جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "هورامی" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Accounting for the verbal agreement and its interaction with case marking in both accusative and ergative alignments have always been an interesting line of investigation in generative syntax. Two main approaches have been proposed in this regard within the general framework of Minimalism. The first one, referred to as the classic approach in the available literature, envisages agreement as a parallel mechanism with case marking, taking place in narrow syntax. The second approach, generally known as dependent case-marking approach, not only separates agreement from case marking, but also analyzes it as a two-step phenomenon being unfolded  both in narrow syntax, through Agree-Link, and PF, through Agree-Copy. Employing the theoretical apparatus of the dependent case-marking approach, the present paper seeks to study the patterns of verbal agreement in ergative constructions in Hawrami. The explanatory adequacy of this very approach is specifically observed in the theoretical analysis of a special type of ergative constructions in which the direct object takes the form of a possessive NP. The manner through which the possessor of the direct object is overtly manifested in these ergative constructions can determine the outcome of the verbal agreement: if the possessor is expressed via person-marker clitics, the verb agrees in person and number with the possessor, however, if the possessor is realized as an overt NP, the verb agrees with the possessed element. With the intention of analyzing this pattern, it is argued that in both cases the potential targets which the head of T, and consequently the main verb, can agree with are determined in narrow syntax, through Agree-Link while the ultimate form of the agreement affix is determined post-syntactically via Agree-Copy. More specifically, we maintain that Agree-Copy has a direct access to the internal structure of potential targets, and this very fact plays a vital role in determination of agreement patterns.

Languages change is an inevitable phenomenon which may come with phonological implications. In Optimality Theory, first put forth by Prince and Smolensky (1991), language is seen as an inventory of universal violable constraints, the permutation of which might vary from one language to another. The present study aims to put forward a typological comparison among four Iranian languages of Farsi, Sorani Kurdish, Hawrami, and Kalhori Kurdish in terms of the change they have undergone in initial consonant cluster /xw/ at the beginning of certain words, assuming /xw/ as the proto-form and input. The version of Optimality Theory incorporated in this article is that of the Parallel one (McCarthy, 2008) in which the Generator can enforce unlimited number of modifications to the input. The candidates produced by the Generator, then, go through the filter of the Evaluator, consisting of language-specific permutation of markedness and faithfulness constraints.  In order to collect the data, the authors have used librarian sources as well as carrying out field study, interviewing 10 native speakers of each of the aforementioned languages. Since the study is not sociolinguistic in nature, there was no restriction on the age of the consultants. The forms elicited from these native speakers were persistent. The collected data were, then, transcribed and relevant information was extracted through a preliminary observation. It was revealed that with regard to syllables beginning with the consonant cluster /xw/, followed by a vowel, only the following combinations are valid in each of the languages. The assumed input for the three given forms below in each row are /xwa/, /xwɑ/, and /xwi/ respectively. Farsi: [xo], [xɑ], [xi] Sorani Kurdish: [xwi], [xwɑ], [xwi] Hawrami: [wa], [wɑ], [wi] Kalhori Kurdish: [xwa], [xwɑ], [xy] The above forms show the reactions each of the four language under study has regarding how much /xw/ plus a following vowel is tolerated, with Farsi and Hawrami showing no tendency to maintain the cluster, in complete contrast to Sorani Kurdish, in which /xw/ is left intact. One can roughly see the same thing in Kalhori Kurdish, with only one difference of /xwi/ changed into [xy]. The non-back high round vowel of [y] clearly has inherited features from both /w/ and /i/. In this study, the analysis of the diachronic change of /xw/ consonant cluster was conducted considering four constraints of *COMPLEX SYLLABLE, a markedness constraint against any syllable bigger than CVC; MAX(initial), which disfavors any candidate with the initial consonant deleted; MAX[round], a faithful constraint demanding that candidates should retain their round feature; and UNIFORMITY, which demands that candidates avoid coalesce. Through the analysis of the collected data from an Optimality-theoretic point of view, the permutation of these constraints was determined in each of the languages under study as follows: Farsi: Maxinitial, *CS >> Maxrnd>> Uniformity Sorani Kurdish: Maxinitial , Maxrnd, Uniformity>> *CS Hawrami: Maxrnd, *CS, Uniformity>> Maxinitial Kalhori Kurdish: Maxrnd, Maxinitial>> *CS >> Uniformity It can be deduced that except for Sorani Kurdish, these languages opt not to have any complex syllable and use the strategies of coalescence and deletion in order to prevent such syllables from being formed. This is evident in Sorani having all the faithfulness constraints crucially dominating the only markedness constraint of *COMPLEX SYLLABLE, while the same constraint is active and never crucially dominated in the three other languages. Also, Kalhori Kurdish and Farsi are the only languages in which UNIFORMITY is dominated by the other constraints, which results in validating coalescence as a strategy to be adopted so that /xw/ would be avoided. However, regardless of the strategy Farsi, Hawrami, and sometimes Kalhori Kurdish seem to adopt what these languages apparently share is their unwillingness to entirely do away with roundness. Hawrami keeps this feature at the cost of dropping the initial consonant of /x/, as a result of the faithful constraint of MAX(initial) being crucially dominated. Farsi, although merging /w/ and /a/ into [o], retains roundness. Kalhori Kurdish makes use of coalescence, forming the sound [y], which obviously borrows the roundness of the second segment in /xw/. It must be mentioned that in order to come up with a comprehensive analysis, we might need to involve more than these four constraints in some of these languages. However, to simplify the presentation of the analysis, and more importantly, to fixate on the difference these languages have in terms of constraint permutation, this article sticks to these four constraints and shows how the difference in permutation of constraints can lead to phonological systems of languages diverging from one another.

