جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « semantic change » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Many Arabic words, upon entering the Persian language, have been transferred with the preservation of sound and script but have acquired completely different meanings, to the extent that in Persian, either the intended Quranic meaning is not understood at all, or the meaning is abrogated and not intuitive. These words can pave the way for misconceptions; in translating such words, the Persian interpretation of these words may subconsciously come to the minds of some translators and steer them away from the Arabic meaning. This deviation can be referred to as "Persianization" in translation. The present study, using reliable lexical sources of Persian and Arabic languages with a descriptive and critical approach, the semantic differences of the words "Tafāwut, Ḥājat, Ihlāk, Imdād, and Ṣāḥib/Aṣḥāb" in Arabic and Persian have been explained, followed by the examination of the performance of 41 Persian translators of the Holy Quran. The research findings indicate that the issue of Persianization has a widespread prevalence among Persian-speaking translators to the extent that no translator can be identified who has made fewer mistakes in this regard.

The study of the penetration and expansion of Persian loanwords in different languages including European languages has resulted, especially in the recent decades, in presenting some works which are indicative of the topic's importance and attractiveness. Reviewing the works reveal that finding Persian words in English, German, French, Swedish, Albanian and Spanish have been documented in some national and international studies, but the lack of such a study regarding Italian as an important European language seems obvious. While the number of Italian words in Persian is limited, the findings of the present study indicate that the number of Persian loanwords in Italian is around fifty. In this paper, twenty Persian words in Italian are introduced, described and analyzed. In addition to introducing the words in the donor and recipient languages, based on the authentic references and dictionaries, the transfer route, intermediary languages and semantic and phonological changes are dealt with.

Semantic broadening is one of the important processes of semantic change that has long been studied by experts and especially by historical-philological semanticists. In this process, which occurs over time, the meaning of a word broadens from time period A to time period B and thus, in addition to its previous meaning, the word includes a new concept. Semantic broadening over time leads to a multitude of meanings. A word is used to refer to a new unit of language in terms of its similarity to a new concept, and based on the Prototype theory. As such, in addition to its original meaning, it is also applied in a new sense. This "similarity" has, in many cases, led to confusion between semantic broadening and metaphor, and a group of words that has undergone semantic broadening is considered as metaphors. The present research, in addition to explaining semantic broadening, examines the difference of this process with metaphor, and, in particular, by emphasizing Persian verbs, tries to show that many of the constructs considered as metaphor, are, in fact, instances of semantic broadening that, as a result of this process, have gained multiple meanings. Relying on examples, in particular, examples of Persian verbs, this paper attempted to emphasize the distinction between semantic broadening and metaphor, and to show that, by tradition, in our metaphor, one tends to separate the tenor from the simile and apply it on other contexts. However, in the case of semantic broadening, the tenor is by no means used in different contexts. Words are semantically broadened over time and their semantic scope expands, which is a process quite different from metaphor. As such, the results of this study indicate the subtle distinction that exists between semantic broadening and the process of metaphor, which is often neglected. In metaphor, the "tenor" is derived from the simile, and is used in other sentences instead of the "vehicle"; in a way that the "tenor" adopts the semantic behavior of the “vehicle”. However, in semantic broadening, an independent process occurs, and what emerges as the process of semantic broadening is the semantic expansion of other units of the simile.

Some linguistic forms may become polysemous through language changes and lose their core meaning. Sometimes these forms may stay as relics in different constructions and their core meaning is not understandable without historical studies. In Persian language, “var / bar” means “side, beside”. “var / bar” has been varah- in Avestan language, and "war" in Middle Persian, which used to mean "chest". In Dari Persian (prose and poetry in the Islamic era), meaning of "bar" has changed to "embrace, side, beside, in somebody’s presence" and also "front" through broadening and metonymy. Today, “var / bar” is used to construct words such as “barobazu” (shoulders and arm), baroru (face)" and phrases such “dar bar dâštan” (include), and although it is morphologically distinguishable for Persian speakers, it is semantically opaque. These compounds and syntactic structures are in primary stages of lexicalization in Persian. In “vare dele kasi nešastan” (being with someone), “var” is a preposition and its grammaticalization process is in intermediate stage.

