جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « voice » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Functional stylistics pays attention to the role and use of words and clauses, and critical stylistics deals with power relations in the text. The issue of the present article is to find out the extent to which the Rowze Khold is imitative regarding the category of tense and mood to Golestan. The general goal is to discover the problem of imitation of Rowze Khold, and to compare the frequency of tense and mood, the grammatical voice and narrative style of the two. The theory of the research is Halliday` functionalism and traditional grammar.

The type of research is applied, its method is quantitative and qualitative, and its variables include 31 interpersonal role variables. The sample and analysis unit is the clause and the data was selected by systematic sampling method.

The findings of this research shows that Golestan with 77% and Rowze Khold with 76% have a significant similarity in declarative mood. In addition, Golestan has got 45% past, 49% present, imperative 5% and future tense 1% and in Rowze Khold 51%, 43%, 6% and 0% in turn.

The statistical evidence shows that Rowze Khold is highly influenced by Golestan in terms of attitude, interaction with existence, grammatical voice and narrative style. In addition, the grammatical voice of the two works is declarative and both are neutral to power relations.

In the present study, the subject of “passive voice in Persian language” has been analyzed and studied in a minimalist approach Bowers (2010; 2018). This approach is one of the latest adjustments made in the framework of the minimalist program, in which the shortcomings of the previous theories have been eliminated and the most important achievement is to provide the universal order of merge; An arrangement that, according to Bowers, can be used to organize the merge process in different languages. In this article, with reference to the linguistic data extracted from “the corpus of syntactic dependency of Persian language”, while showing how this universal order of merge works; we will examine a part of the corpus with the label “passive sentences”. Also, by using Bowers’ latest theoretical framework, which is also effective in Persian, we analyze the active constructions that are present in the corpus as a passive sentence. Determining the syntactic position of noun phrases according to their distinct semantic roles, the position of by-phrase in passive sentences, examining the floating quantifier category and differentiating in the way of merging of predicate sentences and passive sentences in Persian are the results of this research in the framework of the minimalist program.

The theoretical bases of contemporary narratology are arguably rooted in Russian formalism and in Ferdinand de Saussure’s structural linguistics. Narratology, accordingly, emerged as an independent field of study in the second half of the 20th century, and narratologists such as Gérard Genette articulated the theoretical foundations of narratology. They propounded five key categories used particularly in the analysis of novel: order, continuity, frequency, mood, and voice. Voice, in the analysis of novel, is coterminous with narration which contains two important aspects: “time” and “place”. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines different aspects of voice in Memoirs of an Iraqi Dog based on Genette’s ideas. The study finds that the form of voice used in novel is an internal one at the level of place and futuristic at temporal level.

Postcolonial critique is one of the important approaches in the field of cultural and literary studies. Spivak, the founder of the post-colonial inferiority theory, by studying the methods of neo-colonialism and internal exploitation and its impact on the societies of the third world, introduced its methods and consequences. Spivak believes that preserving and spreading hidden and open ethnic and gender traditions and prejudices in the long-standing system of patriarchy is one of the most important and common methods of domestic rulers in order to keep oppressed societies backward. Spivak is one of the few thinkers who emphasizes the importance of the presence of intellectuals in the lives of the poor. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, the story of Urs al-Zein, written by Tayyab Saleh, a native writer of Sudan, is examined as a post-colonial text, based on some of Spivak's ideas about inferiorities. Saleh has created and narrated the story in question on the threshold of the first years of independence and relative prosperity of the country of Sudan. For this reason, in this article, an attempt is made to prove that Saleh, in addition to reflecting the needs and problems of the rural society, is positively influenced by this historical and political situation, and describes the process of the gradual growth of the individual and social identity of the indigenous and intellectual characters of the story, and Saleh tries to depict the effective role of their voice and agency in the awakening and formation of liberation movements among the special group of Farudostan. According to Spivak's theories that the formation of a collective thinking that has the ability to transform the views of the subjugated and lead to the establishment of a moral relationship in oppressed societies is a difficult matter and requires a lot of time, Saleh ends the story with a vision, optimistic and reflective and by presenting a symbolic allegory, it makes possible the establishment of this moral relationship in the hypothetical community of his village.