Falling in love is one of the main concepts which is central in almost all ethnicities and folklore literature. In this study, Gourani is defined as the native poems of Hourami, not in the sense of lyrics. Gourani is mostly in the form of single-verse poem. Each verse embeds all the meaning independently. Falling in love, besides praising the nature and to some extent the national epics, is the main theme of Hourami’s anthology. The study borrows a descriptive-analytic research method based on the survey data and the analysis of the individual folklore verses of Hourami. The aim of the study is to investigate the themes of romantic Gouranis of Hourami. To this end, 50 verses were selected from Noudsheh city and analyzed accordingly. The findings suggest that women of Hourami have such a significant place in a large number of romantic Gouranis that they are sometimes on the same ground to that of the verses about men. One of the main aspects of Gouranis is the sadness evoked because of the distance from the beloved. In these poems, women cry out their bitter and sad love songs in the chaotic conditions of their native land. In these single-verse poems, love has a material and worldly meaning. The poet praises the beloved so much that the creator is praised instead, but this is merely for praising the worldly beloved. This shows the underlying issues in the social relation and the general cultural paradigm of the society.

The  present  research  aims  at  investigating  the  linguistic  relationship  between  Gorani, Hawrami, and  Kurdish  in  reply  to  Chaman  Ara (1390) and  Bamshadi  et  al (1393, 1394, 1395, 1396). To  this  end, authorities’  views  in  this  field, linguistic, literary  evidence, and  the  author’s  observations  and  linguistic  intuition  have  been  used. The  study  of  all  the  cases  indicates  that  Gorani  and  Hawrami  are  two  signifiers  with  a  single  linguistic  signified, separate  and  distinct  from  Kurdish: Gorani  or  Hawrami  is  not  a  Kurdish  variety, but  a  separate  language  belonging  to  the  northwestern  branch  of  Iranian  languages  and  possessing  its  own  dialects, despite  the  public  image. The  cause  of  considering  Gorani/ Hawrami  a  Kurdish  variety  has  been  only  the  speakersʼ  residence  of  these  two  varieties  in  a  specific  geographical  area, their  fusion, and  the  linguistic  similarities  between  the  varieties, especially  lexical  and  morphological, resulting  from  the  influence  of  Gorani/ Hawrami  on  Kurdish  that  has  been  the  official, literary, and  court  language  of  the  so-called  Kurdistan  until  the  second  part  of  the  19th  century.The  development  of   Kurdish  nationalist  movements  in  recent  decades  based  on  the  notion  of  "nation- state"  and  "one  nation-one  language" in  consequence  of  it, has  also  aggravated  the  situation  leading  to  linguistic  assimilation  of  most  Gorans/ Hawrams  and  preventing  them  from  their  linguistic  self-awareness