Grammaticalization is a process through which a lexical item changes into a grammatical morpheme. Semantic changes of a free morpheme along with the categorical and phonological changes result in structural function in the syntax of a language, and the former lexical items are used to express abstract grammatical concepts such as tense, aspect, and mood. In all languages, body part words as a part of lexical sources are very frequent, and have a vast semantic network. The role of these free lexical items in the process of grammaticalization has been documented by various researchers, and it has been shown that some of the body part words have been changed into adposition by moving through the continuum of grammaticalization and after a change in their core meaning. This research tries to investigate the body part word "face" and the pattern of changes in this free lexical item in Persian language system within the framework of the grammaticalization process. To do so, the different simple, derived and derived compound forms of "face" in Anvari Allegory Dictionary(1383) and FarsNet have been studied to answer the following questions: 1)what is the continuum of the changes in body part word "face" in the process of grammaticalization, and 2) what are the semantic, morphosyntactic, and categorical outcomes of grammaticalization of this word? The results show that this word has undergone the grammaticalization process like other body part words and even progressed more. This word not only refers to "face" (core meaning), it has also undergone semantic generalization and hierarchical pejoration, and participated in new structures and functions. The ending point of changes of this face is its function as compound subordinate conjunction in conditional forms and contrastive expressions. This word has gone so beyond its core meaning as subordinate conjunction that no sign of the former core meaning as body part word "face" is available.

In this paper we investigated the semantic change of the word “dowlat” in the history of Persian prose from the 4th century (Hijri) until now. Though seemingly the meaning of this word has not changed dramatically, but it has been used with 21 different meanings in the Persian texts we investigated. We made an attempt to explain the semantic change of Dowlat using the prototype theory, Geeraerts’ (1997) approach. The prototype theory explains the meaning changes of the word well, in terms of three of four prototype hypotheses. We found that some senses play central role in the process of meaning change and meaning changes take place in the margins of clusters, in relation to central senses; some senses are peripheral and more impermanent; and some senses root simultaneously from more than one conceptual cluster (hypothesis 2). We found some evidence which show that modulation in the boundaries could cause one sense to occur twice in the history of the word in question, and each time independent from the other one; that is to say semantic polygenesis (hypothesis 3). Finally we learnt that encyclopedic information has a significant role in conceptual development of the words (hypothesis 4).

Research on the scope and spread of Persian words in other languages is known as a significant issue in the field of etymological studies. The findings of such studies have led to publishing various papers and dictionaries nationally or internationally. In this case, for some reasons the English language has attracted much attention. Among the works which has studied the Persian loanwords in English, Mirfazaelian (2005) work entitled "The Dictionary of Persian Words in English" is the one which has been critically reviewed and criticized in this paper. In short, the deficiencies of this work have been descriptively and analytically studied in six categories. The findings show that the introduction of non-Persian words as Persian ones, the introduction of wrong examples, the presentation of incorrect equivalents and false meanings, the presentation of wrong transfer from Persian to English and so on are the main shortcomings seen in this etymological dictionary.

All languages change over the years, semantic changes are the most common type of these changes. In studies on semantic changes, there are three different categories: semantic changes varieties, reasons for the semantic change, and mechanisms of semantic change. Metonymy and metaphor are two main mechanisms.in this paper, the question before is whether these mechanisms could explain semantic changes of some words from the Tarix-e Beyhaqi book. The results of this study show that most of the changes would be described by metonymy and historical evidences can also be used to prove this claim.