Voice onset time (VOT) is the time between release of a stop consonant and pulses in larynx while making a following vowel or sonorant. In this research VOT is one of the most important acoustic distinctive features in recognition of voicing of Persian plosives, produced by repaired cleft lip and palate (RCLP) children in the onset of words. So, two groups of six participants with average age of 11, a group of two RCLP boys and four RCLP girls and a group of clients (two boys and four girls), were asked to repeat CVC framed words after the researchers, each word was consisted of one of the plosives in the onset and offset of the pattern and one of the Persian vowels in the center. The words were recorded using a Shure microphone and then they were analyzed using PRAAT software. The VOT of plosives was measured and compared between two groups of participants. The results indicate that DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVES affect mean VOT of them. The mean VOT of plosives in clients was less than RCLPs and boys produced plosives with shorter mean VOT comparing to girls. The mean VOT of voiceless plosives was more than that of voiced ones. Moreover, moving from bilabial to velar plosives the mean VOT increased.

Speech is the process of making phonemes which transfers the meaning to the listener. It is also a useful tool for human beings to communicate with each other. The act of speaking needs adaptation between articulators. Speech disorder is a word used to mention a condition which affects the production of sounds. The size of vocal tract can also affect the quality of sounds. Cleft lip and palate, a kind of innate disorder in vocal tract, causes changes in the process of speech production. There are two types of cleft palate, cleft of the primary palate, alveolus and upper lip, and cleft of secondary palate, hard palate and uvula. Cleft lip is also divided into two types, unilateral cleft lip and bilateral cleft lip. A person may suffer from one of the mentioned disorders, in other conditions people may suffer from some or all of them (kummer, 2014, p. 26, 40, 43; Saudler, 2004, pp. 390-394). Type and the amount of severity of the mentioned disorders may cause difference in the speech of people who suffer from them (Rezaei et al. 2014). Research questions: The present study aims to measure voice onset time (VOT) in speech of children with repaired cleft lip and palate and compare them with normal peers in order to check if there is a difference between these groups with DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVES as factors.

Recent studies showed that any disorder in speech causes disability in communication (Amiri shouki et al. 2015). Studying the speech of children with cleft lip and palate proves the mentioned point and showed that speech of these children is different from speech of normal clients(Moren et al., 2017) and children who have repaired cleft lip and palate has more phonetic problems comparing to normals (Deepthi & Pushpavathi, 2017). In another study by Casal et al (2002) it was proved that there was a significant difference between people with cleft lip and palate comparing to normal peers. Hypernasality is another disorder faced by children with cleft lip and palate (Derakhshandeh & Poorjavad, 2012). Voice onset time, length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing which is the most important acoustic distinctive feature in recognition of voicing of Persian plosives, will be affected by different factors, one of these factors is disability (Yanagida et al., 2014; Lane et al., 1994; khouw & Ciocca, 2007). In a researche done by Roohparvar et al. (2010) on hearing aideds and another research done by Bechet et al. (2008) on people with cleft lip and palate it was proved that plosives produced by participants with mentioned disabilities have longer mean VOT comparing to normals. Another factor which affects VOT is place of articulation of plosives, moving from lips to the back of vocal tract the mean VOT of plosives increases Fischer and M. Goberman, 2010; Klatt, 1975; Morris, Mc Crea, and Herring, 2007; Theodore et al., 2009; Oh, 2011; Thornburgh and Ryalls, 1998; Ferenc Bunta et al., 2016; Rezaei et al. 2013; Salehi et al. 2013). The other factor affecting VOT is vowel context, plosives that are produced before high vowels have longer mean VOT (Fischer & M. Goberman, 2010; Klatt, 1975; Morris et al., 2007; Oh, 2011; Sudarshan et al., 2014; Bijankhan & Nourbakhsh, 2009; Rezaei et al. 2013). Gender is another factor affecting VOT Which was proved by Thornburgh & Ryalls (1998); Whiteside et al.,)2004(; Roohparvar et al. (2010); Bigankhan & Nourbakhsh (2009); Whiteside & Marshal (2001); Morris et al. (2007). Next factor affecting VOT is Voicing of plosives (Whiteside & Marshal, 2001).

