جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "criticism" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study, which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts. This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms. Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction. Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features. Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability. It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.

Tarikh-e Beyhaghi (Beyhaghi’s History) is a seminal work in Persian literature and historiography. Fayyaz dedicated his life to correcting and improving this text. In 2009, a revised edition of the work edited by Yahagghi and Seyyedi was published. The primary advantage of this new edition was the detailed introduction, annotations, and supplementary materials, which greatly facilitated the work of readers and researchers. However, the editors had made numerous unjustified interventions in the text, to the extent that this benefit was largely overshadowed by the distortion of the original work of such great significance. It was anticipated that after more than a decade since the initial publication and appearance of numerous scholarly articles on the topic, many of the problems would have been addressed in the new edition. Regrettably, the 2022 edition, which claimed to incorporate "complete revision, additions, and corrections", failed to live up to these expectations as only a few of the numerous issues were rectified. Due to the impracticality of addressing all the flaws of this editorial effort in a single article, the present work examined select problems under the following headings: "Departure from the normative contextual meaning", "Disregard for Bayhaghi's stylistic features", "Ignoring the frequency of evidence", "Unjustified textual changes", "Unsupported readings of the text", and "Neglect of literary sensibilities in text correction".

There is always a reciprocal and influential relationship between literature and social conditions.
From the beginning of Persian poetry the essence of protest and social commitment is seen in the works of poets. Protest is a category of literature in which the enlightened express their dissatisfaction with the status quo in order to express the problems of society and to enlighten and raise awareness. Among them are committed poets, because of the mission and responsibility they feel on their shoulders Accordingly, they do not remain indifferent and react to the various anomalies they see, especially in the social and political structure.
In the meantime, sometimes the conditions of the society provide the ground for the emergence of some literary techniques. One of these tricks is the mask( Persona ) that the poet chooses from among the mythical and historical characters of his culture. He criticizes his society in the back of persona so that he can perform hic poetic duty and he can be safe from damages.
In this paper, it is tried to identify the social context and factors that influence the formation of personality masks in Attar's Masnavi And its connection with the school of protest to be determined And Describes the types of masks used by Attar.

Committed and popular poets consider it their mission to reflect various social problems and issues in the mirror of their poems. These singers have often experienced the suffering and pain caused by war, colonialism, tyranny, suffocation, repression, and a closed political atmosphere, and have written in order to awaken and encourage people. The present research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, sought to examine the manifestations of socio-political criticism in the poems of Mahdi AkhawanSales (from Iran) and Mohammad Al-Maghout (from Syria) and from this point of view, the similarities and differences expose each of them to the reader's view. What was obtained from the search in brief is that: the poets of this research criticize the political obstruction and the lack of freedom, criticize the imprudence and incompetence of the rulers, criticize the neglect and callousness of the people, criticize the laziness of the fighters, criticize the They have put belligerence etc. on their agenda and reflected on it. The AkhavanSales and Maghout have been trying to free the people from neglect and everyday life by rousing national and ancient feelings, and to make them aware of their past honors, to recover their lost identity and to realize that - in the direction of achieving an ideal society - Give life again.

Abu Mu'in Nasser bin Khosrow bin Harith Qabadiani Balkhi is a well-known poet who lived in the late 4th and early 5th centuries AH. He composed his poems in the service of religion. Nasser Khosrow believes that poetry should only serve religion and religious leaders. For several reasons, his anthology has not received much attention from commentators, and a complete explanation of it has not been published so far. A book that partially explains the poems of Nasser Khosrow is "From Qabadian to Yamgan" written by Mohammad Reza Yousefi and Ruqieh Ebrahimi of Shahrabad and published by Al-Mustafa International Translation and Publishing Center. An important goal of an author to explain a text is to solve a problem in that text for the readers as far as his or her knowledge goes. For this reason, different contents should be considered in the explanation of texts. In this article, we will carefully examine the book "From Qabadian to Yamgan" to show how successfully the authors have commented on it and whether they have really solved any problem of Nasser Khosrow's poetry.

As a literary technique, irony has been a point of disagreement among rhetoric scholars and they have always paid attention to its literary-artistic value. The consequences of the disagreement among Islamic thinkers about the art of rhetoric have been to such extent that Fakhr Razi (606 AH) using a rationalistic approach and complex and multiplex definitions, considers the taste-oriented opinions of Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani (471 AH) weak in the subject of irony. In the light of the importance of the issue, that is the disagreement in the research method of rhetorical thinkers, the present article tries to compare and criticize Razi's critics on Jurjani as well as discovering his thinking method through a qualitative approach and inductive method, relying on intellectual implication. With the investigations carried out, the results indicated that the root of Razi's disagreement with Sheikh can be seen in several general issues, e.g. the way of logical thinking, the difference in the reasoning style, and the contradictions of Razi's philosophical and literary views in the discussion of implications. In his philosophical texts, Razi does not seem to accept the implication of obligation; but in the book Nahaye al-Ijaz fi Derayat al-ejaz acknowledges this specific implication and actually represents a kind of contradiction in his opinions, so he has not been successful in including irony in his theoretical framework. In criticizing Sheikh, he is influenced by his own philosophical thought while hiding the fact cleverly.

