جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « power » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Criticism of new historicism has been formed in opposition to traditional historicism. Contrary to traditional historicism, which speaks of the one-sided influence of history on literature, new historicism believes in the mutual influence of literature and history on each other. The story of Bahram and Golandam is one of the remarkable poems in Kurdish literature, which are called "Beit". Beits are syllable-weighted folktales recited by beit readers. It can be said that there are some similarities between the stories of Bahram and Golandam and Zal and Rudabeh. Therefore, it is possible to measure these two stories with each other. In this research, relying on library and documentary studies and with an analytical-comparative approach, we have tried to give a reading of the two stories in question based on the concepts of new historicism. The findings show that although both stories are apparently romantic and the conflicts are about love and marriage; But inside the story, power and discourse interests are fundamental issues. Every discourse tries to maintain its political and social interests.

Critical discourse analysis affects the speakers' comprehension of social, cultural and political issues by uncovering the underlying structures of messages. This descriptive-analytical study investigates the hanging tale of Hasanak-e-Vazir based on Van Dijk’s (2007) socio-cognitive approach to clarify the functional relation between language, ideology, power and dominance in social and political context of Bayhaqi's period. The study’s sampling is purposeful and samples are taken from Hasanak’s tale based on the research-made worksheet. Data analysis showed that the semantic level elements of categorization, polarization, hyperbole, disclaimer, vagueness, empathy, distance, euphemism and rhetoric were used. In argumentative level, the categories of evidence, reference, comparison, and explicitness were used. The findings indicate that Bayhaqi refers to the society with us-them polarization performed based on the power groups. Moreover, categorization, disclaimer and hyperbole were used to express the good characteristics of in-group (positive self-representation) and bad social actions of out-group (negative-other representation). Ambiguity quantifiers show the opacity in interpersonal relations and dark situation of Bayhaqi's period. The euphemism softens the disorder situation and indicates the violent situation of those days. In stylistic level, metaphor, metonymy and contrast and in syntactic level, word order movement and modality categories were used to show us-them polarization.

The judicial system is universally recognized as a paramount institution for the exercise of power. Within this system, language assumes a paramount role as nowhere is its use more pronounced and impactful than in the legal and judicial context. In these contexts, language serves as a tool for wielding power, establishing dominance, and exerting control. The objective of this research was to comprehensively analyze the various dimensions of trial discourse with a particular focus on the representations of power exhibited in the interactions among participants in diverse court sessions. To accomplish this, we examined a multitude of civil, criminal, and family court sessions associated with the court and prosecutor's office of Dorud City. The present study employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches for data analysis. Our analysis drew upon the ethnographic framework proposed by Hymes (1974) supplemented by statistical calculations.The data analysis results demonstrated that professional participants, including judges, investigators, and prosecutors, employed various verbal and non-verbal strategies to establish their power and dominance during trial discourse. Notably, the strategies of "questioning" and "interruption" played a prominent role in this regard. In contrast, lay participants, such as the accused, complainants, and suspects, demonstrated resistance to the exercise of dominance and power by utilizing tactics, such as "intervention", "interruption", "counter-questioning", and "silence."

KeyKhosro's kingdom is one of the narratives about power that shows his ability to reach an ideal society. The purpose of this essay is the performance of KeyKhosro in the field of power and the explanation of the agency of various types of capital and habits or character, from Bourdieu's point of view, and the formation of society to control power and avoid tyranny. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach, tries to show, by presenting the power of KeyKhosrow and integrating it in the relations of activists, how he can increase the culture of affordability in the society and achieve an ideal society? Since the homogeneity of wisdom is prominent in the thought of Ferdowsi and Bourdieu, wise confrontation with social events is effective in the success of KeyKhosrow. Effective power depends on the virtues that cause the actor not to deviate from the moral axis and by having capital, especially economic capital, to use it for the well-being of the people of the society, and KeyKhosrow with the approach of prioritization and productivity. Types of capital and correct understanding of habits stabilizes its position in society.

Functional stylistics pays attention to the role and use of words and clauses, and critical stylistics deals with power relations in the text. The issue of the present article is to find out the extent to which the Rowze Khold is imitative regarding the category of tense and mood to Golestan. The general goal is to discover the problem of imitation of Rowze Khold, and to compare the frequency of tense and mood, the grammatical voice and narrative style of the two. The theory of the research is Halliday` functionalism and traditional grammar.

The type of research is applied, its method is quantitative and qualitative, and its variables include 31 interpersonal role variables. The sample and analysis unit is the clause and the data was selected by systematic sampling method.

The findings of this research shows that Golestan with 77% and Rowze Khold with 76% have a significant similarity in declarative mood. In addition, Golestan has got 45% past, 49% present, imperative 5% and future tense 1% and in Rowze Khold 51%, 43%, 6% and 0% in turn.

The statistical evidence shows that Rowze Khold is highly influenced by Golestan in terms of attitude, interaction with existence, grammatical voice and narrative style. In addition, the grammatical voice of the two works is declarative and both are neutral to power relations.