Iranians do not see the Arabic as a foreign language due to a profound belief in Islam and therefore do not resist Arabic words particularly those with religious identity. Such words have entered Persian language and over many years have changed semantically. The semantically changed Arabic words in Persian have challenged the translators so much so that a translator who is translating from Persian into Arabic cannot be sure if an Arabic word, which is being used in Persian, has the same meaning in Arabic or not. The relation between Arabs and Persians was temporarily ended or had its ebbs and flows. Such instability in relations between two languages have rendered some Arabic words in the Persian language obsolete and have changed some others semantically, i.e., their meaning has changed. This has posed some difficulties for Arabic - Persian translation because the meaning of some Arabic words used in Persian is entirely different from those of the very same words when used in Arabic. Changes in language and semantic changes of words in a language are totally natural. Only the linguists and translators should be aware of such changes. The present paper, firstly, deals with the semantic changes of Arabic words in Persian. Next, categorizes these words into ten groups according to their Arabic forms and meanings and finally addresses the challenges they pose to translators through providing examples

The study of the penetration and spread of Persian words in other languages such as English is known as one of the notable issues. Despite its inevitable linguistic as well as cultural and historical significance, its various dimensions have been neglected in etymological studies. The etymological analysis and study of English words borrowed from Persian language represents that a considerable number of such words are related to the names of plants which were borrowed indirectly from Persian in different periods of time and in this process have undergone various changes such as phonetic and semantic ones including expansion, narrowing and change. Therefore, this study, which has been developed based on a comprehensive and systematic study of English words borrowed from Persian, aims at analyzing and describing twenty four words from at least forty words in this category which have been found on the basis of authentic materials and lexicons in the field of etymology. For each entry, some information about the origin, meaning, process of borrowing, intermediate languages, phonetic as well as semantic changes, and so forth have been systematically presented. In addition, to be more familiar with their use in Persian old texts and references, in some cases for some of the entries some data and examples have been provided. In cases that the words had entered other European languages, they are introduced as well.

The body-part term dast ‘hand’ is investigated in this article as used in the first part of 160 Farsi compound nouns. The questions are: How is the semantic change pattern of hand used in Persian compound nouns? Also how the collective mind and social/ cultural memory of Persian linguistic society can be accounted for and compared with Chinese and English? The aim is investigation of semantic change or even meaning proliferation pattern of hand in compounding so that the analysis of differences and variations can be explained by the cultural differences in a way that non linguistic(cognitive- cultural) explanations are used to explain language variations. The method used here is a corpus-dictionary investigation based on SOKHAN in a cultural linguistics framework. As for findings the results show that conceptualization differences do have cultural explanations. Here, the innovation is that of the investigation of the semantic change of this body term as used in compound contexts based on an objective way, considering word frequency,and representing cultural explanations finally. As for the results and achievements: cultural analysis of differences and similarities of Farsi, Chinese, and English, meaning changing illustration, introducing a new way of vocabulary learning based on cactus model by the use of contrastive semantic and cultural psychology. Here, the critical point of view is that it is necessary to study semantic change pattern in compound contexts.

This research titeled (Semantic change in the Quranic words: praise prophet reverence) This study is about how to transform from the meaning to another. In this article we looked lexical and semantic meaning of three words of Quran in pre-islamic era Until the end of sending Quran. We studied the influence of Islam in changing word semantically. Islam does not bring new words but added them new meaning and coverd them new dresses of the and semantic meaning. Islam used them in new meanings in a accordance with Quranic consepts. Restriction and extention are most important forums of semantic transformation. In this article semantic change of three words: praise, prophet, reverence are considered. Semantic change sometimes occurs in the restriction such as reverence and sometimes goes to the extention and improvement such as .prophet.

