جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « چند معنایی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Language has a very significant role in transferring culture and vocabulary; in addition, language, as one of the most important elements, plays a fundamental and active role in preserving and transferring the historical and cultural heritage of a nation. This study is based on empiricism and rationalism, two opposing tendencies in semantics, uses the comparative and descriptive method to do research into the word "cow", compares the semantic system of "cow" in Persian and Chinese languages, and looks at the similarities and differences of this word from the aspects of usages and semantics (irony and metaphor) in the literature of the two languages by exploring fourteen dictionaries. The studies show that the word "cow" in the Persian language has a negative and derogatory meaning and is mostly used as a metaphor for stupid, ignorant of etiquette, and cowardly people; while in the Chinese language, the word "cow" is a metaphor for powerful, hardworking, stubborn, boastful, and selfish people. In the ancient Chinese language, the "cow" is a symbol of status and dignity, and in the ancient Persian language, it is a symbol of fertility; because the cow is one of the most useful animals.

In ancient Iranian languages (Avestan and Old Persian), in addition to inflectional structure, syntactic relations and semantic roles of the core and local cases would be examined. In these languages, the complements of the verb, which can be nouns, adjectives, or pronouns, are represented through case markers that indicate different roles depending on the verb. The representation of verb complements and the function of cases in the accompaniment of different verbs have not been the attention of researchers in this field, except for brief references- it is better to say that the investigation of this issue has been somewhat neglected in ancient Iranian languages. Therefore, in this article, the complements of one of the commonly used and more frequent roots of the Avestan language- but not of the Old Persian- dā, have been investigated. In the Avestan texts, it is mostly found in the meanings of giving, creating, and setting, and in the Old Persian inscriptions, it means giving and creating. According to the analysis of the sentences containing the root dā, the complements of this root, depending on the meaning and context, are shown by the accusative and dative cases in the Old Persian, and accusative, dative, genitive and locative cases in the Avestan. Either of them has several semantic roles, such as theme/patient, recipient, beneficiary, object complement, goal, and location.

One of the devices used in the Holy Quran is the connective such as "إن" and "لو". Given the special role of this syntactic device in understanding the meaning of the text, it is necessary to study  it thoroughly. This inquiry seeks to analyze the syntactic structure and semantic function of this connective device using a descriptive-analytical approach, and then to study its application and semantic function in the Holy Quran. The results show that at the level of syntax, the preservation of the meaning and conditional structure of these two connectives has been accepted by most grammarians. Regarding function, these connectives are used to remove doubt about incompleteness and convey generalization. Examination of the verses also shows that " لو " is used extensively in the Quran, while "إن" is used less frequently, and that semantic function of these words is clearly reflected in all the verses in which they are used.

Semantic deviation is one of the artistic and literary tools and methods that, the poet creates innovation in his style of expression and poetic language.. Farzan Sejoudi is one of the famous researchers in the field of semantic norm avoidance, who by combining his views with the views of other theorists of norm avoidance, especially Leach, has given this literary technique a local form and identity, and has divided the types of semantic norm avoidance into two parts, visualization and abstraction, and a regular pattern provided to literature researchers to analyze poetic texts with it. Sanan Antoun, a famous Iraqi poet and writer, is one of the poets of modernism, who has used various semantic deviations to create his own poetic language. The present study tries to investigate the types of semantic deviance in the poems of Sinan Anton based on the theory of Farzan Sajjudi and explains the role of signs and the interaction between them in the formation of semantic deviance in the poems of this poet. Based on the findings of the research, Anton creates a set of signs in the text of his poem with the help of the artistic capacities of animalism, anthropomorphism, plantism, reification and kinetic, and with the help of the game of signs, he deviates from the rules of the standard language and creates a semantic deviation in his poems. The innovative aspects of his poetry strengthen the meaning and give abstract concepts such as war, death, enmity, life, love, peace and altruism a sensual and physical dimension.