A significant part of the Iranian dialectology literature consists of older researches which are still referred to and utilized; such as Oranski (1960), Mackenzie (1966), Blau (1989a & 1989b). Nonetheless, their achievements need to be re-examined through detailed documentations, within modern theoretical frameworks and methodologies as well. The older studies on Hawrami by western linguists should also be placed in this collection. The speculations about the status of Hawrami within the Iranian languages family have always been needed to be scrutinized and accredited. There is adequate evidence that reveals historical relationship between Hawrami and different Iranian Languages, which in turn furnishes us with new speculations on the status of Hawrami within the Iranian languages. For instance, we can refer to similar behavior of Hawrami and Baluchi in retaining the historical “labialized voiceless uvular fricative” [Xw] in the form of a “labio-velar approximant” [w]; compare: [wQS] ‘good’ and [w«́n+i] ‘blood’ in Hawrami with [wQS] or [wQSS+ín] ‘sweet’ and [w«n] ‘blood’ in Baluchi.Another observation discussed in the present article refers to the geographical area of Zagros, and the similar behavior of Hawrami and some south western varieties of Iranian languages. In the mentioned southwestern varieties, underlying alveolar plosives /d/ and /t/ in certain contexts appear as different variants of a voiced dental fricative [D]. This segment has been called ‘Zagros [d]’ and shown by [d] symbol (Windfhur & Arbor, 1989: 251-262). It is the same segment referred to as ‘Zal/Dal Muˊjam’ in older Persian texts (see Natel Khanlari, 1988:50-52). In the present article, compelling evidence is presented to extend the domain of Zagros [d] in order to include Hawrami as well. But, it should be noted that Zagros [d] or ‘Zal/Dal Muˊjam’ in Hawrami has some differences with the southwestern variants that are explained in detail.In order to maintain validity and reliability, the research is limited to the city of Paveh, which is the largest speech community of Hawrami speakers. The present research, in a descriptive-analytic way, utilizes the theory and methodology of the ‘Rule based Generative phonology’ to explain the regularities under discussion (see Kenstowicz, 1994 and McCarthy, 2007). The problem first discussed in Naghshbandi (1997); nevertheless, its description is not precise and complete. For this reason, in the present article, a new phonetic description of Zagros [d] in Hawrami, its underlying representations, the phonetic context, and an updated analysis and explanation of this phonetic segment are presented. Hence, the following questions are answered here: a) what is the relationship between Hawrami and other varieties of Iranian Languages and what is the status of Hawrami in this regard? b) What is the status of ‘velarized alveolar approximant’ [¨ì] within the sound system of Hawrami?One of the exclusivities of Hawrami sound system is retaining Zagros [d], manifested as ‘velarized alveolar approximant’ [¨ì]. This segment has some relation with /d/ and /t/ in this language variety. This finding can be as evidence for the close relationship of Hawrami with some southwestern varieties; a relationship has not already been paid attention.  The relation of ‘velarized alveolar approximant’ [¨ì] with [d] and [t], within the sound system of Hawrami is also explained based on ‘Rule based Generative phonology’. By investigating the corpus, we can find that [¨ì] alternates with [d] and [t].[¨ì] and [d] appear in the following contexts:For example in words: [dwÁrd+i] 'scissors', [/a¨ìÁ] ‘mother’, and [nawí¨ì] ‘Navid (proper noun)’  [¨ì] and [t] appear in the following contexts:For example in words: [goùSt] ‘meat’, [tHutHá]’dog’, [phatlìá] ‘wheat meal’, [góùS+«¨ì] ‘your ear’, and [di+¨ì] ‘you saw him’.Based on ‘corpus internal and external evidence’; and the criteria of ‘frequency of occurrence’, ‘phonetic plausibility’, ‘phonological naturalness’, and ‘universal tendencies’ /d/ and /t/ are conclusively underlying the different realization of [¨ì].In conclusion, [¨ì] in Hawrami is considered as a contextual variant of /d/ and /t/, and it is a remnant of Zagros [d] or ‘Zal/Dal Muˊjam’. This finding proposes new aspects in the relationship between Hawrami and other Iranian languages. It also challenges the claims on the relationship between Hawrami and Caspian border languages or Central varieties.

