جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "misogyny" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

From the past until now, the position and image of women in Persian literature has not been the same and in different historical periods, manifestations of feminism and misogyny can be seen in literary works. Jami, as one of the poets of the Timurid period, has introduced different manifestations of women in his poems. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, the contradictory view of Jami's view about the appearance of women in the two Masnavi of Lily and Majnoon and Salaman and Absal is investigated. The purpose of this article is to analyze femininity (Lily and Majnoon) and misogyny (Salaman and Absal) in Jami's poems. Examining the image of women in these two Masnavi shows two opposing views in Jami's works, as in Lily and Majnoon it presents a positive image of the characteristics of women such as the manifestation of the divine spirit, wisdom, loyalty, chastity, etc., and in Salaman and Absal, the woman. He has introduced a deceitful being, imperfect of intellect, a means of seeking men, unfaithful, an infidel of blessings, ill-tempered and ignorant. Although sometimes in Lily and Majnoon we rarely see misogyny from the language of slanderers against Lily; This can be both the political, social and cultural context of the Jami period and his personal views on misogyny and the glorification of storytelling and symbolism.

Woman have always had various roles and impacts on the society and literature throughout history; influences that were both positive and negative from time to time. ‘Her Eyes’ by Bozorg Alavi is a political-romantic story. This study intends to investigate women’s features in this book through a descriptive-analytical approach. ‘Her Eyes’ depicts sacrifice of love to political pursuits and represents women’s position in Reza Shah’s society. According to this article, women are nothing but tools for men. In this book, the main character is a woman who is engaged in her romantic affairs that is to love Master Makan on the one hand, and has sociopolitical issues on the other. Woman is a symbol of beauty, seduction, misery and courage; one who is hopeless and oppressed; one who is between innocence and guilt. Misogyny in this story is a reflection of an era in which the writer intends to transform; an era in which patriarchy rules. Misogyny is considered a public disorder in this society; women exist in the shadow of men. In this book, women attain a relative superficial freedom through influences from the West. The results show that ‘Her Eyes’ by Bozorg Alavi is a realistic work to which romanticism is intermingled and it reflects the writer’s lifetime that is amalgamated with love and social-political issues that has led to creating a celebrated work.

Misogyny is a universal phenomenon defined as the hatred of women manifest in the social and cultural practices and in the rites, rituals and literature of different societies. It is seen in the literary works of men who portray unrealistic images of women. In these works, women are either angels or devils. Women who live as sacrificial and obedient daughters, wives and mothers, are angels. Women who look for their identity outside the family are portrayed as devilish. These images have been repeated throughout history because writers are usually men and women have been excluded from the canon of literature. It is not easy for a female writer to be accepted in a society governed by male values and norms. This could explain why in these societies, some female writers, affected by dominant male discourses, write against women. The present study aims to show that female writers can unconsciously make traditional roles look attractive to women. In literature of this kind, women’s role is restricted to finding a husband, doing chores around the house and raising children. This places women who are the main characters, in a position inferior to men. 

The present study is descriptive and quantitative, using library sources and content analysis to perform a case study of two novels: I’ll Turn off the Lights and Pride and Prejudice. The study critiques the novels as examples of misogynist literature. It is based on Clausio Guillen’s theory of the French school of comparative study and interdisciplinary studies. According to Guillen, when reading literature, one has to free oneself from the dominance of one’s ethnicity and to be able to relate the local to the universal. 

