جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "kalim kashani" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Kalim can be considered as the most capable poet to embody precise meanings and illustrate diluted thoughts in a rhetoric format whose sonnets are full of recognition, subtlety, pristine and innovated themes, imagination, colorful meanings and transcendent metaphors. In this study, the techniques of the themes were studied in Kalim's sonnets. In addition, it was found One of the stylistic and unique methods in Indian style poetry that has created special poetic meanings and contents (strange meaning) is the use of techniques that discover new connections and relations between the concrete and the abstract that there seems to be no connection between them. Moreover, this meticulousness, subtlety, and precision in the detail is a factor that the poet selects even the surrounding objects as one of the thematic elements. that he used various elements for the themes in his sonnets, which played a significant role in the network of images and associations of meaning in his poetry. Since his profound and creative look in one thing or phenomenon was discerning continually the other things that created a new theme through the relation between the expressions of a verse and the( link between them and the triple relation of similarity, proximity, and contradiction via the detailed and partial attitude toward the surrounding objects.

Abutaleb Kalim Kashani (Hamedani), Creative Al-Ma'ani Thani, is considered one of the first poets of the 11th century. The use of elements such as theme, artistic, allegory, and elements of folklore has made Kalim the pioneer of Indian-Isfahani style, whose accuracy in speech and poem opens the door to the so-called Hindi poets. This research has been done using a descriptive-analytical method and we have attempted to reflect on some of the controversial words, phrases and verses of Kalim Kashani (Hamedani)’ Divan (collection), and tried to simultaneously investigate some of his controversial verses to clarify his nature of the image and poem. Therefore, we present some of the misreading related to the corrected forms of Kashani's illusions, and give some suggestions on the correct form of the phrase ‘the houses in the eyes of the compass’ and ‘hot eyes’. Then, we combed the combination of hot eyes in a sonnet from Kalim, and through this combination with the concept of green eye, we examined the history of the use of the eye and the face of it. Then, through the inter-textual relationships in the poetry of this era, by examining the neglected and obscure motifs of Kalim's poetry, such as nail art, paper and Totoya paper, it was concluded that the key words for the effect of the universal language on Indian poetry came from the status of specific and personal motifs that has become one of the most popular Indian style characteristics.

Hopelessness is one of the most prevalent themes in the artistic and literality works. There is that in Iranian literature as well. This paper aims, analyzes factors and components of expressions of despair in the lyrics Kalim Kashani, through a Psychological approach, which has been theorized by Abramson, Metalsky and Alloy, d has been named “Hopelessness theory of depression”. The results show: factors of disappointment on the Kalim‟s lyrics: 1. bitter experiences of anxiety 2. Lack of emotional life that has caused a sense of desperation in his poems. Considering on the lyrics Kalim Kashani were these Disappointment components: 1-negativity of self, the world and the future. 2. The sense of failure. 3. dissatisfaction with the status quo. 4.Isolation 5. Death friendship 6.extreme sadness. Based on the performed analysis can be claimed; sense of desperation on the lyrics has a humanist perspective, without divine backing. Rows with themes of trust and hope in God's mercy, they are rarely seen.

Indian poetry is characterized by intense Masochistic tendencies of the poet and expression of interest and attachment to painful and annoying things. Tear, cry, blood, pain, difficulty, calamity, death drive... are clearly visible in the works of these poets. The intense Masochistic tendencies are considered to be one of the main features of the Indian poetry. In the present research, attempts are made to discover the link between masochism and aesthetics in the poems of the Kelim Kashani. Given that imagery has received considerable attention in Indian poetry, Kalim Kashani has managed to use his pessimism to combine this psychological factor and poetic imaginations and create beautiful images. This feature is so prominent in the works of this poet such that, he refers to prophets who suffered a lot during their lifetime even in his allusions.

Kalim Kashani follows Iraqi-style ghazals, in some respects. This study, written with the purpose to understand the similarity between the Hindi and Iraqi-style ghazals, based on the assumption that the Hindi-style sonneteers follow Iraqi style and in this respect, on the horizontal and vertical-axis, tendency to this style is evident in the Hindi sonnets, attempts to analyze, through descriptive–analytical method, the Kalim's genre based on Gérard Genette's Architextuality Theory. To this end, with regard to the importance of typology of Hindi -style sonnets, this issue studies in two sections: single and multi-content sonnets. The result shows contrary to popular perception not all Hindi-style are multi-content; so that in Kalims, many single-content sonnets are seen, among which romantic sonnets are frequent. Many of multi-content sonnets have a romantic framework, that sometimes non-romantic distichs of which could be interpreted by romantic arrangements. In terms of typology, all sonnets have an architextual relationship with Iraqi and Khorasani-styles. The only distinct species in Kalim's is a kind of boasting-complaint, is parody of the boasting odes about past styles. This type, which is the outcome of hypertextual changes, shows off on the vertical-axis in the single-content sonnets and on the horizontal-axis in multi-content ghazals.

