جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « argument » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to compounding by linguists worldwide. While Persian linguists have extensively studied root and verbal compounds, phrasal compounds have received relatively little attention, possibly due to the lack of correspondence between the structures of phrasal compounds and common compound standards. This article aims to describe and analyze contemporary Persian phrasal compounds using a dataset of 281 phrasal compound words (135 synthetic and 146 root compound words).

This article studies stative, activity, accomplishment and achievement lexical aspects based on evidence from Persian and represents aspectual tree diagrams for them. Data analysis shows that events have various stative-dynamic interpretations. Internal argument does not play any role in stative aspectual events and collocation of these events with durative adverbs indicates their atelic and lack of aspectual interpretation domain while internal argument contrary to external one plays a role in aspectual interpretation of dynamic activity, accomplishment and achievement events. [±quantity] of internal argument against definite or indefinite argument has an effect on aspectual interpretation of events. Aspectual projection and [±telicity] of an event are located on predication phrase and external argument is out of aspect and domain of aspectual interpretation. Activity events have only the aspectual feature while the achievement and accomplishment events holds both and aspectual features. These events contrary to stative events have no aspectual features.  The and aspectual features of accomplishment events are located on different nodes having structural dominance on each other while the and aspectual features of achievement events are located on one node and they have no dominance on each other. The variability of lexical aspect between dynamic and static events and the ambiguous aspectual interpretation of activity-achievement and activity-accomplishment events proves that lexical meaning of verbs does not play a role in determining lexical aspect. Moreover, the existence of two different structures for the same meaning confirms that lexical aspect is syntactic.

Information structure (IS) investigates the relationship between linguistic forms and mental referents of different utterances. Information structure, on one hand, is concerned with formal aspects of language and, on the other hand, it deals with functional aspects of language. This rather abstract approach, however, has received less attention comparing with tangible aspects of grammar such as morphology and syntax. Furthermore, those dealing with information structure were not consistent in terms of methodology and terminology that they employed. Accordingly, Prague School scholars employed “Functional Sentence Perspective” to refer to information structure. In the same vein, Halliday (2004) called it “Thematic Structure”; Chafe (1976) employed “Information Packaging”; and Vallduvi (1994) referred to this component of grammar as “Informatics”. Another issue to be dealt with in this study is “argument dislocation”. It is intended to investigate the effect of information structure on argument dislocation in Southern Kurdish. A dislocated structure is composed of two parts: detached part and propositional part. In propositional part, there is a pronoun which is co-referent with the dislocated noun phrase. Information structure may be among the key reasons why noun phrases are dislocated and appear as detached NPs in the left and right of sentences. In other words, for any NP, being topical or focal may alter the argument structure of any given clause. Lambrecht (1994: 188) used the term “topic” to refer to the dislocated NPs in the left side of the clause. He also referred to detached NPs in the right side of the clause as “anti- topic”.  

As stated above, the present study is intended to gauge the role of information structure (IS) in the formation of dislocated sentences in southern Kurdish (Kalhori) in Iran. Accordingly, the topical and focal arguments were identified and the possibility of dislocation of these arguments was, also, assessed. Information structure is among the main factors which can affect the syntax of sentences. The present study is theoretically based on the framework presented by Lambrecht (1994, 2001). Methodologically, it is a descriptive- analytic study in which linguistic intuition, observation, targeted interviews and consulting with authentic library sources were employed tools to collect the data. Moreover, the researchers of this study are both native speakers of southern Kurdish (Kalhori) which was an advantage in their judgments and decisions. In some cases, to ensure to make a right decision, a given structure was presented to many native speakers. The data were gathered from southern Kurdish (Kalhori dialect) spoken by people in the city of Eivan in the west of Iran. Kalhori Kurdish is mainly spoken in some parts of Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces in cities such as Kermanshah, Eivan, Gilan-e-Gharb, and Eslam Abad Gharb.

