جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "dictionary" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

The more manuscripts are excavated from ancient texts, the newer rays in different fields will shine on the literary sciences and the clearer perspectives of the literary heritage of the past will appear in the eyes of researchers. Jawahar al-Khayal, the focus of this article, is a collection of more than 3,000 quatrains of 470 poets, many of whom are speakers of the Indian style, and some of whom have lived in India. This quatrain is very important in several ways; For example, he can show his brilliant face in literary studies related to the Indian subcontinent, such as the study of the development of quatrain in the Indian style, which has also been neglected. In the process of correcting the imaginary jewel, some abandoned words or new meanings that have disappeared from the cultures, as well as some poetic evidence for several less used words, were found, which will be discussed in this article.

This study introduced Persian dictionaries and prominent lexicographers and explored the evolution of the concept of “farhang” and lexicographers’ criticism of each other in Persian-Persian dictionaries. It examined chronologically twenty-three dictionaries from Fors to Bahar-e Ajam and clarified some of the reasons why the words “farhang” (literally meaning culture, but here meaning dictionary) and “loghat” (meaning vocabulary) – juxtaposedly meaning dictionary – have been applied. Exploring the changes of the word “farhang” showed this trajectory of change: a) not dedicating an entry for the word “farhang” (meaning dictionary), b) including one entry for “farhang” including its various meanings like “dictionary”, and c) dedicating one entry for each meaning of the word. Criticisms have also shifted in Persian-Persian dictionaries from structure to content (i.e., from form to meaning). Exploring the works of the lexicographers in the studied period, including criticisms of twelve lexicographers on the works of each other, showed that they have dealt at first with ordering words, ordering entries and chapters, and the quality and number of poetry examples, and then have dealt with the correctness and falseness of words, and finally the correctness of meaning. That is, they have gone from focusing on general issues to details. The most prominent critic and lexicographer is Lala Tek Chand Bahar, the compiler of Bahar-e Ajam. He adopted methods like “including his own criticizing ideas”, “mentioning others’ criticizing ideas without mentioning his own judgement”, and “mentioning others’ criticizing ideas and simultaneously including his own critical ideas”. Dealing more than anyone with criticism, he shows that his works are in line with other criticism methods of India in the 12th century AH.

From the series of “Routledge Frequency Dictionaries”, up to the present time, 15 titles have been published in a total number of 14 languages. The series, published by Routledge Publications (Taylor & Francis Group, London & New York), has gained worldwide fame, especially among those who do research in the certain field(s) of ‘word frequencies’ and/or ‘corpus linguistics’. Each of the monographs in the series has been compiled in the form of a frequency dictionary and commonly based on independent linguistic corpus/ corpora. Most dictionaries have 5,000 main entries/ lemmata each, and the bulk of the text of each book is the list of these words – in order of frequency, from the most frequent to the least frequent words. The basis of word arrangement is not basically the raw or absolute frequency, but the index of dispersion of each word was also considered. Immediately after the frequency list, there is an alphabetical list of words – in alphabetical order of the main language of each dictionary. Thematic vocabulary lists (in independent boxes and amongst the pages of the main part of the book, i.e. the Frequency index), and then “Alphabetical index” and “Part of speech index” come respectively at the end of the book. Here is a review of A Frequency Dictionary of Persian (2017, 2nd impression: 2018), one of the monographs of the series.In this article we have shown that this dictionary, despite its relatively positive points, has many serious methodological problems and, in this respect, it does not meet the expectations of researchers and experts of the field.

Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah, the valuable work of Fakhr Modabber, is the oldest known Persian text on war etiquette. Considering the age of this work and its inclusion of unknown military words and terms, many of which have Indian roots, it is an undeniable necessity to review this book in terms of terminology and semantics. By studying the book with a lexicographical approach, it became clear that many of these words have not been explained in any sources; therefore, in the present study, some newfound military words are extracted, introduced, and analyzed. The first step in our exploration is to study Adab al-Harb and to extract unrecorded words in the field of the mentioned issues. In the next step, by a library study method and searching in various related sources, pieces of evidence if any, were collected. In the final step, some words were analyzed and their identities were revealed, and some due to the obviousness of their meanings or the lack of sufficient information, which includes more than fifty words, were just introduced. In general, all these words are new and none of them have been recorded in a dictionary. The words are introduced here for the first time.