Misogyny is not an individual phenomenon but a social construction deeply rooted in patriarchy. In this social structure, women accept the misogynist discourse and learn to hate themselves. Misogyny internalizes in women the feeling of hatred towards their own sex. As Johnson observes, misogyny “plays a complex role in patriarchy. It fuels men’s sense of superiority, justifies male aggression against women... In fact, women won’t tend to see patriarchy as even problematic since the essence of self-hatred is to focus on the self as the sole cause of misery” (Johnson, 2005:64). Misogyny is rooted in patriarchy. This word refers to power relations in a system where women are subordinated to men. As Juliet Mitchell observes, patriarchy is a kinship relation between men in which women are exchanged as commodities (Mitchell, 1971:24). Sylvia Walby believes that patriarchy shows biological differences between men and women as gender differences and thus gives different social roles to men and women (Walby, 1990:20). In patriarchy women cherish negative feelings towards each other. Horizontal hostility is the phrase used to describe this feeling. Moane states that horizontal feeling is the expression of anger and negative feelings which target the oppressed instead of the oppressor. (Moane, 2000, 401). Julia Penelope also observes that in patriarchal societies women do men’s job for them by exercising horizontal hostility and thus guarantee their victimization” (Penelope, 1992:60). According to Adrienne Rich, patriarchy has always stressed the relation between mothers and sons and has ignored the mother/daughter relationship because this relation is a threat to the patriarch system (Rich, 1968: 226). Both mother and daughter are sacrificed in this system. Rich adds that when a mother is victimized, she is not the only one who is humiliated: the daughter also receives severe damages because her mother is a role model to her. The mother’s hatred of herself and her low expectations of life prevent the girl from becoming a mature person (Rich, 1986: 243).  One similarity between Pride and Prejudice and I’ll Turn off the Lights written by two female writes in two different historical periods and geographical places is jealousy and hostility between female characters. In Pride and Prejudice, all women have negative feelings for each other except for Elizabeth and Jane. This is also true about I’ll Turn off the Lights where there is no friendship between women but only hostility. The other similarity is that both novels cherish romantic notions about marriage. As Nicole Gast observes, marriage could improve the social status of women. This is why the aim of education for women was attracting the attention of a man who could become a husband (Gast, 2005:4). Edward J. Ahrean also points out that Pride and Prejudice  marks the beginning of the bourgeois system. This throws new light on marriage in the novel. Marriage is seen as way to survive in its crudest sense (Ahearn,1989: 33). The other common point between the novels is the superiority of male characters to female characters. In I’ll Turn off the Lights, the difference between men and women which has social and cultural reasons is related to their biology and essence. It looks quite natural that Claris is always cooking and cleaning. That Artoosh is either discussing politics or reading the newspapers or playing chess is made to look natural and a man’s job. The novel approves of and emphasizes gender roles and thus separates the world of men from the world of women. Artoosh is an intellectual man who knows politics but Claris has to only cook and clean. The novel is written by a female writer about women but this female world is replete with jealousy and competition between women and is compared with the world of men which is superior to this world. In Pride and Prejudice, women are also involved in horizontal hostility. There is negative feeling between mother and daughters and sisters. Two Bennett daughtres bring shame and disgrace upon the family while no male characters does anything disgraceful. 

The similarities between Pride and Prejudice and I’ll Turn off the Lights which are written in two different countries divided by a time span of 200 years is the negative feeling of female characters for each other and their positive feeling for the male characters. In both novels the central character is a women but this woman is incomplete without a man. This is why she has a romantic attitude towards marriage. The women in these novels do not have a friendly relation with their mother and have competitive relations with their sisters. Both novels deal with female issues and have been praised as literary masterpieces and radical novels. A close study of these novels, however, shows that the attitude of the texts towards women is disapproving. These novels reflect patriarchal mindset which makes misogynists out of men and women alike. In these novels, women target each other instead of actual target. They cannot form real bonds of friendship with their own sex, see men as their superior and compete for male attention. Although Jane Austen and Zoya Pirzad have chosen female characters as their heroines, they have only repeated the dominant patriarch discourse. They have written about the superiority of men, lack of understanding in women, and women’s need for economical and emotional support. In these novels, women are entrapped in network of jealousies and prejudices but men occupy higher positions in spite of their minor roles. Female characters are acknowledged only as daughters, wives or mothers and have no identity outside the family. They develop negative feelings for themselves and in order to attract the attention of male characters compete and fight against each other. Elizabeth and Claris have both negative feelings for their mother and sisters, have very high evaluations of their fathers, and consider marriage to or love for a man as a way to salvation. None of these characters are strong or independent. In the 21st century, Zoya Pirzad repeats the passive and conservative attitude Jane Austen had 200 years ago, writing more in appreciation of the opposite sex. It could be then concluded that although the writers and main characters of these novels are women and the subjects are the lives and experiences of women, in reality they propound reactionary, conservative and misogynist attitudes. In spite of the 200 years timespan between the novels, the contemporary Persian writer has not moved one step forward.                                             