Diwan Naser Khosrow is one of the diwans whose parts have been described and published under different titles. One of these works is a book entitled "Dor LaFez Dari" in which Mr. Kazem Dezfulian has described a poem. This book is written in 200 pages and published by Talayah Publishing House. And we will criticize this book and we will express some points about some parts of it. In this article, some of the problems and mistakes of the book have been pointed out. With detailed investigations in this article, we will see that the author has many aspects of the poem. Nasser Khosrow has not paid attention and in some cases he has not explained some verses correctly; Therefore, this description is one of the incomplete descriptions that has not solved any of the difficulties of Nasser Khosrow's poetry, and it is necessary for the author to correct the mentioned items and add unexplained aspects in the next editions.

Criticism and its types have been referred to as judgment, evaluation, identification, analysis, review, interpretation, and the like, all of which regard criticism as an interrogative encounter with produced text aiming to explore and examine it. This is while the purpose of this article is to emancipate criticism from the common posterior definitions and as the result to create a fundamental understanding based on text criticism as a priori act in the production process. For this purpose, this article focuses on pre-linguistic and meta-linguistic elements in terms of a non-structural approach and a context for actual production of text as possible conditions. These are meta-historical data which contain the whyness and howness of text formation. Possible conditions are objective and meta-linguistic preconditions. They are different from explanation and interpretation as the realm of mind. Possible conditions are at the heart of historical theory (Historik) and are in relation with long-term processes, playing role in text from the beginning of its formation. Observing possible conditions, as meta-textual conditions make the text actual. It is while criticism, as a possible condition in the creation of text and as a priori and beyond the linguistic narration and hermeneutic features, protects and supports it against any kind of posterior review and judgment. This article attempted to look at the criticism from a different perspective. This led to the extraction of results different from the common ones and to the context required for the actual production of the text event.

Proverbs are the extract of culture, ethics and worldview of a nation, whose analysis and criticism leads to the explanation of current thoughts and opinions among the people of a society. Negative proverbs, along with proverbs that indicate positivity, have a significant frequency in literary sources and among people, and this type of proverbs is also reflected in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and sayings. In this research, criticism of negative proverbs in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and decrees has been discussed and the intellectual coordinates of these proverbs have been analyzed.

This article is written in an analytical-descriptive way and its type is library.

The prevalence of negative proverbs imperceptibly and unintentionally leads to the spread of negativity in the society. From the point of view of language, the negative proverbs in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and sayings have a bitter and stinging language, and from the point of view of style and intellectual context, they are full of negativity and sometimes include violations of moral norms and lead a person to adopt a negative approach in life.

The research results show that negative proverbs have a high frequency in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and sayings. The negative proverbs in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and sayings mainly include themes such as incompatibility, ignorance, anxiety, threats and caution, bad past, conflict, fear, futility, destruction, unfortunate events, despair, violence, oppression, bullying, insults, death thoughts, They are teasing, talking, lying, sarcasm, sedition, deception, bullying, superstition, reproach, humiliation and threats, fault-finding and self-praise. Among the above cases, ignorance has the highest frequency with 1456 cases (12.3 percent) and self-praise has the lowest frequency with 50 cases (0.42 percent).

Criticism of methodology and analysis of literary works is one of the important topics in the field of scientific and research works, which can shed light on the intertextual influence of literary texts, especially in fiction. In the present study, the authors, using the method of content analysis and comparative comparison, found one of the ways of espionage in the war in seven famous literary and historical stories "King of Jahud and Nasranian" in Masnavi and Hayat Al-Hayvan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh. and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitalian" in Tabari's history, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslimnameh. The results showed that the method of espionage in the story of King of Jahud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories.