The institution of the family and the methods of representing it in literary works, including fiction, have been considered in every era. Sometimes authors are attracted to writing family-centered stories relying on their knowledge of the family situation in their era. One of the issues of interest in sociology studies regarding this institution is the issue of power. Identifying the methods of distribution of power in the family shows many social changes that have occurred over time. Due to the increasing rate of these developments and their impact on the structure and function of the family, as well as the future of this institution, the durability or collapse of the traditional and modern forms of the family has become one of the most important preoccupations of sociological thinkers. In this research, based on sociological studies in the field of family, as well as the opinions of different thinkers in the field of power, the structure of power distribution and the methods of its application, the type of resistance to power and the sources of power generation in family relationships in 87 contemporary short stories by seven contemporary Persian authors in the decades 1960s to 2010s were examined; with the aim of clarifying whether in these stories, the power structure in the family is one-sided and asymmetrical, or based on the model of equal rights. It should also be clarified whether the authors were able to draw a picture of the current state of the family institution in Iran despite the existing restrictions and prohibitions. The results show that in these stories, the family structure is semi-symmetrical, non-linear and a combination of intimacy and dominance in line with the balance of tradition and modernity. The methods of exercising power are expressed in two ways: persuasion and coercion; but the type of resistance is more passive due to the adherence of members, especially women, to traditions and customs . From among power-generating sources in family relationships in contemporary short-stories, traditional beliefs and social status are given priority and next to them, we have the following issues: emotional dependency; men’s job dignity; women’s employment; education; men’s powerlessness, and women’s self-esteem and superstitious ideas.

Some literary works, despite their simple appearance and small volume, are so rich in content and have such strong symbolism that they encompass the equations of the greatest contemporary philosophers. The stronger by August Strindberg is not an exception to this rule. The main objective of this article, after redefining ambiguity, going beyond the definition of Empson and metaphor, broader than the Derridean meaning, relying on the inevitable process of inclusion, exclusion and identification, to discover how the author's power is exerted and his role in creating the work—which is itself a reading of the world surrounding the work—and also the mode of the reader's exercise of power in interpreting the text—which is a rewriting of the work from a different perspective—and in this regard, it establishes a general framework that Foucault has presented in his examination of power and discourse. After finding the connection between ambiguity and metaphor, the role of these two in exercising power or preventing it is explored, and ultimately, the relationship of these concepts with literature, the creation, and the reading of this literary work are examined. In the world of the text, similar to the world of the metatext, the arena of ambiguity and metaphorization, and consequently the field of battle of wills, instincts, interests, and various metaphors, sometimes result in a temporary peace, but if such methods do not yield results, only inevitable violence can expose one metaphor as unjust and invalid in favor of another metaphor.

The works remaining from any period are definitive mirrors of the thought, culture and language of that era. The reflection of ideology, mentality, language, and the path and practice of the pillars of power have both direct and indirect effects on shaping the content and structure of the writings, which play a major role in giving identity to the ethnicity, language, and intellectual discourse. The ruling power in the Safavid period was composed of a triad of the Safavid kings, the military commanders, and the religious scholars, each of which used mystical, military and religious discourses, respectively. Therefore, they employed three different types of language appropriate to these three types of discourse to communicate with the people. Sharing the goals such as maintaining power and continuing political domination over the people often led to coping with the intellectual and cultural conflicts between mysticism, religion, and military service. In the same way that they used the three languages ​​of mystic self-centrism, religious spiritualism, and military violence to dominate the society, they also utilized the potentials of all the three discourses to produce literary and historical works appropriated to their style of governance, which is evident in the prose language of the era. From a sociolinguistic point of view, language is a tool for exercising power, which links human sciences to social sciences and linguistic. Accordingly, this research deals with the influence of power in Ālam-ārā-ye Safawi from the perspective of sociology of language, distinguishing the powers that have influenced the prose text of this book and determining the frequency and form of the power influence on its prose.

Hafez's eternal presence not only in the history and literary history of Iran but also in the minds and consciences of Persian speakers around the world, has made him an "eternal memory" and for this reason, he and his poetry have been spoken about in many different ways. But it is still open to the discussion of covertness and indirect and pragmatic expression and confusion over events and biting satires and scandalous ironies and other linguistic tricks that go back to its two sides. In the present article, the structure and content of Hafez's ambiguities prominent features of his style are examined. As a result of the sequence of thoughts and associations, the meanings of the mind are involved and at the same time it never reaches certainty, it has been studied and analyzed. This unique virtue of Hafez's poetry, which distinguishes his words from the words of others and causes its exaltation and immortality, is a framework for expressing ideas that have not been explicitly expressed without danger. It is with this tactic that Hafez stands up to the ruling power and, with its help, overthrows the dominant discourse of the government and helps to free the people from their stagnation and arrogance and dependencies. The data of this research have been provided through library studies and have been described using analytical methods. The most important achievement of this research is that its cover-ups and ambiguities, where something is thought of in the structure of India, show a kind of political structure and power in relation to itself.

