جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مشاهده" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

 Narration focalization is one of the discussions of narrative theories that are very much considered in fiction and in the analysis of the abilities and techniques that the authors uses to form their own narratives. Considering the importance of the discussion of narration focalization analysis in a better and more precise knowledge of narrative works, in this research, two narratives of "Shazdeh Ehtejab" by "Hooshang-Golshiri" and "Jaaye Khaliye saluoch" by "Mahmud Dowlatabadi" in terms of the narrative focalization, in a descriptive-analytical method have been investigated to see whether there is a significant difference between them regarding the discussion of narration focalization or not.The structure of this research has been set in five chapters: the first chapter has explained the introduction. The second chapter consists of definitions and overviews, and in the third chapter, the obtained pattern has been implemented in two works.Then in the fourth chapter, the components of the two novels are compared. Finally, in the last chapter, the similarities and differences between the two narratives are discussed.The results of this study showed that Golshiri benefited more from the ideological components, direct speech, direct and indirect monologue, frequency of repetition, far-reaching retrospective, and descriptive pause; while, Dowlatabadi has used direct speech, prolepsis, indirect monologue, and emotional aspects more.and this has increased the speed of his narrative more. As a whole, with respect to the comparison among four narration focalization time-related componenets, it may be concluded that despite the different styles of these two works, time-related strategies has been used approximately to the same degree in both, and it seems there is no significant difference considering these components between them.KeyWords: Naration, Naration Focalization, “Shazdeh Ehtejab”, Jaye Khaliye Salouch”.

‘Observation and certainty’ is a mystical condition. Mystics observe the intuitions of manifestations and confidently call the proof of the truth of things, without any doubt (certainty). In this comparative study, the authors, while examining the type of Ibn Arabi and Rumi's perception of the mystical state of ‘observation’ and ‘certainty’, have revealed the common and different thoughts, beliefs, and experiences of these two scholars in the field of Sufism and Islamic mysticism. This study is based on the descriptive-analytical method, explaining the commonalities and structural and general differences. The results of the study show that Ibn Arabi and Rumi use observation in relation to manifestation. They believe that observation is about observing the manifestations of God, not God himself. However, Ibn Arabi presents a different discussion of revelation and believes that revelation is higher than observation. In describing the first and second levels of certainty, Rumi presents two aspects of knowledge and insight, and both thinkers believe that it is certain that man has some vision and insight. Moreover, the last point regarding ‘certainty’ is when God puts the mystic in the essence of the work and in the occurrence of a mandatory sentence. Ibn Arabi tries not to step outside the scope of Shari'a in explaining certainty. That is why, in his view, certainty has a religious and mystical value, the condition of which depends on worship.