Norm avoidance has always been one of the most effective ways to highlight the language of poetry. This phenomenon is very important in contemporary Arabic poetry, to the extent that the meaning of a poem sometimes revolves around it. Muzaffar Nawab, a contemporary Iraqi poet, is one of the poets whose syntactic and stylistic deviations have a special appearance in his poetry. One of the main reasons for Nawab's deviation from norms is the importance of expressing his poetic concepts; Because the poet's attempt is to use special poetic styles to use various manifestations of morphological, syntactic and semantic norm avoidance in his poems, to impress the audience more and more to support the Palestinian ideals. Unlike many idealistic poets who confine themselves to popular words and expressions and special spoken literature, his only goal is to convey his mental concepts to the audience. According to this poet's approach in using expressive styles, the present research is based on the fact that by analyzing and examining Mozafar Nawab's poetic language, he has analyzed the various manifestations of his non-normativeness in the field of syntactic and semantic issues. The findings of the research indicate that the poet's non-normativeness is mainly in syntactic issues and in situations such as: "the ways of expressing conditional sentences, the way of reflecting noun sentences, the use of vocative letters and..." and in the semantic discussion in cases such as "emotional effects, simile , repetition, paradox, diagnosis, slang and..." has been manifested.

Tangsir novel is an outstanding naturalist work in Persian fiction. The naturalistic work is written based on descriptions and adjectives and predicates have many functions. In this essay, the descriptive function of adjective and predicate in the novel Tangsir, by Sadegh Chubak, has been investigated. What kind of metagrammatical function can adjectives and predicates have in the formation of the writer's literary doctrine, the treatment of characters in the story, and the creation of atmosphere. Examining the aesthetic function and the semantic function of the descriptive role of predicate and adjective and comparing these two grammatical roles in the formation of the main components of the naturalism doctrine can lead to important results in literary criticism, which is a great strategy for the authors of this doctrine in paying attention to their main components according to the function Grammar of vocabulary. Therefore, the present research answers the question that what is the meta-grammatical function of predicate and adjective in Tangsir novel and the literary doctrine of naturalism?

This research is descriptive-analytical. Based on this, this research was prepared by extracting and analyzing the adjectives and predicates in the text of the novel "Tangsir". Discuss Tangsir is the story of suffocation. the story of the suffocation of the proletariat; Accordingly, documentary sentences that confirm this content have been used a lot. In this section, the adjective has a more prominent function; Because in this section, the frequency of words is very important. The adjective gives color to the whole text and the author has used it more in this section. The difference is small, for example, the color black is repeated 19 times as a predicate; But as an adjective 21 times, in general, it can be said that the adjective was more useful for the author in this section. In addition to suffocation, just as the author has taken the style and atmosphere of the story to darkness and the bitter human truth by using adjectives indicating the blackness of the atmosphere and the life of the lower class, he also uses the preposition in the same direction, which has a complementary role to the adjective. The word dark as a predicate has a high frequency, it is repeated 16 times as a predicate in the story, and the word black 19 times, while the word light as a predicate in Tangsir's novel, such as words like light, is used a total of 10 times, and the color white is used 10 times.

In describing the characters of his story, the author has used descriptive tools such as prepositions and adjectives, among which prepositions are more functional. The number of predicates used for characterizing has been more than the number of adjectives; Because it is more difficult for the author to create descriptive sentences than to use independent documentary sentences to describe the characters of his story. In the field of literary function, the adjective has more functions; Because it has a literary structure and makes the text of the story more imaginative. The literature that the author has given to the text with the adjective has a major difference with the literary function of the predicate. The highest function of adjectives in this section can be seen in compound adjectives and compound derivatives, which have both norm-avoidance and literary functions, such as creating metaphors. 23 compound adjectives and 48 compound derivative adjectives are used in Tangsir's novel. The structure of the adjective has an effect on its literary function, which the author has given to the text by using and creating compound derivative adjectives; But the number of predicates that created a literary function in the text was very limited and they did not add literaryness to the text to the extent of adjectives. In the comparison of the use of colors in order to create space and the literary doctrine, the colors used as attributes have more variety, and therefore they can help the author more in creating space; But the two most frequent colors, white and black, were almost equal, and the frequency of black is used more frequently than white, either as a predicate or as an adjective, which creates a dark background in the story. A small amount of black color can be seen in the text, which can be concluded that the text has given a darker atmosphere to the story. But because the variety of colors in the predicate is less, creating space with colors is mostly created with adjectives.

