as the embodiment of many of the postcolonial experiences. This novel narrate the moral contrasts between the western and eastern identities. That is, it describes the process through which the slave-master relationship takes shape—how an independent agent becomes a passive entity.

Mohammed Moftahh Rajab Al-Fituri is a major African poet with such an unprecedented sphere of knowledge and artifice who has praised revolutions and immortalized the free spirit of heroism in Africa and the Arab world. Alfiturihas composed odes on many causes covering Lebanon، Palestine، and Iraq wherein he calls upon nations to struggle for their freedom and to fight submission and slavery. Alfituriis a visionary who foresees the blessed occasion when amental restorationin the east would drive nations out of oblivion and misguidedness. Then nations would cry out loud the anthem of freedom and independence from all the pangs and anguish caused by a colonialism which has deprived them from their basic right in being alive and free. Self-sacrifice and martyrdom are the only path to freedom and glory. Alfituridenounces the failing submissive status quo inflicting the Arab world. Alfituri’s denial and rejection is not aimed at mere devastation، but he complains and yet demands a constructive approach to uproot the causes of underdevelopment and regression. All this springs from a compassionate concern for security، prosperity، and civilization. Alfituriemploys symbolism and irony in his nationalistic compositions to which he adds an aura of pain and pessimism in order to treat certain critical political causes.

Meaning of Islamic unity in two internal & external levels of diplomatic idea of Islam has superior place. Present situation of world of Islam and various devilish plots for provoking disputes and enmity among the Muslims shows well the necessity of this issue. Undoubtedly, the survey of valuable experience of leaders of Islamic world unity at present age, especially survey of Seyed Jamal Al-Din Asad Abadi’s ideas and opinions is so necessary. He, as an Islamic leader, knows Islamic world unity a valuable goal not only a diplomatic issue. He, therefore, appointed an exact and useful plan for accessing to the goal. The most important plans include:A) Introducing reasons of provoking disputes among Islamic world.
B) Using some utilities of west world to introduce their role in provoking disputes among Muslims.
C) Encouraging leaders and heads of Islamic world to apply unity among Muslims and usage of it.
D) Emphasizing on the bases of Islamic unity and regional identity for developing Islamic fraternity.

A poet, author, statesman, and eminent social figure under the Ottoman Empire, Ma''ruf Rosafi, lived in a period when ignorance, poverty, and disease had overshadowed the country. Obviously, literature in late 19th century and early 20th century witnessed a rise and boom which included political, social, and cultural issues. And it was poetry that could yield positive effects in the process of constructing and revolutionizing life trends and its conditions. All these factors led Rosafi and others to embark upon and develop such themes as freedom of speech, spreading knowledge, abolishing ignorance, educating women, establishing justice, and defending home against colonization