Two groups of 12 children (2 boys and 4 girls with repaired unilateral cleft lip and cleft of primary palate (RCLP) who took part in language therapy classes for 144 hours and 2 boys and 4 girls as normal peers with no mental or physical problems) with average age of 11 took part in this study as volunteers and could leave it when they wanted to. They were asked to repeat CVC framed words with one of the Persian plosives [p, b, t, d, k, g] in the onset and coda and a vowel [a, e, o, ɒ, i, u] in the center of each word, [pap]، [pep]، [pop]، [pɒp]، [pup], [pip] are examples of the mentioned words. The total number of words was 432 and they were all recorded in an acoustic room using a shure microphone. Then PRAAT software was used to analyze the sounds and the boundaries between vowels and consonants and text greed were made for each word. After that PRAAT script was used to measure VOT of plosives. Repeated measure ANOVA test in SPSS software was used to compare mean VOT of plosives in both groups of participants according to mentioned factors, DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVEs.

The results revealed that DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVES affect mean VOT of them. Results of Post Hoc Bonferroni test showed that mean VOT of plosives in normal children was 19.319 ms less that mean VOT of them while they were produced by RCLPs. Moreover, girls produce plosives with longer mean VOT comparing to boys, the mean difference between them is 16,500 ms. This test also showed that the mean VOT of voiceless plosives is 47.361 ms less than mean VOT of voiced ones. By moving from lips to the back of vocal tract the mean VOT of plosives increase. The difference between mean VOT of bilabial plosives with alveolar and velar ones are 15.448 ms and 25.063 ms respectively and the difference between mean VOT of alveolar and palatals is 9.615ms. It is also important to mention that there is interaction between GENDER and VOICE. The results of Post Hoc Bonferroni test show that Boys produce voice less plosives with longer mean VOT comparing to girls, the mean difference between these genders is 29.582 ms. But, the results are not the same about voice plosives. The mean VOT of plosives produced by boys is 3.472 ms more than the mean VOT of them while they are produced by girls.

Regarding the aim of the present study, the effect of cleft lip and palate on VOT of plosives, the results showed that VOT of plosives in RCLP children is different from that of normal. As it was proved, the mean VOT of normals is less than the mean VOT of RCLPs. The results also showed that boy produce plosives with shorter mean VOT comparing to girls and voiceless plosives were produced with longer mean VOT comparing to voiced ones. Moving from lips to back of the tongue, mean VOT of plosives with different places of articulation increases. The mentioned results can be useful for language therapists who work with RCLP children as this research is the first study on Persian plosives with DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVES as factors. So, language therapists can use them in different stages of their teaching methods in order to help people with cleft lip and palate while comparing patients’ type of disability, their gender and their age.

Dubbing is the dominant medium of broadcasting foreign audiovisual products in Iran. In addition, various Iranian streaming services and film-sharing websites use dubbed AV products to increase their audience and client base. Considering the vast audience of dubbed products in Iran, the necessity to conduct Persian-language and local culture-based research on dubbing is imperative. Therefore, the present exploratory study aimed to investigate the considerations in selecting the voice and voice actors in the Persian dubbing of foreign films and series. Accordingly, the views of seven professional dubbing directors and voice actors were collected through several sessions of in-depth interviews. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory procedures. In the end, the obtained data were divided into four main categories of selection according to the character’s specifications and characterization, the actor’s physical features, the role, and the dubbing director’s experiential considerations. Furthermore, the practical strategies of dubbing directors in dealing with the issue of accents were explored. The first solution was neutralizing the accent, but in case the accent played an important role in the characterization or plot development, manipulating the grammar, shift in word choice, subtitling, and using pseudo-language were the compensating strategies to represent the accent verbally.