The present study aims to analyze the verb “bastan” (to close) using cognitive semantics. The meanings of “bastan” have been collected using library method, extracted from dictionaries including Sokhan, Dehkhoda, Sadri Afshar's Persian Dictionary, Persian Spoken Variety, and the Etymological Dictionary of the Persian Language. This data was used for comparative analysis. In this research, a qualitative research method has been used to describe the meanings and to determine if there is a relationship among them using the image schema theory in cognitive semantics, specifically the models proposed by Evans and Greene, Evans and Evans. The analysis of the schematic meanings of the verb “bastan” showed that out of 26 meanings, 11 are force schemas, indicating an obstacle of a physical or abstract nature, and 18 are link(age) schemas, either physical or abstract. In one case, in addition to the mentioned schema, a splitting schema was considered. Etymological considerations show that the verb “bastan” originates from a single root in its current form: -band in ancient Persian, bandh (badhnāti) in Sanskrit, and -band in Avesta. This matter does not allow the existence of two different unrelated schema, because the connection between meanings will be lost. This research argues that associative schemas show the relationship between the various meanings of the polysemic verb “bastan”.

One of the word formation processes in Persian language is the compounding process, which speakers use in a productive way to create words with new meanings. This process contains at least two components, both of which are involved in the construction of meaning. The aim of this article is to analyze the polysemy of compound words ended to “negar” stem in Persian with a cognitive approach. This analysis is done in the framework of Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), and the data of the research is extracted from the Zansu Persian dictionary (Keshani, 1993), the dictionary of Farhangistan authorized vocabularies, and Bijankhan's corpus. According to Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), language words are linguistic constructions and these linguistic constructions are the unit of construction morphology analysis. In Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), construction schemas are patterns that clarify the form and meaning of a construction and determine how other constructions are derived from this pattern. In order to investigate the polysemy of compound words ended to the "negar" stem, first the construction schemas and sub-schemas related to these words are identified, and then their polysemy network in drawn. The results of the research show that at the lowest level of the schema network of the compound words ended to "negar" stem, there are eleven different sub-schemas, seven of which have a nominal base, and four have an adjectival base. Also, the frequency of the sub-schema with an adjective base is much lower than the frequency of the sub-scheme with a nominal base. According to the study of the body of research, the combination of a noun with the "negar" stem creates different meanings such as "writing", "describing", "studying", "depicting", and "measuring" and the meanings of "writing" and "depicting" is realized with both human and non-human agents. The combination of an adjective with the "negar" stem also creates the "depicting" meaning which is realized with two human and non-human agents. Finally, four subschemas with the meaning of "depicting with a special instrument", "depicting a person with special characteristics", "depicting with a special manner", and "depicting from a special location" are results of the hierarchical classification of the subschemas of compound words with an adjective base that ends to “negar” stem. The polysemy of compound words ended to the “negar” stem can be explained at the level of these construction schemas which are more or less abstract.