The question of the recent article is which of the approved vocabulary of the first Iranian academy have been chosen and mentioned in the text of Farhang-e Nezām and why ? The quantitative methodology used mainly by frequency effects of the approved vocabulary of the first Iranian academy listed in Farhang-e Nezām has been applied to data. Findings, show the approved lexical items which has been used and mentioned in Farhang-e Nezām are to be included in some special semantic fields (namely administrative, economic, educational/cultural, forensic ones). The theoretical framework is that of historical sociolinguistics . The process of the lexical items being chosen by the lexicographer can be encompassed by extra-linguistic factors like factors mentioned above. It shows how it is the case that some lexical items are chosen due to socio-political status of the society.

Despite the writing of various dictionaries in the Persian language, there are still many Persian words that have been overlooked by lexicographers or some forms of them have not been recorded. Recently, with the study of various Persian sources and the preparation of rich corpora, attempts have been made to record the lost words and to some extent compensate, but still this problem has not been solved properly. The Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah is one of the valuable Persian works that has a great reputation both in terms of antiquity and having general words and military terms that many of these words has not been registered. Also, due to the specialization of this book in the military subject, research in this subject is of great importance; However, due to the wide range of military terms and their various dimensions in this book, it is not possible to research in all these dimensions; Therefore, in this study, only military words that related to the types of arrowheads and Maces are recorded and introduced for the first time. The method is to study this book and extract related words, and the next step is to search in Persian dictionaries to make it clear that these words have not been previously recorded in any of them. The result of this research indicates that there are thirteen military terms that have not been recorded in any dictionaries so far, and this paper is the first that records and registers these terms.

The more manuscripts are excavated from ancient texts, the newer rays in different fields will shine on the literary sciences and the clearer perspectives of the literary heritage of the past will appear in the eyes of researchers. Jawahar al-Khayal, the focus of this article, is a collection of more than 3,000 quatrains of 470 poets, many of whom are speakers of the Indian style, and some of whom have lived in India. This quatrain is very important in several ways; For example, he can show his brilliant face in literary studies related to the Indian subcontinent, such as the study of the development of quatrain in the Indian style, which has also been neglected. In the process of correcting the imaginary jewel, some abandoned words or new meanings that have disappeared from the cultures, as well as some poetic evidence for several less used words, were found, which will be discussed in this article.

One of the important thing to study cultural and literary relations between different territories is comparison and matching their written works which help to find their relation and effects on each other. One of the types of written works that well represent the various cultural, social, political, etc. aspects in each land are dictionaries or glossaries. In this research, an attempt has been made to comparatively study the type of structure and division of sources in the Persian dictionary "Bahr-e Ajam" and the Arabic dictionary "Al-Majm Al-Wajiz" by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. After analyzing these two sources, it was understood that in the Persian dictionary "Bahr-e-Ajam" the sources are divided into two simple and compound parts and are often made using suffixes. In the Arabic dictionary "Al-Majm Al-Wujiz" the sources are either singular or abstract. They are rules or they are more and more analogies that are made by going to certain weights.

In all languages words or lexical items are the ultimate means of expressing one’s inner feelings and they are the simplest means of communicating one's mind and heart. The more clerics and speakers are careful in selecting their words, the greater is the impact upon the addressees. This article aims at introducing the Iranian lexicographer, Abu Al Fateh Borouddin Nasser ibnAbil al-Makaram al- Mottarezi, compiler of "Al-Mogharb al-Maarab", critiquing and an overview of lexicography in Arabic language and literature, and its literary Schools. Mottarezi is one of the sixth-century scholars of the Khwarezm in the field of morphology and syntax and is called “Caliph Zamakhshari”; because in knowledge and method of lexicography he is a true successor of Zamakhshari's and has followed his method in alphabetical arrangement of the dictionary which Zamakhshari established in the fifth century with writing his book Asas Al-Balagha. He changed his method of lexicography from conjugation of words to rhetoric domain, introducing a new trend for the latter lexicographers. Al-Makhrab is an abridged form of his great book, Al-Maarab. The latter is the first abridged Arabic Jurisprudence dictionary of the time. The present article is based on descriptive-analytical method.