Information structure or information distribution across different sentences may result in syntactic variations and formation of various linguistic forms. All language components including, morphology, syntax, prosody and lexicon can be affected by information distribution. In the present study, an attempt was made to shed light on the role of information structure in the formation of so-called dislocated structures based on data from southern Kurdish in the west of Iran. The results indicated the topical subjects and objects (as the main arguments) are appropriate candidates to undergo left/ right dislocation, while their empty place (in argument structure of the clause) is filled with resumptive pronouns (pro and object enclitics). In contrast, focal arguments (left/right) dislocation would result in an infelicitous discourse. In other words, the detached NP in so-called dislocated structures must have degrees of identifiability to be placed at the beginning of the sentence as a possible topic. Overall, based on the results, two syntactic patterns are possible in southern Kurdish. First, in the presence of focal arguments, an inflexible sequence of (S O V) will be the only syntactic pattern in southern Kurdish. Second, if the arguments are topical, then a more flexible word order and a lot of syntactic dislocations are more probable. The Separation of Role and Reference Principle (SRRP) was proposed by Lambrecht (1994: 184) to refer to so-called dislocated structures. This principle is rooted in a pragmatic rule which states that if you introduce a new referent in a clause, do not talk about it in the same clause (lambrecht, 1994: 185). For our interlocutor, it is easier to process a clause whose new referent is located outside of the clause as a detached NP, because identifying the topic (detached NP) and interpretation of the related proposition take place independently. On the other hand, in terms of articulation, producing such a structure in which a new and non-identifiable topic is introduced independently from its related clause would be easier for the speaker.

In dislocated structures, detached NPs are “reference- based” due to their semantic content, while the resumtive pronouns which fill the empty position of detached NPs in the argument structure of the clause are “function-based” (Lambrecht, 1994: 187). Unlike left dislocation (LD) which places topical elements in the beginning of the clause (pre-posing), right dislocation (RD) or anti-topic post-poses the topical elements at the end of the clause. Like LD, this process enables the language users to follow “the Separation of Role and Reference Principle” (SRRP) in the appropriate communicative situations. The obtained results based on southern Kurdish proved that the detached NP in RD (unlike RD) would not be new topic or is not indicative of topic discontinuity. The findings of this study proved, also, that the detached NP in LD and RD would be different in terms of their relative identifiability. It was found that the detached NP in RD is more identifiable comparing with the detached NP in LD, while LD is mainly used to introduce possible topics which have not been established as topic in that given context.

In this paper, the comments of Professor Amir Hassan Yazdgerdi on the Nafsat Al Masdoor has critiqued and analyzed: Despite the scholarly careful consideration of Professor Yazdgerdi, some points ,although limited, remained unclear in this book, which checked in this paper. Some times, Persian and Arabic vocabularies of text has criticized and analyzed; In some cases, Arabic poems translation and some times quranic verses translation have analyzed; Correction ofsome vocabularise or phrasses has also discussed in this paper. After notice any above points from book Nafsat Al Masdoor, comments of the deceased proffesor is mentioned; then is addressed to enlightenment about ambiguities as the main purpose of this article by description and analysis method and by citing the valid sources and necessary arguments. The necessity of conducting this research is the imortanceof Nafsat Al-Masdoor as a important literary work for the friends literature and researchers. This book especially is one of lesson sourses for PhD students inthe field of Persian literature.

The aim of this paper is to study dative and locative alternations in Persian based on Wood & Marantz (2017) within Distributed Morphology. We attempt to investigate the extent to which argument structure alternation can be reduced to the syntactic and semantic properties of a single head, labeled i*. The notion of possession transfer in double object construction (DOC) and locative relation in ditransitive construction (PPC) can be accounted for by assuming the ability of a verb to occure in DOC and PPC involves the ability to select D*P and p*P respectively. If i* combines with DP, it projects D*P and takes a DP specifier. If i* combines with pP, it projects p*P and introduces a DP specifier. Semantically i* assigns to the DP specifier the theta-role of possessor and figure respectively by contextually determined interpretive rules. Therefore, the interpretation of external arguments in double object construction and ditransitive construction is derived from structural environments and the conceptual content of roots.