In Iranian folk short stories, there is a possibility for the existence of more than one subject. Without a shadow of doubt, these subjects, with regards to the Semantic horizon and their action process path, are in interation with each other. According to this matter, the question addressing the kinds of relations between subjects has been proposed. Furthermore, how the semantic horizon followed by subjects affect the relations among them. With that in mind, this research, imposing an analytic- descriptive method and affected by Semi-Semantic discourse approach in classical narratives, tries to consider and analyze the quality of relations among subjects in Iranian folk short stories by considering 661 present subjects in the collection of Iranian folk stories that include 201 collected stories by Seyyed Abolghasem Enjavi Shirazi in a collection of four volumes. The results of this research indicate that these stories have formulated 13 types of relations among subjects comprising; coexistence, confluence, divergence, confrontation, interaction, alignment, excellence/failure, object/subject, understanding, dialogue, imitation, self- sufficiency, and competition. According to the Semantic horizon component that determines the quality of the relations among subjects, these relations, in most cases, have changed and, as a result, 34 communication chains from one to eight rings have been formed among subjects.In Iranian folk short stories, there may be more than one subject. Undoutedly, these subject are in interaction with each other interms of the semantic horizon and their path of action process. According to this matter, it is proposed that the type of interactiosn between subjects and the way the semantic horizon followed by subjects impacts this interaction are the two subjects which turn out to be worth-mentioning.This research, having an analytic-discriptive procedure, is effected by the semi- semantic discourse approach in classical narartives in which the relations among 661 subjects (characters who want to possess an object, repossess, or protect it) in 201 stories from a four volume collection of Iranian folk short stories are considered. These stories had been collected by Seyyed Abolghasem Enjavi Shirazi. In this research, prior to anything, the kinds of relations among subjects and  their frequency are determined and, followed by that, the relation chains among subjects and their frequency are explained which are formed in these storeis.The results revea that in these stories 13 types of relations have been formed among subjects: coexistence, confluence, divergence, confrontation, interaction, alignment, excellence/failure, object/subject, understanding, dialogue, imitation, self- sufficiency and competition. According to the Semantic horizon component that determines the quality of the relations among subjects, these relations, in most cases, have changed and, as a result, 34 communication chains of one to eight rings have been formed among subjects.The result of this research reveals that object and possessing, repossessing, or protecting that, which causes to creation and forming the relations among subjects. This process causes to forming different relation chains among subjects.

In the present research, Persian prefixes selected by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature (Third Academy) have been analyzed against English prefixes. This research has been done with a construction-based approach and within the framework of the theory of constructional morphology, and word formation patterns have been explained based on structural-semantic schemas using a descriptive-analytical method. The data of the research was taken from the seventeen books of Third Academy in the form of full enumeration (51200 words). The findings of the research indicate that about 4319 approved words were created by the prefix addition method. By adding 16 prefixes and 51 prefixoid, the Third Academy has used 67 active and semi-active prefixes and prefixes in the construction of words approved by the Third Academy, which is not enough to make scientific words. The multiplicity of Farsi prefix derivatives compared to English prefixes, the semantic-structural heterogeneity of Persian prefixes compared to English, as well as the contradiction of some of them with the principles and rules of word selection are other findings of the research that can be mentioned.

Greimas, as the most famous theoretician of "narrative semantics", believes that the structure of a narrative, like the structure of a sentence, has its own grammar. By presenting some models such as action pattern, narrative program, semantic square, etc., he tries to structure the relationships between the meaningful signs of a texte, so that we can understand the internal structures of the meaning of the text by transitioning from the surface structure to the deep structure. The narrativity is the main organizing principle of any discourse. Narrative semiotics aims to search for deep, inherent and stable structures in discourses that can be formally manifested at the surface of texts. In this research, by referring to Greimas's narrative semiotics and his famous models, we intend to examine the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True" by Marc Levy. Unlike other literary criticism approaches that search for meaning outside the text, the semiotic approach searches for the mechanism of meaning formation in the text itself and in the deep layers of the text.

Background of study:

In the field of semiotics, narratology and semantics, many studies have been done by researchers in the form of books and articles. Emphasizing the narrative aspect of Greimas's approach, Abbasi has analyzed Persian texts in the books "Samad: The Structure of a Myth" and "Applied Narrative". Sha'iri has done many and extensive studies in this field, among which the books "Semantic of Literature: The Theory and Method of Analyzing Literary Discourse" and several articles such as "From Structuralist Semiotics to Discourse-Semiotics", "A Study of Types of Discourse Systems From the Semiotic Point of View", "Semiotic Analysis of the Process of Recognition in Literary Discourse: A Case Study of Pacheh Khizak written by Sadegh Choubak ".Marc Levy's works have also been the subject of researches with different approaches of literary criticism, among them, we can mention the article by Hassan Zokhtareh and Martine Boyer-Weinmann entitled "A Study of Literary Success in the Contemporary Media Age, Case Study: She and He by Marc Levy". The authors of this article examine the reasons for the success of best-selling novels and successful authors. Ali Abbassi and Mitra Moradi have studied the beginning and end parts of Levy's novel in the article entitled "The Study of the Incipit and the Closure in All Those Things We Never Said by Marc Levy".

