جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « معین شدگی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The inchoative aspect is made with the help of auxiliary verbs, which, in addition to showing the beginning of the action, also indicates its necessity. The inchoative auxiliary verbs such as the verbs “to start, to begin, to stand, to take, etc.”, which are the inchoative aspect of the sentence, are not used in the Persian language today but played a prominent role in the past periods of the Persian language. In the scope of inchoative auxiliary verbs, we are faced with a group of verbs that reach the main verb in the sentence with the help of creating continuous images from the secondary verb origin to create an inchoative aspect, and with this movement scheme, they show the process of the beginning of an action or verb. In the present research, an attempt has been made to extract and introduce the auxiliary verbs that indicate the inchoative aspect in the Persian language. Therefore, this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, has investigated the inchoative auxiliary verbs in the historical period of the 4th to the 12th century of the Persian language among Persian prose books. The obtained results showed that the verbs “to take, to pick up, to rise, and to open” are considered to be among the verbs that create the inchoative aspect. In the meantime, the verbs “to rise” and “to pick up” still retain their original role as an inchoative auxiliary verb, but the rest of the verbs have undergone deauxiliation and lost their use. In addition, other verbs in today’s colloquial Persian have been added to this range, such as “to pull” and “to take” which go through their auxiliation process in the construction of the inchoative aspect.

In every language, several modal verbs express time, aspect, and mode. Modal initial verbs show the initial aspect. The initial mode is a concept that indicates the beginning of an action. In the surviving texts of the Persian language of the Dari period, There are many modal verbs. This study tries to examine only the initial modal verbs among the types of modal verbs. The question of this research is that in the literary texts of ancient Persian language, in addition to certain verbs that have been introduced so far, what other verbs show the initial mold? In this research, four verbs "Falling" (افتادن), "Standing" ((ایستادن/ اندرایستادن, and "Rising" (برخاستن), based on the model of "Dimensions of Auxiliation" Suggested by Davari and Naghzgue Kohan (1396) have been investigated. Evidence from this research shows these four verbs might be considered auxiliaries.

Auxiliation is a subfield of grammaticalization which deals with the way the complex lexical verb structures, in some contexts, develope into auxiliary grammatical structures over time. Most auxiliaries in New Persian (Farsi) were used just as lexical verbs in Old or Middle Persian and converted into auxiliaries through grammaticalization.
The present study deals with the process of auxiliation of three auxiliaries including "astidan", "bashidan" and "budan" (meaning "to be") which are used in Present Prepect, Past Subjunctive and Past Perfect structures in New Persian respectively; the question arises here is “whether the usage of "astidan", "bashidan" and "budan" as auxiliaries in these structures goes back to the Old Persian or has been the outcome of grammaticalization”? This paper tries to answer this question by scrutinizing instances of the aforementioned grammatical structures in Old and Middle Persian.
According to existing evidence, the grammatical functions of these verbs as axiliray verbs in mentioned structures (Present Prepect, Past Subjunctive and Past Perfect) are due to the process of auxiliation in Middle Persian or Dari (early New Persian). The auxiliaries "astidan", "bashidan", "budan" don`t have a common root; the roots of mentioned auxiliaries are and <baw-/- bav> meaning "to be" in Old Persian. Although in New Persian "ast" and "bash" are the present and imperative forms of "budan" respectively, "astidan" stems from while "budan" and "bashidan" stem from .
The various forms of "astidan" which are used as lexical and linking verb as well as Present Prepect auxiliary in New Persian, didn't have auxiliary function in Middle or Old Persian. Although the auxiliation of this verb goes back to Middle Persian, its usage as Present Perfect auxiliary has been peculiar to New Persian or Dari. Infact "istadan" was substituded for "astidan" as Present Perfect axiliary in late Middle Persian or early Dari. "Bashidan" is used in various forms as lexical and linking verb as well as Past Subjunctive auxiliary in New Persian. But the auxiliary function of this verb has been the product of auxiliation in Dari."Bashidan" had no usage in Old Persian and there has been found just one imperative form of it,"bash", as lexical and linking verb in Midde Persian. The auxiliary usage of "bashidan" in Past Subjunctive structure has been peculiar to New Persian or Dari.
Past Subjunctive structures in Middle Persian texts had been formed by using "astidan" as auxiliary. Before being used as Present Perfect auxiliary in Dari, "astidan" was used as Past Subjunctive auxiliary in Middle Persian. Then "Bashidan" was substituded for "astidan" in Past Subjunctive structures in Dari.
"Budan" not only is used as lexical and linking verb in various forms in New Persian, but also as an auxiliary verb in Past Perfect structures. The late function didn`t exist in Old Persian and "budan" was just a lexical and linking verb. The auxiliary "budan" is a grammatialized verb which was formed through auxiliation process in Middle Persian. Following a revolution in the manner of expressing the aspect of verb in Middle Persian,"budan" was used to express Perfect Aspect in Past Perfect structures.
As mentioned, the auxiliaries "astidan", "bashidan" and "budan" as infinitives in New Persian stemmed from two different roots each of which passed through certain grammaticalization processes from Old Persian to Middle and New Persian, especially with regard to auxiliation. "Bashidan" went through this process later than two other auxiliaries and its auxiliary usage has been peculiar to Dari.
"Astidan", "bashidan" and "budan" have been used as auxiliaries in grammatical structures of Present Prepect, Past Subjunctive and Past Perfect through reanalysis of predicative structures; they have lost their lexical category and meaning through "decategorialization" and "desemantization" process while their functions as lexical and linking verbs have been preserved. The later phenomenon is called "divergence" and is one of the grammaticalization principals which is common among many Indo-European languages. It is worth mentioning that conversion of existential verbs into auxiliaries in Present/Past Perfect structures have also been a very common tendency in grammaticalization process in many languages.
According to Lehman (2002: 29) the existential "be" in English have gone through such auxiliation process.
There have also been numerous evidences in different languages indicating linking verbs used as auxiliaries in structures with one Past Participle, such as Present Prepect, Past Subjunctive and Past Perfect structures.
What we called resultative structure in this article seems very much like predicative structure in Persian. According to Bybee (1994:69) evolution of resultative structures in to perfect structures can be an instance of "semantic generalization".