There is no unanimous agreement among linguists and sociolinguists regarding the definition and distinction among terms and concepts of language, dialect and accent. Even some researchers, who study the relationship between language and society, employ both sociolinguistics and sociology of language differently to make a distinction between both of them, while some other use them interchangeably just to say that both are the same. The same issue can also be observed regarding the Kurdish language division, its branches, dialects, accents, and even the numbers of the branches. That is, most researchers who study Kurdish language are in disagreement regarding not only the definition of the terms and the number of Kurdish branches, dialects and accent but also in the basis on which the the divisions and definitions are done and most of them do it geographically rather than considering linguistics elements and features. This paper, firstly study the historical and geographical aspects of Kurdish language and put under criticism all those Kurdish language divisions done by the researchers in the field of Kurdish language study. Then, the researcher concluded that the current Kurdish language divisions are all suffer serious problems. Finally, the researcher offers new suggestions and directions for future divisions as well as approximate places in which Kurdish language and its major branches are distributed.

The present paper seeks to propose a justified scenario for the evolution of the patterns of showing non-accusative alignment in Hamwrami in terms of Constructionalization. Drawing on purely synchronic features of the marked construction like the pattern of subject marking and also embarking upon the general patterns of alignment changes in Iranian Languages, it is argued that marked construction in Hawrami is in fact created out of another type of construction with a different schema. The increasing use of the clitics as the marker of transitive subject, which is one of the hallmarks of non-accusative alignment in most of the new Iranian Languages, is assumed to be the enabling factor of the constructionalization of marked non-accusative construction in Hawrami

The common residence of Hawrāms and Kurds, as well as some lexical similarities between the two dialects, which arose from the extensive Kurdish borrowing of Hawrāmi throughout history, led to a misapprehension among scholars about the origin of Hawrāmi. Therefore, linguists express different views about the position of H;Qrîmi in the Iranian languages, especially its genetic relation to Kurdish. In the meantime, the distinction between language and dialect within Hawrāmi is still problematic. However, studies show that Hawrāmi, a northwestern branch of New Iranian languages, is an independent language with many dialects or accents and does not belong to Kurdish.

Motion is one of the most fundamental human,s experiences. So it seems to be expressed as a universal concept in all languages of the world. According to Talmy,s lexicalization patterns theory(1985, 2000), languages are divided into two types concerning motion expression: verb-framed and satellite-framed. In verb-framed languages the core component of motion event, path, is expressed in verb and the manner of motion in satellite but in satellite-framed languages the reverse of this happens. The aim of this paper is to study the position of the Hawrami language in Talmy,s two-category typology. For this purpose, 140 Hawrami motion verbs (simple and non-simple) have been collected through interview with 20 native speakers over 30 years old and analyzed. Data analysis indicates that the Hawrami language challenges Talmy,s two-category typology since the semantic elements of path and manner are lexicalized in the verb root nearly equally. In other words, Hawrami has the characteristic of both verb-framed and satellite-framed languages and so it cannot be placed exactly in one of Talmy,s two types. It is better that its behavior in expressing motion event be evaluated with regard to the continuum of manner salience (Slobin, 2004) and path salience (Ibarretxe-Antuñano, 2004). Thus Hawrami is placed in the middle parts of these two continuums. Moreover, as the pattern (motion path manner) is the third most frequent lexicalization pattern in Hawrami, this language also has the characteristic of equipollently-framed languages (Slobin, 2004).