In this research, using the models presented by Greimas, we intend to investigate the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True", by the French author, Marc Levy. By conducting this study, we are looking for an answer to the question "how the narrativity as the organizing principle of the discourse has helped to create meaning and reflect the author's desired values". Our hypothesis in this research is that the text consists of a set of semiotic-semantic elements at the surface and deep structures, between which there are meaningful relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this researche is to study the action pattern, narrative program and semantic square in this novel in order to determine how these elements make the discourse meaningful.

The findings of this study show that in this novel we are not facing a simple set of narrative programs, but there is a set of narrative programs that go in parallel to each other, this indicates the complexity of the narrative course of the action subject. By examining the semantic square, we learn that although the actors are temporarily in the position of death, they eventually come out of it and return to life; This reflects the author's positiviste values.

One of the most prominent rhetorical techniques is metaphor, which is used not only in literary poetry and prose, but also in everyday speech, knowingly and unknowingly, and helps the elegance and beauty of speech. This technique, along with other rhetorical techniques, reached its peak in the 9th century A.H, the period of popularization of the Herat style, followed by the Hindi style. One of the authors and writers whose works have stylistic characteristics of this period is Molla Hossain Va'ez Kashifi. Badai' al-Afkar and 'Anwar-e Sohaili are among his most important works which are going to be analyzed in this article.

This study is based on the descriptive analysis method by using library research and studying Bada'i al-Afkar and Anwar Sohaili by Va'ez i Kashifi for analyzing different types of metaphors in these prominent works. Through this study, different definitions of metaphor are presented. Then the author and his works are introduced and a brief description of their content and features is given. This research attempts to answer the following questions:  What is Va'ez i Kashifi's innovation in metaphors? How has Va'ez i Kashifi combined different semantic areas in the form of his metaphors? The examples in this study are from these books: Bada'i al-Afkar and Anwar Sohaili.

Bada'i al-Afkar fi Sanyaye' al-Ashaar, written by the famous 9th century scholar Kamaluddin Hossein Vaez Kashifi Sabzevari, is the most extensive and informative rhetorical book in Persian rhetoric; The value of Bada'i al-Afkar lies in the fact that the author has extensively studied the figures of speech in Persian literature and has explored more what was briefly mentioned in the previous books and has obtained new uses and examples in many of the figures. Also, in this book, we come across the figures of speech that are not mentioned in other rhetoric books, even the books at the same time. However, in writing these books, Va'ez Kashifi benefited from the previous works, especially from Shams Qais Razi's Al-Mu'ajm, and according to Zabihullah Safa, it is a re-writing of Shams Qais Razi's Al-Mu'ajm, except for the science of prosody.Anwar Sohaili is one of Kashifi's most famous works and a new writing of Kalila and Damna, which he composed in the name of Sheikh Ahmad Sohaili, one of the rulers of the reign of Sultan Hossein Mirzai Baiqara, in fourteen chapters and an introduction,and although Kashifi wanted to simplify its composition,but he couldn't. Kashifi's writing style, wherever is not under the influence of another text or translation or citation of Arabic language, is simple and fluent and is among the good works of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century A.H. In this rewriting, he made many changes in the content and even the title of Kalileh and Demaneh.By studying Badai' al-Afkar and Anwar Sohaili of Va'ez Kashifi, it is understood that Kashfi wanted to show something innovative and beyond the writings of his predecessors, and he was able to do so to some extent with the influence of the works he considered.This article aims to answer the following questions: What is Va'ez Kashifi's innovation in metaphors? How has Va'ez Kashefi combined different semantic fields in the form of his metaphors? Hypotheses are that Kashefi's innovation is the combination of multiple and different semantic fields; Kashefi has expanded different semantic fields in metaphors with hindsight towards metaphor and innovation in examples.