The power of ecolinguistic approaches, a burgeoning approach in critical studies, lies in their ability to transcend the readers beyond the determinisms of language and encourage friendly and humane relationships with nature and all species of life. This paper appraises how language contributes to the oppression and exploitation of animals by scrutinizing the definition of animals given in Moin Persian to Persian Dictionary. The results show how Moin Dictionary, by concentrating mainly on environmental problems, fails to criticize the environmentally destructive cultural values institutionalized unconsciously by Iranians, and directs attention away from alternatives. This dictionary portrays animals as objects, resources or token species. According to the results, intensive confinement, oppression and slaughter of animals depend on the implicit consent of the population. By applying a critical approach, this paper attempts to expose ideologies embedded in the discourse of this dictionary.

Basically lexicography is preparation and presentation of a set of words and lexicon which is done based on linguistic principals. Comparative study of Asadi Toosi's dictionary and Ahmed Al Ain Farahidi's in Arabic language as the first dictionaries which have common influence based on their cultural, social, political and religious background.

Correcting old texts is one of the important and difficult branches of literary studies. There are various methods for correcting texts in most of which the oldest text has an especial status in recording correctly. In many cases، there is a long time gap between the date of text’s creation and the oldest available text. However، some examples of that very text may have been entered into the Tazkarehs or dictionaries which are older than the available version of that text. The main question of this study is whether auxiliary texts like Tazkarehs، anthologies and dictionaries can be used as complementary of handwritten versions in correcting the texts. Answering this question، Masoud Sa’d Salman’s Divan was selected as the source of this study because his poetic examples in dictionaries and Tazkarehs can help us with solving many difficulties of texts’ correction.

Symbol is a sign not only refers to its sense but also to some contents beyond its literal meaning. To be more exact about the symbols, they are cited into the dictionaries by their literal sense, not by their innovative content in the aesthetic domain of poetry. This paper aims to explain the contrast between the sense of the symbols in the dictionaries and their novel meaning in the poetry of different period of time in terms of the various styles. In this research, a short introduction about the symbols as well as a literature review about the herbal symbols in the both eastern and western cultures is going to be rendered from philosophical, psychological and mythologist point of views. Then, the significance of the symbolic meaning and function of the words is discussed, while the meaning of tulip and its metaphoric extension is determined to be mentioned based on Manouchehri, Saadi, Saib and Sepehri’s poetry due to their being representatives for different poetic styles, such as Khorasani, Iraqi, Indian and modern poetry. The purpose of this investigation is to illustrate the semantic evolution of a word from its bounded sense to its extended and symbolic function. What is more, it aims to be evidence for the literary and artistic capacities and possibilities which leads to the creation and extension of the word’s meaning.

Certainly, preparing dictionaries in all languages including Arabic language has a special importance. In Arabic language, preparing a dictionary began during Islamic era. In this period, lexicographers were not only grammarians, literary men and interpreters but they were linguists too. It is said that Khalil-ibn-Ahmad was the first who prepared a dictionary. His book was al-Eyn. However, difficulties in the process of preparing this book caused some of the lexicographers to try to search for an easy process. One of the most famous persons who tried to facilitate al-Eyn was Ibn-e-Dorayd. His dictionary was Jamharat-ol-Loghah. So for, he is considered the person who brought new methodology in preparing the dictionary. Ibn-e-Dorayd added vocabularies which had not been explained in previous works. So he was very famous in the field of the vocabulary. After him, other lexicographers used his dictionary as an important reference to prepare dictionaries. In this article, we investigate his Ibn-e-Dorayd’s attempts in preparing the dictionary and facilitating the methods used by former lexicographers.