Modality is a grammatical feature which plays a crucial role in determining the ultimate interpretation of propositions. Different languages make use of different linguistic elements like mood, modal auxiliaries, modal verbs, modal adjectives and adverbs for encoding the concept of modality. Despite of its importance in the overall structure of any language, little attention has been paid to the study of modality in Iranian Languages. The present paper focuses on the analysis of the modal auxiliaries in Hawrami. After taking a short look at the concept of modality and getting familiar with the Palmer's (1999, 2001) basic classification of modal systems, these three modals are introduced:"mašjo/mašjā: must", "biey:become", "tāwāy: can". It is argued that among the other modals, only "mašjo" is used to denote the degree of "necessity" in both "epistemic" and "deontic" modal systems. "biey" and "tāwāy", on the other hand, exhibit the concept of "possibility" in "epistemic" and "deontic" systems. Moreover, "biey" and "tāwāy" encode different types of dynamic modality. Although "biey" can also be used to indicate "necessity" in deontic system as well, it imposes less severe obligations on the agent compared to the deontic "mašjo". It is also shown that "mašjā" is the only modal verb which can convey the "deontic" reading in the past tense constructions. None of the aforementioned modal auxiliaries encode evidentiality in Hawrami.

In this paper we have investigated three frequent morphemes in Hawrami of Paveh, namely, “-ænæ”, “-æwæ” and “-æɾæ”. The nature of these morphemes is unknown. They are attached to nouns with a meaning like that of adpositions. We aim to explore what these morphemes are. We first elicited and classified 52 Hawrami prepositions, determined the structure of Hawrami Prepositional Phrase, introduced Oblique case and its markers in Hawrami, and then we put forward three hypotheses regarding the nature of the three morphemes. Based on our hypotheses, the morphemes are either postpositions, part of complex adpositions, or case markers. Analyzing the data we could not decide on the acceptability of either hypotheses. After all, we tried hypotheses with language universals, but this effort did not help, too. It seems that these three morphemes are disappearing or changing remnants of an old system in Hawrami postpositional or case system. We could not make any remark more precise than that.

The present paper seeks to present a minimalist account for the derivational process of marked ergative constructions in Hawrami in terms of Phase Theory (Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2004; Radford 2009; Citko2014). This phase-based approach is compared to the former feature-based approach advocated by Karimi Doustan and Naghshbandi (2011). It is argued that using Phase Theory and its related mechanisms and conditions like Phase Impenetrability Condition on the one hand and ignoring Split Cp Hypothesis (Haegeman and Gueron 1999) and the related Focus and Topic projections on the other hand would end up in a more optimal and economic explanation. From a macro theoretical viewpoint the results of this paper lend more empirical support to effects of Phase Theory on generating more optimal explanations in the framework of Minimalist Program

In this paper we aimed at eliciting and comparing the mental models of Persian and Hawrami speakers. For this purpose we drew the models which we believed Persians have in their minds regarding the verb “xoɾdæn” and Hawramis have regarding the verb “waɾdæj”. Both models are complicated but as deeply similar as one can neglects their slight differences. Both models have three reiterated patterns in common. Therefore, on the basis of the arguments one can make upon the elicited patterns, we can conclude that the various meanings of the verbs in both languages coincide in many ways.

Despite many investigations have been done aiming to describe linguistic issues of Iranian languages, their semantic and anthropological issues have somewhat been neglected. This problem specially makes sense for western dialects of the country. The present study, using semantic and anthropologic theoretical concepts, specially those proposed by Murdock, aims to investigate kinship terms and their related concepts in Hawrami of Paveh. The investigation resulted 63 Hawrami kinship terms, including 27 consanguineal, 18 affinal, 9 step and 9 collective kinship terms.