The findings show that Kashefi, despite modeling the writings of his predecessors, has made innovations in the use of metaphor by combining multiple and distant semantic fields, this means that the abstract noun is combined with a verb related to the concrete noun in order to make a subordinate metaphor to express "the passing of youth" and by simile and genitive metaphor, it mixes the distant meanings with the subordinate metaphor, personification, appositive and metaphorical genitives; On the other hand, by mixing metaphorical attribution genitive, metonymy, implied metaphor, personification, subordinate metaphor and semantic paradox, a complex network of metaphors and other figures of speech are interwoven with these semantic fields.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate examples of Paul Simpson's semantic processes in the story of "Crows" in an attempt to shed light on Ebrahimi's purpose behind application of such processes. Using library resources and descriptive-analytical method, researchers have found out that the author uses material phenomena in the whole text, keeping in mind the level of children's understanding, to achieve his goals. Using the mental process, Ebrahimi has created a balance between the inner and outer world. Behavioral verbs in the text show that two personality groups of "model" and "counterpart" were created this way. The significant frequency of the verb "to say" indicates that the verbal process is central in the story, hence the importance of discourse in Ebrahimi's view. In the relational process of emphasis, various spaces of the story have been described. The type of property has been used to better introduce the characters and their range of power and authority. In the peripheral process, the time and place of the events are mentioned with the aim of representing useful information for the audience. In the existential process, the author implicitly refers to the applicability of the hidden concept in the text of the story for all times. In sum, the main concept represented by the application of these semantic processes is the value of friendships in interpersonal relationships.

Language, as the primary medium of literature and communication, plays a crucial role in creating literary works. Among the various tools writers and poets use to harness language's power and enrich their work is semantic deviation, a concept that emerged with the formalist school of literary criticism. Formalism brought fundamental changes to literary studies, asserting that every literary work is independent and self-sufficient. The school aimed to break free from past literary norms and boundaries, challenging conventional linguistic and literary principles. Formalists argued that literature's essence lies in deviating from these conventional language boundaries. According to formalists, style emerges from deviating from standard language use. They posited that a literary work's imaginative quality stems from surpassing common language norms for artistic purposes. Semantic deviation, in particular, became a fundamental tool for writers and poets to create novel meanings in their work. This perspective led to the introduction of the concept of defamiliarization in literature, emphasizing the idea that literary language should make the familiar strange, thereby enhancing the reader's perception and engagement with the text. Shklovsky introduced the concept of defamiliarization as a technique writers and poets use to make their texts appear unfamiliar to readers. This view, held by Russian formalists, was later challenged and expanded by the Prague school of linguistics. Unlike the formalists, who focused solely on defamiliarization in literary texts, the Prague school considered all textual elements, both familiar and unfamiliar. They argued that these elements are intertwined and mutually dependent, making it impossible to examine them in isolation. This holistic approach led to the replacement of defamiliarization with the concept of foregrounding. When a writer employs defamiliarization techniques, it creates a static and conflicting relationship between these mechanisms and other textual elements. However, foregrounding affects the overall structure of the text more dynamically. According to Leach, foregrounding occurs through two main methods parallelism and deviation. Parallelism can be thought of as an unexpected degree of regularity in the text, whereas deviation is an unexpected degree of irregularity in the text. This perspective provides a more comprehensive framework for analyzing literary techniques and their effects on the text as a whole. Non-normativity in literature occurs when a writer or poet uses terms and combinations that break the boundaries of standard language, challenging the reader's mind. This deviation from norms can be classified into eight main categories: lexical, syntactic, phonological, graphological, semantic, dialectal, stylistic, and historical, all of which affect meaning in various ways. Semantic deviation involves using phrases and sentences in novel ways, creating meanings that differ from their conventional usage in standard language. This is achieved through innovative semantic relations and imaginative forms. Nasrollāh Monshi's Kalilah va Demnah is notable for its significant use of imaginative elements, making it an important text for understanding the linguistic and literary style of 6th-century prose. This study aims to reexamine Kalilah va Demnah through the lens of semantic deviation, using the model presented by Farzān Sojudi. This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, explaining each type of semantic deviation based on Sojudi's perspective. Using a library research method and focusing on Nasrollāh Monshi's Kalilah va Demnah, the study categorizes and presents numerous examples of semantic deviation according to the specified theory. The research findings indicate that Nasrollāh Monshi consistently used semantic deviation in Kalilah va Demnah to enhance the text's imaginative quality and make better use of language. The frequency of semantic deviation in this work is higher compared to other types of norm deviation. This study contributes to our understanding of the literary techniques employed in classical Persian literature and highlights the importance of semantic deviation in creating ornate prose.