Literary texts, in connection with the social conditions of their time, also show the complex relations of power. In Naser Khosrow's poems, the existing discourses in the society are represented in a way that mainly shows the poet's resistance against the construction of the power of the Sunni government of Ghaznavid religion. Nasser Khosrow's greatest intellectual challenges are the critique of power (hegemony, domination) and the political and religious discourses of the Ghaznavid era. Based on his religious and linguistic knowledge, the poet challenges the discourse hegemony of Ghaznavid rule. According to the poet, the structure of government in that period is a combination of political and religious authority and the way of exercising power is done by political interpretation of religion and knowledge of Shafi'i jurisprudence in order to legitimize the government. Nasser Khosrow, as a Shiite poet, tries to delegitimize the political rule of his time in the form of his poems. The issue of the present article is how Naser Khosrow reacts to the dominant Ghaznavid discourse in his poems and how his religious beliefs are crystallized in the construction of the discourse of legitimacy and reproduction? The method of the present study is Michel Foucault's discourse of power and modern historiography. The result of the research shows that Naser Khosrow's discourse in order to delegitimize the political and social system of his time, shows the conflict of power discourse between Sunni and Shiite political jurisprudence.

If we consider language not as a mirror reflecting struggles, but as the subject and tool of struggles, then we should use the signifier of discourse, which makes the concepts of power and language understandable in a continuous and inseparable conceptual entanglement. This article aims to analyze the text of Tarikh-e Beyhaqi as one of the most influential classical texts of Persian literature with a discursive method. In other words, by placing this text in its discursive context and its dialectical relationship with power, and understanding this text as the field of conflict between powers and conflicting discourses of society, a new understanding of it can be achieved. In order to achieve this goal, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis method is used to perform micro-textual analysis, and Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory is used to perform macro-discourse analysis of Bayhaghi era. The text of Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, as shown, does not reflect the true struggle, but itself, is part of the struggle process. This text is influenced by the chain of ruling discourses and is used against peripheral discourses. Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, under the influence of the discourse that pulls the bipolar mind of the text to a directional representation of the flow of affairs, highlights the ruling discourses and marginalizes the peripheral discourses.

One of the subcategories of discourse analysis is the analysis of dialogues of the work under review. Apart from the apparent meaning and the way the sentences are designed in conversations, it is possible to discover hidden mentalities from their hearts that show themselves in the form of words, meanings, signs, behaviors and movements of the conversation parties. By analyzing the interaction of the conversation parties, the beginning and end of the conversation, turn taking, feedback and correction in the conversations, aspects and effects of the conversation that are often not visible at first glance can be shown. Based on this, in this article, an attempt has been made to examine the way of using language and the way of communication between the parties of the conversation, which is represented in the form of sentences and phrases, along with other unsaid words that are placed behind the sentences and meanings. In other words, in this research, in a descriptive-analytical way, the management of people's interactions with each other and the way social communication is formed in the dialogues of two literary-narrative works, Hesaar va saghaye pedaram and Yakolya va tanhaiye ou, have been analyzed. The research results show that in both discourses, power is applied from top to bottom and one person is at the top of the power pyramid. Against the prevailing discourse, the subjects are very powerless and do not have much agency and role in the story. In his novel Yakolia va tanhaiye ou, in addition to the institution of power, the institution of religion and people also play a role in the management of society, but the institution of power and religion try to draw people to their side.

Critical analysis of the discourse of the companions of the cave in the Holy Qur'an Based on Norman Fairclough's theory Abstract Evaluating different levels of discourse provides the possibility to discover and achieve its hidden meanings and reproduces the way language interacts with meta-linguistic structures. Critical discourse analysis is a new approach in text analysis that, in addition to paying attention to the linguistic context of the text, considers the non-linguistic context of the text to be effective in discovering and explaining the meaning and examines the relationship between language, power, ideology and discourse. Most of the texts such as the literature of the nations, narratives and some types of stories of the Qur'an can be analyzed and interpreted in this framework. It is a monotheistic discourse in which two opposing forces are placed in front of each other and each chooses a specific type of speech to prove the validity of their claim. Paying attention to selected language patterns along with explaining the cultural, social and political situation of that time can unlock many semantic secrets of the language. Therefore, in the light of the importance of this issue and the need to interpret the Qur'anic text from various angles, this research aims to use analytical-descriptive methods based on the approach of critical discourse analysis of Norman Farklough in three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, the hidden layers of the Qur'anic text. to discover and analyze in this story. From the linguistic and meta-linguistic studies of this story, it is found that each linguistic unit follows a specific linguistic structure, which has special features such as highlighting, choosing words, and arranging them due to the specific ideology of the actors of the discourse. . At the upper level of the dialogues in this story, the repetition of the word "Lord" in contrast to "God" was caused by the monotheistic thinking of the companions of the cave in contrast to the polytheism of the king and the people of that time. The conversation between these two currents in addition to explaining the specific type of ideology. Like monotheism, polytheism, resistance, and unity, it was definitely not exclusive to a historical time, but it was also effective in the intellectual and cultural direction of the audience and future relationships, so that after many years of their death, as a sign of respect for the ideology and belief in this group and spread their religious foundations, a dome was built on their graves.