Research on metonymy and related topics in Islamic studies stems from Muslims’ interaction with the Qur’an and their efforts to comprehend the meaning of certain verses. It sparked numerous theological debates among Islamic sects, such as the Ash’arites and the Mu’tazilites, to the extent that some scholars rejected metonymy in the Qur’an. In addition to theological (Islamic kalam) works, metonymy featured in rhetorical volumes and since the time of Sakkaki it has been transferred from theological to rhetorical works. The main issues in these works relate to the definition of metonymy and truth, the quality of their recognition, metonymy types, and so on. The main debate has been attending to one aspect and neglecting other aspects. Despite the efforts made by Muslim scholars in these works, due to the intermingling of different fields in this subject, current research on metonymy has paid less attention to previous studies. Therefore, the present research has explored this issue from various perspectives while examining the evolution of metonymy studies in the works of Muslim theologians and rhetoricians using a descriptive-analytical method. The results showed that logocentrism, the intermingling of different domains, abstract theological topics, unnecessary divisions, disregard for the functional aspect of language, overlapping types of metonymy, and repetition of the content were the main research barriers. Additionally, one should also mention the neglect of the points made by scholars such as Jurjani and Khatib Qazvini. It seems that if we pay attention to the aspects of information, pragmatics, and the context in the field of metonymy, many problems of its semantic recognition will be solved. On the other hand, dividing this category into metalepsis and compound metonymy as well as their trivial subfields will make us independent from other categories.

There is no doubt that determining the quality of a translation depends on putting it to, The test of Criticism and Analysis, There is no desire to correct the defect in it, hence there was an urgent need to set reliable standards to judge the quality of Translations, which led to the introduction of more Theories and interviews to determine these Standards, Among these Approaches is the  Garcec Model Criticism, Which brings together the various currents presented in the arena of translational research, the model includes four levels: the Semantic linguistic level, The grammatical Morphological level, The functional discursive level, and the Stylistic Pragmatic level, Several procedures fall under each level. This model was applied with an analytical, descriptive, and statistical approach to Adel Abdel Moneim’s translation of the novel The School Principal by the Iranian writer Jalal Al Ahmed. Let us discover that the translator was successful at the linguistic and grammatical levels, and his translation was sufficient, but he did not achieve success at the functional and stylistic levels. His translation was not accepted.

The book of literary sciences and techniques is a dedicated resource for teaching Persian literature in the second secondary school for the fields of literature and humanities and Islamic sciences and education. As the beginning part of this book, the history of literature section is one of the most important lessons that students sometimes do not want to learn due to the high volume and similarity between some materials and the memorization of the lesson, and generally refuse to read it. The authors of this book, despite simplifying and reducing its volume compared to the book on the history of literature of the old system, have not observed some important issues, and this has caused the book to be criticized in terms of structure, content, science and meaning.Reviewing and rewriting the book based on the two approaches of genre or literary type and flowology is a method that can provide useful information for students and teachers in addition to the ease of learning literary history. The method that has dominated the history of Persian literature in textbooks is mostly about biographies and naming the works of poets and writers, and sometimes it has brought up things that are not very important and useful. In this research, in addition to criticizing the history of literature section of each of the three books of literary sciences and techniques, we separately discuss the proposed design of the history of Persian literature based on two approaches of genre (before Islam to the 12th century)

According to intertextuality, every text is influenced by other texts, and the author, consciously or unconsciously, is affected by previous texts. this theory was introduced by Western theorists and has also gained prominence in Arab literary criticism. The utilization of previous texts in Arabic poetry is quite prevalent. In this context, the Quran stands as an ever-flowing source for Arab poets. By incorporating its blessed verses into their works, they enrich their creations. The utilization of the Quran isn't exclusive to Muslims; poets of other religions have also drawn inspiration from it. alQaravi, is a Lebanese Christian poet who migrated to South America. Nonetheless, one of the most notable characteristics of his poetry is his significant inspiration from Quranic verses. The Quranic interpretations and concepts are ingeniously woven into his poetry, adorned with literary elegance. For this purpose, the present research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to delve into the exposition and analysis of various forms of intertextuality in the Quran, as well as the poet's objectives in utilizing Quranic verses. It aims to examine techniques employed in his poetry's structure. The results indicate that alQaravi had a comprehensive familiarity with the Quran, and he utilized it for various purposes. the parallel negation has the widest scope, followed by general negation, and finally, partial negation has the least scope.

In recent years, the identification and correction of the Nakkali of Shahnameh scrolls have greatly impacted the view of Shahnameh-scholars toward the scrolls. The findings indicate that the Nakkali scrolls were not just a product of the mind and imagination of the bards; even in some cases, the scrolls date back to the pre-Islamic or, at times, the Islamic era preceding the compilation of the Shahnameh, by Hakim Abulqasem Ferdowsi. On the other hand, the corrected Nakkali scrolls differed in language and style from what the bards recited in a bardic assemblage. Consequently, the correction of the Nakkali scrolls should be done in a specialised manner and in accordance with the correct scientific standards so that the results could lead to a better understanding of the scrolls and their sources. Edited by Jalil Doostkhah and published in 1396 [2017], Shahnameh Nakkalan is among the best researched Nakkali Shahnameh scrolls. This article investigates Shahnameh Nakkalan from two perspectives: the first part will explore the mistakes and contradictions of the author, Murshid Zariri, and the second part conducts a thorough investigation of Jalil Doostkhah’s editing methodology. This critique concludes that both the authorship and curation have been unfaithful to some sections.