bstract: This article studies compounding in different approaches of Generative Grammar, that is, transformational, lexicalist, and government and binding theories. The evidence includes 8579 synthetic and 3974 root compound nouns of contemporary Persian. Results show that grammatical functions and abstract predicates in transformational theories cannot provide suitable mechanisms to form compounds and they deviate from the recoverable principles. Lexicalist approaches cannot explain the compounds made by external and also two arguments. In a strong version of government and binding approaches regarding compounding, the subcategorization frame of a verb is not regarded, the argument is not immediately adjacent to the derived verb stem and the projection principle is also violated. Moreover, the aspect of a compound is derived from inflectional affix which is governed by the inflectional node. In the moderate model of this approach, the derived verb stem is not able to assign the case to a non- adjacent constituent. Data analysis of root and synthetic compound words in Persian proves that morphology- syntax interactional approach explains formation of compounding more efficiently.

A critique to annotation of the Nafsat al-masdour (1) Abstract In this article, the correction and explanations of Professor Amir Hassan Yazdgerdi on the Nafsat Al Masdoor has critiqued and analyzed: Despite the scholarly comments of Professor Yazdgerdi, due to the weight and complexity of the text of the book, some points remained unclear, which were criticized and reconsidered. Sometimes, the description of Persian vocabularies and sentences was criticized and researched; In some cases, Arabic and Quranic words and phrases were discussed; Correction of some words was also criticized and evaluated; Marking, which sometimes result in misinterpreting the meaning of the sentence, was examined and corrected;The final point of this article is about the incorrect reference of many verses used in the text ofthe book.In the mentioned topics,first , the desired article is discussed; after that, the comment of the honourable commentator is mentioned, then by the description and analysis method and by citing valid sources and expression of argument, the meaning of preference and correct aspect of the article is explained as the main purpose ofthis article. The necessity of conducting this research is the valuability and prominence of the text of Nafsah al-Masdoor as a lesson source for PhD students in the field of Persian literature and to eliminate some of the problems in correcting it. 

The purpose of this study is to examine the arguments used in Tahaddy verses based on Douglas Walton’s (2008) framework. In this study, we contrast the arguments presented by Tahaddy verses with Douglas Walton's (2008) arguments, and then examine each argument in turn. Muslims believe that God, as the creator of man and the absolute universe, provides the best argument for convincing people, so it seems crucial to examine the arguments in the Qur'an and make them known for their own benefit. Therefore, it is necessary to examine these arguments, since the results of this research might lead to a deeper and more accurate understanding of human logic based on God's knowledge of man. It is known that God asks the polytheists in five verses if they claim this Qur'an is a human word (and the word of the Prophet himself), then bring even one verse like them. These verses are called Tahaddy in the Qur'an. This type of argument seems to be a unique and exclusive type of argument that does not fit into Walton's context due to its idiomatic meaning. Following our review of the Tahaddy verses and comparison with Walton's argument schemas, the study came to the conclusion that the argument used in the Tahaddy did not correspond to any of the sixty cases Walton introduced. Therefore, we introduced Tahaddy as a new argument to this model with a new scheme.

This study investigates the nature and structure of Persian incorporation within the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM) as a fully synthetic approach that considers morphology as syntax. In this approach, the Root selects for an argument, and then the Root must be merged with that argument or adjunct before it merges with its category-determining feature bundle. So Roots allow being incorporated into them. They are not yet included in any category. In order to become nominal or verbal, they have to incorporate further into a category-creating head. Some linguists (Arkan, 2006; Karimi, 1997; Shaghaghi, 2007; Spencer, 1991, 1995) considered the incorporation process as a morphological phenomenon because within the framework of Baker's synthetic theory, data from their understudied languages violates Baker's syntactic principles, but DM can describe incorporated constructions inconsistent with syntactic conditions of Baker’s synthetic theory. It seems that DM, unlike previous approaches, can solve some challenges, such as combining the syntactic function of incorporated construction of concrete structures (Gerdts, 1988), changing the syntactic function of the element derived from incorporation (Baker, 1988), and some restrictions on modifier stranding for merging with verbs (Baker, 1988, 1996). The analysis made in this article shows that syntactic approaches need to be reconsidered to explain incorporation.