As it is generally assumed, the concept of future is not a concept of novelty. However the specialized strategies of encoding the notion are recently emerged. Typologically, the lexical units bearing the meanings of "desire" and "volition" are potentially major constructions representing the meaning of future. This embodies in the fact that intension is future projecting. The present contribution illustrates the grammaticalization of xâstan from a lexical verb to a modal auxiliary of volition and then to an auxiliary encoding the future tense. The result offers a clear picture of specialization process of using the future marker in a scheduled and inevitable future situation.

Auxiliation is a subfield of the more familiar field of grammaticalization in world languages and deals with the way in which complex lexical verb structures develop over time into auxiliary grammatical structures in some of their usages. Most auxiliaries in New Persian were used just as lexical verbs in Old or Middle Persian and converted into auxiliaries through grammaticalization. The present study deals with the process of auxiliation of "shodan" in passive structure in Persian. This paper by providing instances of the passive structures in Old and Middle Persian provides an answer to the question of whether the usage of "shodan" as an auxiliary in passive structure goes back to the Old Persian or has been the outcome of grammaticalization. According to the existing evidences, the grammatical function of "shodan" in New Persian has been acquired through auxiliation during Dari (early New Persian) in the process of the evolution of passive structure from stative passive in Old and Middle Persian to dynamic passive in Dari. From typological view point, comparing the evolution of passive structure in Persian with similar processes in some other languages makes it clear that such an evolution has been due to a common tendency in languages towards dynamic passive in order to disambiguate passive structures.

Crosslinguistically، completive aspect is a grammatical function through which the concept of ''to do something thoroughly and completely is encoded. In this survey، analyzing the verb raftan ''to go'' basically as a marker of completive aspect in Persian، based on grammaticalization theory، I argue that other types of concepts that are related to the completion of a certain action،e. g expression of regret، unexpectedness، non-volitionality and humbleness are metonymically emerged and have dramatically been overlooked in the literature so far. These elaborated meanings indicate that a completed situation signals a shift in emphasis toward both the temporal endpoint of the action and the endpoint of the causal chain. An unanticipated completion of a situation may involve the concept of involuntary agent which in turn draws the emphasis away from the starting point of the action in order to make the non-canonically instigation of the situation prominent.