This article explores the mechanisms behind creating semantic enrichment in Abdurrahman Sharfakandi's translation of Khayyam's quatrains. To accomplish this objective, a comparative-analytical qualitative research method was utilized. The process involved isolating quatrains suitable for free translation, analyzing the linguistic changes and additions made in the Kurdish translation compared to the original Persian poems, and investigating how these modifications contribute to semantic enhancement. The findings suggest that "addition" is more frequently observed in translations and plays a more significant role in enhancing semantics. Analyzing these additions reveals that the translator's primary objective is to convey the ideology clearly and dispel any associated ambiguities. This approach has led to a clarification of meanings and, at times, reinterpretation of verses that were previously ambiguous in Khayyam's poetry, thereby enhancing the overall meaning. Furthermore, the analysis of the changes and their impact on enhancing semantics reveals that these modifications are predominantly influenced by cultural factors, aiming to establish cultural equivalences that are suitable for the Kurdish language. These adaptations enable Kurdish readers to better comprehend the concepts presented in the translation. Notably, these changes also reflect shifts in the poet's ideological dimensions that may not align with the contemporary Islamic and religious perspectives of the audience.

Cognitive semantics examines meaning by relying on the human mind's information processing and categorizing linguistic concepts. In this method, words and especially letters carry the main meaning. Each main meaning is connected with secondary meanings and creates a radial network. Therefore, the letters in the texts, especially in the Qur'an, gain meaning according to the context. The primary meaning of the letter "ba" in the Holy Quran is attachment, from which other meanings of causation, help, emphasis, confrontation, modification and swearing can be derived. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study evaluates the uses and meanings of the letter "ba" in Surah Ma'idah in the Persian translations by Makarem Shirazi, Foladvand, and Elahi-Qomshei. According to the findings of the present research, these translators have focused mostly on the original and common meaning of the letter in the semantic network, i.e., attachment and superiority. The reason for this claim is that, for example, they did not convey the exact meaning regarding emphasis, and in most cases, instead conveying the emphatic meaning, they chose the traditional equivalent of "to", conveying the concept of attachment.

binary opposition of place is a type of critical analysis that examines the differences between pairs of spatial words that contribute to the beauty of the text with their semantic functions. Since the presence of place is one of the most prominent features of Palestinian poetry Therefore, sometimes poets seek help from it in order to express their intentions and talk about their pleasant and unpleasant feelings. Naji Alloush, a contemporary Palestinian poet, was able to instill a network of his desired meanings and concepts into the audience by using the contrasting spatial structure and behind all these words, there is a place for his psychological, political and social concerns, which is indicative of his emotions and opinions. This research tries to investigate the most prominent contrasting places in this contemporary poet's poetry by using the descriptive-analytical method in order to achieve a correct understanding of the semantic relationship between two contrasting spatial concepts. The findings of the research show that spatial duals played an important role in conveying the poet's inner feelings towards two different places and expressing his thoughts. The most important dualities used are: connection and its contrast with separation, Homeland and its confrontation with exile, Here and its contrast with there. These duals express the concept of identity, anti-colonialism, the poet's concern for his homeland and the Arab homeland, and the sadness of a place of alienation.

Knowledge of grammar plays a significant role in understanding and interpreting texts. This article aims to explore the “genitive case” in Masnavi and analyze it from a historical syntax perspective to elucidate Rumi’s style and the distinctive usage of this construction in Masnavi compared to other works. The research method used is descriptive-analytical based on a case study. The corpus of the study comprised the six volumes of Masnavi, and data were collected through library research. In the analysis of the findings, the usage of the genitive case, its marker, and its specific forms in Masnavi sentences were determined. The various relationships between the head and its modifier with specific lexical items and combinations marked and desired by Rumi were clarified. Ultimately, the detachment and attachment of the genitive case and noun phrases were determined. The findings showed that a large part of Masnavi’s appeal and charm is due to the linguistic patterns used by Rumi, which is not the result of the rhythm and tone of Masnavi. Still, it should be searched for in meticulous and “detail-oriented” studies of grammatical construction and its morphological and syntactic patterns.