جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « word creation » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The present study examines the word-formation processes in 121 Persian-speaking children between 2-6 years of age from Tehran. The research data were collected through observation, interview with children and their parents, and questionnaire, and were then classified and analyzed based on the framework presented in Booij (2007). The results indicated that among the word-formation processes, derivation has the most frequent usage, and reduplication has the least one. Among the word-creation processes, shortening has been used more than blending. Moreover, among all the processes observed, coinage with 26% is the most frequent. According to the other findings of the research, it seems that the type of words made is directly related to the age of the child. Coinage has the most frequent usage among two-year-old children and with the increase of their age, processes like coinage and shortening are replaced with morphological processes, so that at the ages of 4 to 6 years old, the frequency of compounding and derivation increases in formation of the new words. One of the most important reasons for this can be the children’s cognition and awareness of morphological processes, which improves with the increase of their age.

Morphology is a strong tool for creation of verbal satire. using word formation processes increases the artistic attraction of satire. This study is going to investigation of word formation and word creation peocesses used in the artificial languge of comic series of " Shabhaye Barareh "(the nights of barareh), which is one of the most signifacant Tv serise in two decades. The main factor of comedy and laugher in this serial is verbal satire in which word formation plays an imoportant role. To do this resarech, 355 words have been found out of 90 parts of this srial and have been classified according to the framework of Booij (2007). The results showed that word formation in this program follow the uiversal rules. Coinage (20.28%) was the most frequent, and acronym and back formation (0.2%) were the least frequent processes used in this Tv series. The percentage of the usage of non-morphological methods (60.83%) was more than word formation and word creation.

Word formation processes mean word formation methods in a language. Some researchers consider blending, acronyms and clipping as creative processes of word-making. While the meaning of creativity in this research is to make a creative link between two concepts to form a new words and as a result, the meaning of the word not transparency according to its morphemes. This review, based on the entries of a dictionary chief editor by Hasan Anvari shows that creative word- formation is used extensively in Persian language with different constructions such as derivation, Compounding and metaphorical expansion. Also the derivation in Persian is not completely matched with the definitions found in morphological theories whereas mostly based on the English language data. On the other hand, the number of derivational fixes that have the ability to create creative words, such as “ak” in Golle + ak (summit+suffix=piggy bank), or “i” in kashk+i (curd+ suffix= absurd).is different compared to some other languages. Also there are many different constructions of creative compounds in Persian language. Metaphorical extension in connection with what is referred to as semantic expansion in semantics is another type of word formation that is not limited to the use of words from one field in another field, for example, the use of words from the field of horse-riding to the field of driving and has a wider range in the Persian language. Therefore, creative word-making in various forms, figurative-derivative such as rood + e (river+suffix) means intestine, metonymy-derivative such as rooz+e (day+suffix=fasting), also combinations are divided into five categories, such as simile like sang+del (stone + heart= hard-hearted), metaphorical like āb+zir+kāh (water+under+straw=cunning), metonymical like namak+nashnās (salt+ignorant=ungrateful) and ironic like kāhane-kharāb (house+ destroyed= poor) and creative adjective like nāzok-del (thin+heart=touchy). Metaphorical extension like ānten (informer) is also used. With the variety of creative word-formation in Persian language, it deserves more attention in creating new words and considering the lack of simple verbs in Persian language, it has productivity to a large extent.

The media, including the press, are influential elements in the political and cultural relations of societies and play an important role in the transmission and teaching of language. The purpose of this study is to investigate the word formation processes in the political press based on the view of Booj (2007). The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and the data collected through library method. From different genres in the press, political genre has been selected and then from the newspapers in the 80's, three widely circulated newspapers Kayhan, Abrar and Hamshahri, 650 words have been extracted and examined. According to Booj (2007), word-making processes are divided into two groups: word formation and word creation processes. The most important word formation processes include compounding and derivation. Clipping, acronym, and blending also fall into the category of word formation processes. Due to the large number of loanwords in the political texts, the phenomenon of borrowing is also discussed. In this study, based on the gathered data, it has been observed that in addition to the above processes, the post-syntactic word formation process as well as the compoundingderivation ones also play a role in word creation. The results of this study show that the processes of compounding, derivation, compounding- derivation, postsyntactic word formation are the most frequent processes. The less frequent ones are clipping, acronym and blending involved in making new words in the political press. Studies and statistical evidence indicate that there is a significant difference between the distribution of frequency percentage of word formation processes with the highest frequency and word creation processes with the lowest frequency percentage.

Studying prison language and its common words and expressions is of significance from sociological, psychological, linguistic and criminological points of view. In the present research, we aim to investigate the morphological aspect of language of prison and analyze the most important word-creation processes in this language based on Booij’s (2007) differentiation between word-formation and word-creation processes. The data collection methods were objective observation and interviews with the prisoners. The data consisted of 615 terms common in male prisoners’ language and 496 terms common in female prisoners’ language (1111 in total), a total of 167 of which are results of word creation processes. The total number of interviewed prisoners was 70, 20 of whom were female from a prison in Rey, Iran, and 50 male prisoners from the Rajaei Shahr, Ghezel Hesar, Fashafuyeh, and Great Tehran prisons. The research findings suggested eight word creation processes in prison language: (1) metaphorical extension, (2) coinage, (3) reduplication, (4) shortening, (5) lexical borrowing, (6) clipping, (7) blending, and (8) abbreviation. After assessing the relationship between the application of these processes and the gender variable, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the two, and the gender factor affects the use of these processes among male and female prisoners.

The study of Farsi is so important due to current today differences between colloquial and written Farsi. There are many differences between these two types in many languages particularly from grammatical and lexical patterns that double the significance and necessity of separately studying these two. Based on this, the article reviews and analyzes words that are usually applied in conversation of Farsi speakers and are never or rarely used in written Farsi; and based on Boy’s view (2007) they are the result of word creation processes but not word formation. Following Boy view, under review data were categorized and reviewed based on the kind of word formation processes like shortening, combination, innovation, comparison, loaning, metaphorical expansion and phrasal conversion into four categories of Noun, Verb, Adjective and Adverb. The findings show that Shortening have the highest frequency (32.58 %) and phrasal conversion and combination have the lowest frequency (5.62 and 4.49 % respectively) in word formation.