The term predicate refers to two concepts in the literature; in the traditional grammar (in dividing the sentence into two parts: the subject and the predicate) and the other in the discussion of predicate-argument relations. Recent linguists have used two terms, predicate and predicator, to avoid confusing these two terms, respectively, for the first and second definition. In Persian, the two terms “Gozɑɹe” and “mahmul” have made a clear distinction between the two concepts. The present study investigates the different types of predicators in Persian based on the role and reference grammar to consider the differences and similarities between the predicators in Persian. The consideration of the layered structure of clauses and phrases showed that the nominal predicator has the most similarity and the prepositional predicator has the least to the verbal predicator. Furthermore, the findings showed that we have to accept the adjective phrase contrary to the role and reference grammar because there are different types of adjectival modifiers which are necessary to consider according to the layered structure.

Rumi opposes the methodology of "principled analogy" in Masnavi's place and uses it as a cognitive-perceptual error, but in fact, in his stories, he believes in the kind of logical reasoning to prove and justify the theories, however, based on a unique method that is in the type of the word It has its own logical proportions and its discipline. This article reviews the appropriateness of Rumi's allegory in the allegorical story of "Lion and Nakhjiran" and then examines his approach to the theory of "types of rationality" and concludes that Rumi's influence on psychological states and human intellectual virtues He considers it effective in his style of reasoning. Although such a method is banished within the framework of Aristotelian logic and even new logic derived from the analytic tradition, today's approaches to rationality consider such a method inevitable, prevalent and current, because reasoning and authority are fundamentally present in such a world and in real life. A politician follows, so one can claim that Rumi was not unaware of the subtle truth.

Equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum (reduction to absurdity) are among the most important and most frequent types of allegory in Hindi style. In Hindi style the poets have used these literary devices to make general and abstract concepts tangible and to induce their subjects to their audiences. In order to do so, the use of different forms of these literary devices has satisfied their linguistic needs in expressing the meaning intended. Using equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum reinforces the content of the discourse, and confirms a collective thought, and it contributes to the readers' understanding. In this research, various types of equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum have been studied, and their functions, content, and forms have been investigated. The research is based on the use of these literary devices in the prominent works in Hindi style through considering the views of the scholars and the author's personal perception of these literary devices. The results show that the equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum have been used in Hindi style to meet the need for uttering the experiences, thoughts, and mystical concepts in a meaningful way. Therefore, they can be regarded as prominent rhetorical features of the literary works in the Hindi era in Persian poetry.

Mowlana believed that some parameters in lyrical poems of Masnavi-e-Ma’navi, which are the result of cooperation of the servant and God, are effective in knowledge and union with Him. This great work’s spiritual melodies, are originated from a heart full of the love of God. But to manifest to the degree of affection mechanisms intended to be reflected in Masnavi .The first of these tools and wisdom and reason and argument, but not any reason with any resolutionOne of the most important functions of the intellect to understand and resolve the conflict and contradict the religious beliefs of religious claims knows. All praise the place of reason and wisdom he brings the action returns to the function of reason.The second pillar is this love.affair No eruption overcome and I love to travel-the deep knowledge of the Creator, which is not possible Joiner.The third leg of the shadow of the Koran and Sharia monkey that is characteristic of Islamic mysticism. In the present study, it has been attempted to explain the religious knowledge of Mowlana and it has been concluded that wisdom, story and love or in other words, argument, Quran and Mysticism are the three inseparable sides of Mowlana’s epistemological, religious pyramid.

Although some piecemeal efforts have been made to investigate the validity and use of the Iranian PhD exam¡ no systematic project has been specifically carried out in this regard. The current study¡ hence¡ tried to attend to this void. As such¡ to ensure a balanced focus on test interpretation and test consequence¡ and to track evidence derived from a mixed–method study on the validity of Iranian PhD entrance exam of TEFL (IPEET)¡ this study drew on a hybrid of two argument-based structures: Kane''s (1992) argument model and Bennett''s (2010) theory of action. Resting on the network of inferences and assumptions borrowed from the hybridized framework¡ the study investigated the extent to which the proposed assumptions would be supported by empirical evidence. It also examined the unintended consequences that may possibly be revealed through this validity investigation. Three sources of data informed the present study: (a) Test score data from about 1000 PhD applicants'' taking IPEET test administered in 2014¡ (b) questionnaires completed by university professors and PhD students of TEFL¡ and finally¡ (c) telephone and focus-group interviews with university professors and PhD students of TEFL¡ respectively. The results from the analysis of mixed-method data indicated that all the inferences proposed for this study were rebutted¡ suggesting that some unintended consequences have happened to the technical as well as the decision quality of this test¡ hence its invalidity. Findings also provided valuable insights and suggestions for the betterment of the present content and current policy of IPEET in Iran.

