جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « constructivism » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Constructivist philosophers are of the opinion that the revelations of a mystic are the manifestation of his mental background - including his desires and wishes. If we look at Rouzbihan's revelations in the book Kashf al-Asrar with this perspective, by putting the evidence together, we will see that one of the most prominent desires and wishes of Rozbahan that appeared in his revelations is "the desire to be a prophet" and what it means is to repeat the experience of being a prophet based on the model of the prophet hood of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH).

This research was done with the library research method and in the theoretical framework of constructivism, which is one of the most important approaches to mystical studies. Based on the analysis of the content of the book Kashf al-Asrar, which contains Rouzbihan's accounts of his mystical experiences, this article has tried to show how he sees himself as a person who has passed the rank of Sufis and the great saints of Islamic mysticism and his status has surpassed that of the prophets before the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) and has reached a stage where the experiences of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) are repeated about him and God treats him as he treated the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). .

This similarity and equality with the Prophet of Islam shows itself in at least eight cases in Rouzbihan's Kashf al-Asrar book, among which Rouzbihan says that he became the "beloved" of God and that God speaks to him in the "Persian language". And he calls himself the recipient of "revelation" and talks about his "ascension" experience.

These textual evidences, along with the theme of one of his first revelations in which he hears a prophetic address from God, reveal the main lines of what we call "desire to be a prophet".

One of the main images in Ruzbihan's works, especially in his two main books, namely Abhar al-Asheqin, and the Sharh-e Shathiaat is the image of the "bride". On the other hand, Ruzbihan, in his revelations that he reports in the book Kashf al-Asrar, frequently sees God, the prophets and the angels, and himself in the face of the bride. This article tries to explain the connection between these two phenomena, i.e. the frequent existence of the image of the bride in the language of Ruzbihan in his theoretical books on the one hand and the seeing of the bride in his mystical experiences on the other hand based on the theory of constructivism. The theory of constructivism in mystical studies expresses the idea that the mystical experiences of a mystic are formulated by his mind and language, and no mystical experience is made independently of the mystic's previous mental and linguistic models and patterns. The mystic, therefore, experiences in his mystical experiences what has already been placed in the realm of his mind and his language. From this perspective, it can be said that knowing the key metaphors and images of the language of a mystic is the key to understanding why he experiences such revelations.

 The Tension in relations between the two influential Islamic countries, Iran and Saudi Arabia, have affected relations between Iran and the Islamic world, including Pakistan's neighboring Islamic State. Between 1991 and 2018, the Saudi actions, which stemmed from the influence of the country's norms, ideas and beliefs on foreign policy, had a negative impact on relations between Iran and its important eastern neighbor. Saudi Arabia that perfecting the leadership of the Islamic world, inspired by the teachings of Wahhabism and its anti-Shiite rhetoric, has diverted relations between Iran and Pakistan. Supporting Salafi groups and currents inside Pakistan and financially feeding the Iranian opposition in Balochistan have been major policies of the Saudis for the past thirty years.Relations between Iran and Pakistan are very important for our country's foreign policy and how we can have a close relationship with that country, despite the many problems. Identifying one of the main causes of divergence and disruption in Iran-Pakistan relations is one of the main goals of the present study. Foreign policy agents and decision makers can be informed of the various dimensions of the impact of Saudi Arabia's actions on Pakistan and Iran 's behavior towards each other, using the findings of the article. This research also puts the production of necessary literature for academics at the forefront of its goals. Using constructivism theory, this paper seeks to answer the question of how the intellectual and ideological structures that govern Saudi foreign policy have affected Iran-Pakistan relations. 

 The research method in the present study is analytical-descriptive. Depending on the nature and type of subject matter being studied, information is collected using library-documentary tools. Accordingly, in order to analyze the extracted information and evaluate the hypothesis and finally answer the research question, in the method of qualitative analysis, library examples have been used as a criterion and criterion for evaluation. The data used in this study are qualitative and these data can be converted to a smaller number, so they are analyzed in the same way that they were collected. In this qualitative data, most of the objectives were to describe the subject. The present study is also a cross-sectional study and covers the period 1991 to 2018. During this period, due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the spread of Islamic fundamentalism in the world, relations between neighboring countries in the Middle East and Southwest Asia have undergone fundamental changes.