The literature of any nation is influenced by its culture and social beliefs, and the impact of society on literature is certain. Women as half of the body of human society in various forms such as a woman in her own kind, mother, daughter, beloved, and praising of GOD, reflected in the literature, and many speakers for this the article have paid. Hence, one of researcher areas is the views of poets and writers about woman and examining the way they look in this category. From this perspective the article aims to examine the verses that spoken about woman. It has been concluded that there are many verses in the Shahname that do not have a positive view about woman, and in contrast to the verses that some scholars have considered to be philogynic, indeed it’s not the fact and Firdawsi has considered the epic atmosphere. One of the most basic accessories is an exaggeration. Some women had to be talked about in a way that made them look unusual and so-called super-female. Another part of the verses from which the women were thought to be praiseworthy is, in fact, a description of the beauty of her mistress. Mentioning this point in our literature, a lover is described in the expression of beauty, not philogyny; the praiseworthy women were in verses called as suspicious. Another pathetic feature of the verses about the philogynic verses is the selective view and not paying attention to the totality of the woman. In the present study, contrary to the opinion of some researchers, it has been concluded that looking at a woman in the Shahname is a negative view. In the book of The double study of praise and condemnation of language in Shahname by Hussain Sajjadi, he has chosen adventures in which language plays an active role and verses have been written about them. Sajjadi has more described the verses or it is batter to say that solved the versification. In the book of The origins of misogyny in Classical Persian Literature by Maryam Hosseini, she examines the poems of several poets, Firdawsi, and at the end, despite the existence of many verses that do not have a positive view of a woman, she has concluded that Firdawsi is in favor of philogyny, not misoginy. The article of misogynic verses in Shahname by Abolfazl Khatibi: A useful 8-pages article that adds 8 misogynic episodes and confirms 10 more with authenticity and originality, they consider them misogynic. Article of ”Personality analysis and language role in Shahname stories” by Ali Naqi Hussain in which the author states that the purpose of the article is to analyze the personality of the women and their role in advancing the story.   Discussion and Research The misogynic sections of the Shahname can be divided into several categories: -Verses that refer to women as type: in other words, women in ensemble and general desired; in this group wife, daughter is located. -Bad traits verses for women counted. -Verses in which women are weak and in children row and old considered. -Verses that have been used as tools by women. In this study verses that are considered praiseworthy also reviewed and concluded that some of those verses are necessary for one epic poem and not in the direction of women praise; another part is the symmetry of selective tastes that have not been considered in the whole narrative; as a sample of surrounded narration speaks of her bravery and brilliance but her betrayal with husband and his murder not mentioned in words, or they talk about it, but they silence the released child in the water for fear of seizing the throne. Other praiseworthy female sections in Shahname include the following: -Praiseworthy created special women like shahs relative and like national hero’s. -Stories of praiseworthy women taken by the literature another nation. Both groups in this study example of praiseworthy women not considered, but in Shahname praiseworthy women verses existed; for example, a Gazer woman pulls her baby out of the water; Description that about Sindokht spouse water has come; and even about Soodabeh which is one of the worst faces of Shahname, the existence of anti-feminist verses and Soodabeh before the story of Siawash, in faithful with her husband praised. But if we want to put both anti-feminist and praiseworthy women verses on the pan scale, the praiseworthy women are lighter and third lyrics anti-feminism will be higher. In Short words, we should say Shahnameh's work had a negative view of women.

The position and the role of women in society, and the altered positive and negative attitudes towards them had frequently been reflected in all types of literature -- classic and modern, Eastern and Western. Nowadays by the expansion of female-oriented propensities like Feminism and its crossing the borders of literature, studies and researches on unilateral and even misogynist attitudes of some authors towards women have also been found urgent and necessary. The present paper focuses on these attitudes in two famous works of the world literature: One Thousand and One Nights</em>, which is the most famous collection of old folk tales from East, and The Canterbury Tales</em>, by English fictionist and poet Geoffrey Chaucer. These two works are almost similar in some respects, such as historical period, social background, and literary style. The researcher has tried to comparatively study the "woman" in them to reveal some paradoxical scope of misogyny and philogyny in both.

Based on the idea that Persian and Arabic language and literatures are among those formed within the patriarchal framework of discourse, this study attempts to investigate the roots and manifestation of misogyny in contemporary poetry of Iran and Arab countries by focusing on the powerful discourse of gender in literature. The results show that the relative change of idea about woman in the contemporary poets of Iran and Arab countries does not have power to fight the gender stereotypes which aim to undermine and humiliate women, and despite the development in the mind of contemporary poets, it seems impossible to prevent the development of traditional beliefs which focus on the male superiority and female inferiority. Though not evident, there is still overt and covert misogyny in contemporary Iran and Arab poetry.

The seven-adventures of Rostam، in particular، and other Iranian seven-adventures such as Esfandyar seven-adventures or Gorshasp pseudo-seven-adventures are a kind of eternity search، a kind of battle with selfhood that aims to facilitate the problems، the difficulties of evolution way and human ascent. By discussing and analyzing Iranian seven-adventures، this research aims to study the fourth adventure of all the seven-adventures، which is، at the surface، the battle between man (hero، champion) and woman but، in essence، it is the battle between fire and water. Fire is the son of Ahura Mazda and water is its enemy. Water، which was at one time the symbol of holiness and purity of Ahura، became a satanic element during Sassanid era and following the dominance of Zorvani thoughts on religious system of that time. By analyzing Rostam، Esfandyar، Gorshasp، Heracles fourth adventure and looking at Zal and Roodabe stories، Khajavi Kermani’s Sam-Nameh، Nezemi’s Khosro and Shirin and Mahmoud Dolatabadi’s Kalidar، we try to prove this hypothesis.