In order to express their view of different phenomena, authors of literary texts occasionally expand upon the meaning of signs to the extent that their meanings would undergo a transformation. These signs would then function as keywords the meanings of which sound hard to grasp. Today, a semantic study and an examination of the conceptual relationship between words and sentences make possible the objective analysis of the processes involved in the semantic expansion and metamorphosis of the signs; having studied the conceptual relationship between the signs, the researcher could then easily comprehend the attitude and outlook of the author of the text. From among conceptual relationships, Hyponymy and contrast are specifically efficient in the semantic analysis of linguistic signs within a text. In order to highlight the role of conceptual relationships in the process of semantic expansion and metamorphosis of linguistic signs, semiotics of "need" in Hāfiz poetry has been examined. Based on researches in this domain, conceptual relationships between words and sentences and the semantic affinity between "piety" and "self centeredness", "pride", "vanity", "deceitfulness" and "hypocrisy" expand the meaning of piety to an extent that it overlaps with "hypocrisy", thence the phrase "hypocrite piety." The contextual meanings of such keywords as "piety", "hypocrisy" and "need" indicate that Hāfiz, apart from his social and individual pathology of the concept of "piety," creates a complicated network of references, connotations and associations based upon the contrast between "need" and "piety." Thus, he not only expands the meaning of "need" but also creates a Hāfiz-specific concept of piety based on the semantic overlap between the concept of "need" and "ascetic poverty."

Arabic words in Persian language has undergone major changes and transformation in meaning. By various reasons، many of these words lost their meaning and found another meaning over the years. So if these words go to another language with the same meaning that we can claim the Persian word go not Arabic. So far، there has been an attempt to explain the evolution of the meaning of these words Semantic change، Increase، the challenge of methodical learning Arabic and translations to these language. This article analyzed the reasons these words، evolution and explored the transformation semantic and change of these words and explained the extent of these change. facilitate the process of to learn Arabic. The authors have expressed influences of Religious، cultural، psychological and linguistic factors in semantic transformation of Arabic words in Persian with numerous examples. The results indicated that the semantic change happen in Arabic words in the form of semantic reduction، semantic expansion and semantic Variance.

Persian and Arabic have had long-lasting religious and cultural symbiosis. Due to their speakers’ similar cultural conditions and geographical proximity, the two languages have lived a long time near each other, have grown together and enriched each other. The authors of this article studied the word formation processes in the two languages and showed the capabilities and limitations of each of these two languages in dynamicity and productivity. The study has scrutinized derivation, compounding and semantic change in words as three main common mechanisms of word formation in the two languages. The results show that although compared to Arabic, fewer texts have been written in Persian and the language has had a passive stance to Arabic, the well-developed derivational and compound structure Persian has served the productivity of the language during the last century and a wide range of new words have found their way to the vocabulary of the mass reservoir of Persian vocabulary. In contrast, the templatic nature of derivation in Arabic, peculiar to the language, brings about certain constraints in the production of compound words that are part of the lexicon of every living language.

This study investigates the use of dress words in the 4th Century (AH), particulary in two books by Ghazi Tanoukhi. The article attempts to reveal the phonological and lexical changes and developments related to clothing. It also examines the manner of articulation such sounds and compare them with the manner of articulation of Arabic sounds, so that the differences and commonalities are shown. The article also discusses changes which occurred to Arabized words. In relation to the meanings of such words, this study examines them according to their etimology in Arabic dictionaries and dictionaries of Arabized words, so that it is revealed whether the meanings of these words match with their meanings as used by the people of that period. The article then describes the semantic changes which occurred in the language of people in the 4th century.

In Persian Grammatical structure, the subject of verb is a complicated is- sue, especially for those who want to learn Farsi as a second language. One of the kinds of verbs that has not been analyzed or less mentioned in Persian Grammatical materials and studies, is a group of verbs that in this article, are referred to as “substitutional verbs”. Also evidence are given to show the changes of Persian verbs from the meaning point of view. The substitutional verbs usually play a greater role in expressing meaning more than the main verb itself. Therefore, the meaning and usage of the substitutional verbs in modern Farsi language should be explained to Farsi learners.