Cleft lip and palate is an innate malformation in a person’s palate and upper lip which causes disorder in vocal tract. The present article aims to study vowel space in children with repaired cleft lip and palate and compare it to their normal peers with disability and voice as factors. So, Persian vowels were studied in CVC framed words. These words were produced by 12 participants, 6 children with repaired cleft lip and palate and 6 normal children, and were recorded using PRAAT software. Then, first and second formants were measured and after that the data was analyzed statistically. The results revealed that the effect of disability on first formant of vowels [æ, e, u], and second formant of vowels [æ, ɒ, o, u] is significantly different. The results also showed that the effect of voice on first formant of vowels [æ, e] is significantly different. Moreover, it was proved that the vowel space in children with cleft lip and palate is in lower place and near to the lips comparing to the vowel space in children with normal vocal tracts and vowel space in voiced context is different from voiceless context.

Concerning the time component in the review of the story indicated that the quality of the events narrated in the text is slightly different from the fictional level and the text except in three phenomena have no other time disparity and it is in chronological order. This time disparity is toward immediate past and in some cases is toward distant past and scope of the disparity is also subject to the short period of time. Time allocated in the narrative text comparing to time spent for the events in the story is shorter and the text has a positive acceleration. The Frequencies are singular, repeated and echoed. The narrator enjoys the communicative, approval and ideological roles.. Considering the voice component, the author applied the first person, implicit I, objective I, I champion and also second-person in the narration within the story and in telling the story he has used the omniscient dramatic narration.

The story of "a person who, in the time of the David (AS), always prayed: O'God! Give me legit aliment without endeavor", is a symbolic story at the end of which Mowlavi reveals the mysteries and expresses the epilogue as an author-centered narrator. In this case, there is no argument, but the quality of the dialogue and the internal and external layers of the story suggest that there is another purpose behind this symbolic story. The main question is that: If Rumi's goal in this story was to achieve a definite moral outcome (killing the soul), then why have the continuous dialogues about "Jahd" and "Tawakkul" been expressed? The possible answer may be that this seemingly unified story has two parts. In the first section, the issues of "Jahd" and "Tawakkul" are presented without reaching a definite conclusion that suggests that the two concepts co-exist in the context of the story. The second section argues about the subject of the soul and struggling with it to reach to the moral teaching that “the cow of the soul (nafs) must be killed”.

In more than two decades, the conclusion that any verb phrase is made up of two projections, vP or voiceP and VP, has become standard among Chomskyan linguists. Recent studies, using split-vP hypothesis, however, suggest that VP can be decomposed into three layers: vP, voiceP and VP. In this hypothesis, voice is different from v: v represents the type of event, such as the causative event. On the other hand, voice introduces the external argument. VP is a projection in which the head is an acategorial root which can be categorized via its movement to v. Interaction of the causative morpheme and light verbs, in addition to introducing the external argument in complex predicates, in Persian, are some examples that challenge the bipartite verb phrase. This research aims to show, by studying causative constructions, that Persian verb phrases are tripartite, in which voice and v are different and independent.

Rhetoric is one of the most important literary sciences whose rules and principles are used to explain the eloquence and rhetoric of the word. Semantics is one of the main disciplines of rhetoric that measures the word in terms of its secondary meanings and its compatibility with the condition and position. The first rhetorical books were written in Arabic and the Persian rhetoricians have always benefited from them. Their adherence to the rules and definitions of Arabic rhetoric and their neglect of the differences and features of speech in Persian language have resulted in mistakes in rhetorical sources, to the extent that some of the terms and rules have been presented in these books are not used in Persian and most of the examples are in Arabic. One of the topics discussed in semantics, under the title of "Insha-ye-Talabi" (it is when the speaker wants something from the audience), is about voice. The definition and also the position of voice in Arabic Language are different from what in Persian, while the related discussions have been entered in Persian rhetoric regardless to the differences. The explanation of these differences between Persian and Arabic rhetoric in discussions about voice makes the review of Persian rhetorical sources and the division of speech in semantics necessary. It has been tried, in present paper, to present an analytic criticism of the position of voice due to its syntactic and semantic features in Persian rhetoric. The results can be used in adjustment of Persian semantics and criticism of speech division discussions.

In this study, all the verbs used in Qabusnameh are investigated with regard to their structure and grammatical categories such as tense, voice, mood, and aspect. Qabusnameh is one of the important literary works in the fifth century A.H. (11th century A.D.). As the text belongs to nearly one thousand years ago, this research also sheds light on the properties of the verb which have changed, or disappeared over time.