Poet laureate Mirza Aboutaleb Kalim Kashani so called "Kalim's Talebaei" which has been nominated "the second means creator", is one of the famous poets of 11th century. His lineage has been revealed from Hamadan by Hisrorians and they have told that due to his inhabitancy in Kashan, he was known as Kashani. Kalim Kashani was so speech. His total poetry is written about 24000 verses; but, what is remained from him is not more than 6567 verses. He used of various rhetorical elements in his poetry and proverb and allegory are of these elements which are changed into stylistic feature because of many applications of them. The reason can be this that the Hindi style poet tries to reinforce his poetry by using proverb and allegory and apply this to make progress in his poetries which among them, Kalim Kashani has exhibited these literary devices for others in the best way. In this research, we tried to investigate proverb and allegory in Kalim Kashani's Divan poetry (6567 verses) that is done by using descriptive-analytical method. At the first, all of proverbs and allegories were extracted and in the next step, we focused on classifying of these literary devices and showing some examples and their analysis. At the end, the obtained results were shown in a table according to the number of proverb and allegory devices and based on statistical samples. The final results of this research show clearly that Kalim Kashani used from proverb device more than the other one. According to this research, among all 9567 verses of whole Divan, there are 718 verses have proverb and allegory devices. Herein, there can be obtained some results including: 1- Kalim Kashani has applied proverb device in his Divan in the best way. He sometimes has used this device in hemistich and sometimes in the verse; so that, based on our investigation, there is 72.8% of all proverbs in the hemistich and 6.8% of which is in the verse. 2- The poet has applied both proverb and allegory devices in his Divan; so that, among all 718 verses contain these literary devices, there are 32 cases (4.5% of all verses) have both. There is just one case in this Divan that it is used literary device so called proverbs device. 3- The number of used allegory smile is 47 cases (6.5% of all). He also used from allegoric metaphor and this device appropriates 3.6% of all. The notable point is that some rhetoricians classified both allegoric metaphor and allusion in the same class and perhaps, there is a sentence that is mentioned as allegoric metaphor and that sentence be an allusion of verb too. This role caused some disagreement on allegoric metaphor and allusion. 4- Other device that has been applied by Kalim Kashani is the style of equation. According to our survey, this device appropriates 5.6% of all devices. In this work, we focused on this device separately because, although the style of equation is subset of allegory, it is classified in the distinct field from allegory in rhetoric topics. As mentioned information, it can be found that as a famous poet in Hindi style, Kalim Kashani did not abstain using proverb and allegory in his Divan and put these literary devices in his poetries in the best way. The poet has used proverb in his Divan more than allegory and the allegory device has less appearance.

Equivoque is one of the techniques, tricks and possibilities of language. This picturesque technique is considered as one of the semantic abnormality types that occurs because of proximity and companion based on the combination and associates the speech with ambiguity, an element of literary language. Equivoque is a wonderful work with the language since when the audience can infer some meanings which are sometimes contradictory through a word or phrase, their joy and interest in text will be increased. Although equivoque often appears in the Iraqi style of poetry and reaches a peak in Khaghani, Hafiz, Saadi’s poems and in spite of the fact that some believe that poets of the Indian style did not use imagery and rhetorical techniques, it is worth mentioning that regarding observance fitness and semantic relations of words and parts of verses was one of the initiative trends in the Safavid era. Some poets such as Kalim, Saeb and Biedl aptly paid full attention to imagery and rhetorical techniques, especially equivoque. This article attempts to recognize the equivoque and some of its types regarding imagery and rhetorical techniques associated with the manuscript version of Kalim Kashani’s “Padshah-nameh” (960 - 1061 AH.).

Concept creating is making or discovering the relationship or finding a new integration between a subject and an object which have no apparent relationship. Concept creating is more common in one of the Persian poetry styles called Indian style that Kalim Kashani, a famous poet of 11th century, is an adherent of this style, and his book (complete poetical works) containing 590 lyrics is one of the significant works of the era. One of the prominent characteristics of his lyrics is concept creating. Methods and tricks of concept creating include: equation style, exaggeration, wide simile and motifs, which have been used in perfection by Kalim. In order to examine the methods and tricks of concept creating, Kalim’s book has been studied and facts containing concepts have been extracted, evaluated and described in some sections of equation styles including: exaggeration, wide simile and motifs.  Examining concept creating in Kalim’s poems, it became clear that this poet has used equation style to create concept more than all the other methods by applying wide simile, motifs and exaggeration.

The sociological approach to literature examines a literary work with reference to the social milieu of its creator and focuses on the interaction between social milieu and literary work, and it introduces the role of the society in the creation of a work of art. The purpose of this article is as follows: 1. Investigation of the impact of sociology on the Persian Literature. 2. A glance at the political and literary milieu in Safavid era. 3. Short Introduction to Kalim Kashani and his poetry. 4. Investigating social institutions from the sociologists’ perspective. 5. Evaluation of social elements in Kashani’s poetry using social institutions as yardsticks in order to illustrate the role of social effects in mirroring the society of his time.