During King Abbas I era, Dibil Khuzāi set out to defend Shia thoughts, especially the rightfulness of Alavies. He has numerous argumentative poems in favor of the Shia thoughts, on Imamate and caliphate, and on rejection of the claimant's stances. This article intends to find answer for the following questions. First, what are the bases of Dibil's argumentative approach to prove the rightfulness of the Prophet's Family (a)? Second, what are the principles that Dibil relies on to convince his addressees? And third, how the content of the poems has affected Dibil's language and wording? Eloquence and logical reasoning are among the main features of this committed poet's argumentative poetry. The findings of the study indicate that Dibil has used poetry as a political means, i.e. to defend the doctrine of the Prophet's Family (a), and his main concern is to convince his addressees. When discussing argumentative issues, Dibil distances himself from emotion. This indicates his tendency to logical convincing of the addressee.

The Muslim scholars, philologists and rhetoricians are unanimous that the eloquence of the holy Prophet, peace be upon him and his household, is unparalleled and there is nothing like his style and discourse. To put it in other words, the speech of the Prophet is beneath the speech of God but above that of people in that it gathers the most comprehensive discourses and wonders of eloquence and rhetoric. These are many and abounding and, therefore, the excellences of the Prophet’s speech can neither be confined nor numbered. However, some scholars in Arabic philology are uncertain whether it is possible or not to turn to the holy Prophetic traditions for evidence.
This article is an attempt to study the views of those who show doubts concerning this issue and those who do not and discusses in detail the stand of the philologists on using the holy Prophet’s words as evidence indicating at the same time the many traditions they have included in their compositions, though due to the limited space of this article only some of them have been citied. The research comprises an introduction, two arguments and a conclusion.

Stephen Toulmin (1958/2003) has introduced the structures of the argument which he claims to be invariant; i.e. universal, in most disciplines. He maintains that argument structures consist of three main sections, namely, claim, support and background. There are three other aspects of the arguments that, though might not be indispensible parts of an argument, can strengthen the argument. They are as follows: Rebuttal, which can support both claim and support or either of them; backing which tends to support the background and qualifier which affects the certainty of the writer of the claim. The present study aimed at finding the similarities and differences between the texts written by three authors of Ghajar era (Assadabadi, Talebof, and Malkomkhan) in postulating arguments. To fulfill this objective, Toulmin Model of Argument is applied to these three argumentative texts. The logic behind choosing these writers is that they are all considered to be very influential in enlightening movement during Ghajar era. It is worth mentioning that each of these writers is considered to be the representative of a different ideological mindset of their time, actively affecting the Constitutional movement in Iran.

According to the contemplations advanced by Russian formalists as well as scholars such as Lui Shtrus with regards to the concept of construct and its attributes, any change in the construct will influence all constituents of the construct. These transformations are concerned with the structures of construct in each cycle. As the structures of construct are perfect, the other structures cannot be in a state of complete decline. Looking at the cultural history of Iran from the same perspective, one can see that the structures of construct were perfect in the 4th century. Thus, all smaller structures such as poetry, prose, music, mysticism, medicine and architecture enjoyed a prominent position. The wisdom liberty in poets and mutazilites's discussions is the main reason behind the prominence and grandeur of Iranian culture and its macro scale structure in Ferdowsi and Biruni age. The dominance of Ashaari doctrines over the Iranian culture led to the decline of wisdom with the structures of constructs secured by certainty giving way to skepticism arguments and logical propositions replaced by speculative propositions.