One of the areas where Iran and Saudi Arabia are at loggerheads over these issues and seek to expand their influence is the subcontinent and Pakistan. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Saudi aid to Central Asian countries and its connection with the region is provided through Pakistan. The two countries are also working together to resolve the Afghan crisis. During the Afghan war, when Pakistan was in dire need of Saudi aid, the monarchy widely supported Pakistan. Saudi religious associations and circles entered Pakistan with the motive of promoting and helping Afghan Mujahideen and immigrants, as well as assisting religious groups inside Pakistan (Mohammad Sharifi, 2004: 223).Saudi religious circles have focused their major investments on establishing schools and mosques. These schools entertained the teachings of traditional Islamic thought by Ibn Taymiyyah, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and Shah Wali Allah. Inside Pakistan, Saudi-influenced schools supported Saudi Arabia's militant stance against Iran. Due to the increasing power of such schools, the wave of violence and opposition to Iranian-backed revolutionary Islamists has intensified. In fact, Saudi Arabia stepped in in the early 1980s to counter Iran's influence on Pakistani Shiites. (Abbas,2010:56)The Saudi government, along with Pakistan, provided financial and military support to the Taliban movement. Saudi Arabia had two main motives in support of the Taliban: First, Saudi Arabia considers itself the center of the Islamic world and considers helping Muslims a kind of religious duty. The second motive was to compete with Iran's growing influence in Afghanistan and Central Asia and to isolate Iran, which considers itself the center of the Islamic world (Massoudnia & Najafi, 2011: 106) .

 All in all, the Saudi government's identity-building foundations, which have been formed in interaction with the Shiite government of Iran, have led the country to pursue a counter-revolutionary policy toward Iran since the early 1980s. Saudi Arabia's identity is at odds with the role Iran plays in these areas. The most important point of Iran's confrontation with Saudi Arabia is in the field of the Islamic world. In this regard, Iran has challenged the identity, political and religious legitimacy of the Saudi government. Hence, Saudi Arabia opposes any move by Iran in the region.According to the current events in West Asia, efforts to spread sectarianism in the region will not be out of the question. The spread of sectarianism as a tool is that Saudi Arabia is directly spread through the schools, Deobandi supporter of Wahhabism, and the financial support and arms from the group, the cult-oriented in combating the influence of the Shiites in the region led by Iran.The issue of sectarianism and the spiritual influence of the Iranian revolution in Pakistan strengthened radical forces in Pakistan. Following this issue, the Arab countries and Pakistan also stimulate the Iranian minority. This factor has made Tehran very sensitive to sectarian issues. As a significant population of Sunnis lives in Iran's border provinces and is somewhat ethnically and culturally diverse, Iran's sensitivity to the issue has increased. Saudi Arabia and Pakistan's influence on Iranian Sunnis has expanded in recent years. On the other hand, the revival of the Baloch nationalist movement in Pakistan since 2004 has become a source of threat to the country's internal security and Iran's national security.Saudi Arabia is seeking to form a coalition with Pakistan and is trying to have a strategic ally in the shadow of the United States to continue its rule without the support of the people in the region. Riyadh is also trying to turn Pakistan into a backyard to use its shared borders with Iran to counter its anti-Iranian plans.Pakistani officials are somewhat confused about the choice between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Despite the need for Saudi financial aid, Pakistan cannot ignore Iran's strategic position in the region. They want to have a smooth relationship with Iran, which is economically, security-wise and anthropologically important for Islamabad, but Al-Saud does not. Another important factor in Islamabad's approach is the crossing of the rope between Saudi Arabia and Iran, following the sharp differences between the two countries. In such a situation, Pakistani officials have visited Iran and are trying to improve bilateral relations by playing a neutral mediating role. 

The subject of Persian grammar has been one of the topics of interest to experts in this field, including linguists and grammarians. The discussion of comprehensive grammar is also one of the most popular topics in this article, the subject of its preparation and compilation and why we have not witnessed the writing of such a work so far. Create and find answers to the author's almost unanswered questions about the comprehensive grammar approach and its preparation. The article consists of 6 sections, which are presented in the method of research libraries: problem-solving and questions, concepts of grammar and comprehensive grammar, background, review of educational (prescriptive) and descriptive approaches in grammatical writings and problems and solutions, and in the section Sixth or conclusion, the most appropriate solution is suggested.