One of the theories applicable to the Holy Quran is the theory of Michel Cuipers, who has introduced a new approach to the order and coherence of the Quran by using the method of symmetrical and inverse order. He divides the text into different levels, then divides the various forms of symmetry, i.e., sequential parallelism, contradictory parallelism, authorial or evolutionary parallelism, axial order or circular composition, inverse order or mirror composition, and photographic contrast with the help of convergent authorial indicators. It discusses and examines duality, synonymy, contradiction, similarity, repetition or similarity, phonetics or consonantal allegory, morphological similarities, and identical syntactic structure. After explaining the theory, its comprehensiveness and efficiency have been examined in Surah Al-Hadid by applying the rules provided by Cuipers, and it is concluded that the rules mentioned cannot be applied to all verses in this Surah at sub-section, section, and part levels, but they can be applied to all verses at maghta' and mafsal levels.

What causes the formation of the poem is the form; Form industries and how they are used at the level of language show the level of its literacy. But the form alone does not guarantee the durability of the works. The present study aims to provide some points related to poetry criticism. This research is based on the fact that in criticizing the works, one should pay attention to important issues such as: sound and uniform language, lack of stylistic anxiety, the way of using formal industries and fairness in criticism. It should also be noted that not every work can be criticized. There are many works that do not get the privilege of criticism. Therefore, to criticize a work, a minimum level should be considered. It should also be kept in mind that the mere use of literary arts does not create art.

As various fields of knowledge develop, interdisciplinary studies become more prominent. During the recent five decades, the concept of social capital has drawn high attention in humanities including literature studies. Literature like a mirror reflects the characteristics of social relationships among individuals in a society. The purpose of this research is to reveal the manifestations of social capital in the novel " Sayyidat al-Qamar" written by "Jokha Al-Harithi", a contemporary Omani writer who was born in Oman in 1978, and his novel won the "Man Booker" international prize in 2019. The focus of the novel " Sayyidat al-Qamar" is the life of three sisters, their families, and social changes in Oman. This research was conducted based on the descriptive-analytical method using the content analysis method. Findings indicated that almost all the components of social capital as norms were found in the text. Furthermore, some norm indicators such as cooperation and social support had higher frequency compared to other indicators.

One of the notable topics in mystical texts is the investigation of the relationship between mystics and the rulers of the time and how to deal with them. It seems that mystics are alien to politics, and mysticism, which is from the category of meaning, discovery and intuition, solitude and trance, cannot be collected with politics, which is an external, general, social phenomenon and related to the life and livelihood of humans; there is no relationship between spirituality and mysticism and politics. The examination of mystical texts shows that mystics' interest in the destiny of man and his happiness and misery, which is somehow related to the way of running the country, has made them to react against politics and government. Many of the elders of Mysticism (Erfan) have addressed political resistance in their works and expressed their views on political issues and government leaders. Regarding elements such as recommending rulers to justice and being anti-tyranny, criticizing rulers, telling the truth against tyrannical rulers, resistance against ruling powers, expressing criticism and objection to the behavior of rulers and the political resistance of mystics, the fifth century is considered as one of the eventful and influential centuries. Political developments and social conflicts provided the ground for the activity of mystics and Sufis. The establishment of schools of religious sciences, and the spread of monasteries and mystical writings caused the spread of Sufism. The period between the fifth century and the whole of the sixth century and the beginning of the seventh century is the most important period of activity of mystics in Iran.

If we consider language not as a mirror reflecting struggles, but as the subject and tool of struggles, then we should use the signifier of discourse, which makes the concepts of power and language understandable in a continuous and inseparable conceptual entanglement. This article aims to analyze the text of Tarikh-e Beyhaqi as one of the most influential classical texts of Persian literature with a discursive method. In other words, by placing this text in its discursive context and its dialectical relationship with power, and understanding this text as the field of conflict between powers and conflicting discourses of society, a new understanding of it can be achieved. In order to achieve this goal, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis method is used to perform micro-textual analysis, and Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory is used to perform macro-discourse analysis of Bayhaghi era. The text of Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, as shown, does not reflect the true struggle, but itself, is part of the struggle process. This text is influenced by the chain of ruling discourses and is used against peripheral discourses. Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, under the influence of the discourse that pulls the bipolar mind of the text to a directional representation of the flow of affairs, highlights the ruling discourses and marginalizes the peripheral discourses.