Sanaei is one of the leading social poets, with his own style and epoch makers in Farsi literature. His most important innovation was introducing mysticism into Farsi poetry. His attention to his surrounding society and his specific attitude to the universe emerged a new discourse in the field of Farsi poetry and literature. Discourse analysis as a new approach in critical reading of texts, is one of the most important discussions in linguistics which analyzes and re-reads texts from the perspective of this approach. The basic idea in Goldmann’s formative constructivism is that the study of a distinguished work needs two stages: perception and description. In the first stage of perception stage, the work has to be understood in its structure. In the second stage of explanation, the work structure has to be situated in its social structure. The present study aims at the study mystic discourse in Sanaei’s Hadiqa al-haqiqa (The Garden of the Truth) based on developmental constructivism of “Lucien Goldmann” through descriptive-analytical method in two levels of perception and explanation. In “perception” stage it is shown through describing Sanaei’s belief elements in a holistic format with meaningful structure that Sanaei creates a new method of discourse system that is far from belief prejudices. Descriptive stage studies the structure of this literary work including it political, social, mental, cultural and theological conditions. The results revealed that Sanaei tries to explore a novel discourse for the modification, felicity and redemption of his society.

Since no well-defined theoretical framework exists for Persian literary historiography, a scholar‘s reference to Western theoretical frameworks regarding this issue is inevitable. Although writing historical memorandums (known also as Tadhkirah) is an ingrained literary tradition in Persian literature, writing literary histories through a set of critical perspectives has rarely been practiced. However, in Western literatures, there have been copious attempts, especially in the 1980s, to offer new critical frameworks for writing literary history and literary historiography. In New Literary History, a series of considerable articles have been published regarding literary history and literary historiography. A statistical analysis of these articles can help the present study distinguish the dominant approaches and the durability of their critical success in proposing a critical framework for composing literary history and literary historiography. After reviewing and analyzing these articles, the study identifies a paradigm shift towards narrative constructivism and new historicism as new frameworks for composing literary history and literary historiography.

One of the approaches in modern education is the use of new learning theories in teaching. Learning theorists have proposed various theories. One of the newest is constructivism theory, which is a paradigm shift in epistemology and learning theories. According to the philosophical-psychological view, reality and meaning are actively constructed by individuals themselves and in their minds, and most people make what they learn. The basic tenets of constructivism refer to the learning theories of John Dewey, Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner, and Vigotsky. One of the most influential constructivist theories put forward by Vigotsky is social constructivism. Today, constructivism is emerging as a powerful and influential force in refining the teaching-learning process. The purpose of this article is to explain the implications of this theory for teaching and learning. In this regard, after reviewing the theoretical foundations of research, the theory of social constructivism learning was reviewed and described. The findings indicated that this theory has many implications for learner-centered teaching. Consequently, the characteristics of the constructivist classroom, its teaching strategies, the role of teachers and students were identified. The results show that this theory has high benefits and provides opportunities for all aspects of school life.

This article aims at investigating the issues of gender identity in novel, and the way scholars appreciate it from a gender perspective in the Persian novel. Theoretical essentialist and constrctivistic approaches were used along qualitative content analysis in a comparative manner to measure the scholars ’interpretation of gender orientation of writers in the representation of social reality of their era. The statistical population consisted of a book, seven articles and two dissertations. Women were found in the novels evidence of change upon traditional gender attitudes and would see the men as lacking enough experience to represent women’s issues through the novel. Notwithstanding the equal number of scholars in terms of gender, more serious work has been done in the form of books and articles by women and most important explanation about processes, events and figures were: class status, class conflict, personal characteristics, gender, and relationships of the characters and writers with the totalistic tradition and individualistic modernity and efforts toward coping with changes and overcoming the personal unconscious as a collective heritage caused by the emergence of new life styles in a battle with the traditions and manifestation of this failure in the novel, emphasizing the intellectual division of labor in the field of thought in the name of popular feminine fiction for women, its relationship with gender, the Islamic Revolution and international condition. The main focus of most researchers is a critique of the public domain from a gender-oriented perspective which is getting closer to a gender constructivism approach.