جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « word formation » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

One of the word formation processes in Persian language is the compounding process, which speakers use in a productive way to create words with new meanings. This process contains at least two components, both of which are involved in the construction of meaning. The aim of this article is to analyze the polysemy of compound words ended to “negar” stem in Persian with a cognitive approach. This analysis is done in the framework of Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), and the data of the research is extracted from the Zansu Persian dictionary (Keshani, 1993), the dictionary of Farhangistan authorized vocabularies, and Bijankhan's corpus. According to Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), language words are linguistic constructions and these linguistic constructions are the unit of construction morphology analysis. In Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), construction schemas are patterns that clarify the form and meaning of a construction and determine how other constructions are derived from this pattern. In order to investigate the polysemy of compound words ended to the "negar" stem, first the construction schemas and sub-schemas related to these words are identified, and then their polysemy network in drawn. The results of the research show that at the lowest level of the schema network of the compound words ended to "negar" stem, there are eleven different sub-schemas, seven of which have a nominal base, and four have an adjectival base. Also, the frequency of the sub-schema with an adjective base is much lower than the frequency of the sub-scheme with a nominal base. According to the study of the body of research, the combination of a noun with the "negar" stem creates different meanings such as "writing", "describing", "studying", "depicting", and "measuring" and the meanings of "writing" and "depicting" is realized with both human and non-human agents. The combination of an adjective with the "negar" stem also creates the "depicting" meaning which is realized with two human and non-human agents. Finally, four subschemas with the meaning of "depicting with a special instrument", "depicting a person with special characteristics", "depicting with a special manner", and "depicting from a special location" are results of the hierarchical classification of the subschemas of compound words with an adjective base that ends to “negar” stem. The polysemy of compound words ended to the “negar” stem can be explained at the level of these construction schemas which are more or less abstract.

In present article, different types of semantic relationships between the components of endocentric compound words in Gahvarehei Kurdish are investigated. The corpus of the research data includes endocentric compounds that have been obtained from the everyday speech of native speakers of Gahvarehei Kurdish, which is one of the dialects of the southern Kurdish branch and is common in Gahvareh section in Dalahoo County, Kermanshah province, Iran. The results of the research show that endocentric compound words in Gahvarehei Kurdish in terms of structure include: noun-noun head-initial, noun-noun head-final, noun-adjective, adjective-noun and preposition-noun. Various semantic relationships between the components of these structures can be found, such as origin, material, gender, content, possession, use, type, dependence, similarity, instrument, kinship, manner, time, amalgamation, taste, physical condition, age, function, production tools and place. The research findings, which include a list of semantic relationships between the components of endocentric compound words in Southern Kurdish, can be a complement for other lists provided by researchers in other Iranian languages ​​as well as other languages ​​in the world and lead us to a comprehensive classification of different types of semantic relationships in compound words.

Language, as the most important social institution, is a very complex and extensive system that follows certain designs and patterns in order to be able to create communication by combining phonemes and creating larger language units in the axis of chain or association. It makes it possible among the speakers. One of the most important patterns governing the combination of phonemes is the presence of mediating phonemes when combining morphemes with each other. Considering the fact that when morphemes are combined, certain intermediate phonemes appear in different positions, the question is raised, what is the reason for the presence of intermediates in this position? And why are different consonant phonemes used as mediators in different places? And what is the origin of the diversity of mediating phonemes? The present essay seeks to investigate this category in a descriptive and analytical method with a linguistic and historical approach. The obtained results show that there are ten intermediate phonemes in the Persian language, some of which are considered dead and uncommon, some of them were common during the growth and development of the Persian language, and some of them are rooted in colloquial language: the reason for the presence of mediators should be found in the rule of vowel conjugation and the diversity of the use of mediator consonants in the process of lateral erosion in the past, and the need to revive the deleted phoneme due to vowel conjugation.

"Generativity" was initially introduced by Denis (1838), who associated it with the concept of "being alive." Subsequent scholars such as Jespersen (1942), Darmesteter, Grimm, and others also linked Generativity to this notion. Drawing on the principles of Generativity, vocabulary production, and development occur within specific structures and stages. Generativity is depicted as a process characterized by gradability and gradual evolution, which at times introduces specific constraints that impede the creation of new vocabulary. This study delves into the word formation processes involved in shaping Quranic vocabulary and terminology, examining them through the lens of linguistic principles and generative theories. The generativity approach to various levels of word formation processes encompasses rules, constraints, and obstacles. Among the constraints that influence language in generating or updating vocabulary, factors such as "semantic, phonetic, morphological, syntactic, aesthetic, historical reasons, and extralinguistic factors" play a significant role. Semantic constraints, for instance, may restrict word usage due to negative semantic associations, the presence of loanwords can hinder the formation of new words with similar meanings, and semantic expansion in terms of conceptual meanings is also explored. Phonetic limitations and their processes are prevalent in the domains of recitation, vocalization, and eloquence within the language of the Quran. By observing these phonetic processes based on relationships and characteristics of uniformity, aesthetic sensations are evoked, creating a distinct conceptual framework in speech. Morphological constraints play a significant role in word formation, particularly in affix addition, manifesting in three primary ways: the base's affiliation with a specific morphological class, the dependency of affix addition on prior affixation of the base, and the suitability of the base morphology for affix addition. Morphological restrictions dictate that derivational affixes are exclusively applied to specific bases. Historical factors contribute to lexical changes, with shifts in social and cultural contexts influencing vocabulary evolution and imposing constraints. Extensive borrowing from other languages is a key obstacle to word formation in all languages. These constraints sometimes result in differences between specific concepts and terminologies in the Quranic language compared to those prevalent among the Arabic speakers of that era, prompting linguists to investigate the origins and developments underlying these words.

 The learning of German language vocabulary can be investigated from two points of view: "meaning and morphological structure". There are different ways to expand the vocabulary, most of the new words are created by word building method. Since the German language is rich in derivational and compound words, One of the suggested strategies for better learning German vocabulary is teaching vocabulary based on the word-formation knowledge. The two main forms of word formation in the German language are "compounds and derivatives" which make up a wide range of German words, Therefore, the importance of learning German vocabulary based on identifying the root of the word and using morphology becomes more visible. The research problem is that  whether there is a relationship between the teachings of morphology and etymology in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary for the learner of this language? This research aims to measure the effect of using morphological and etymological teachings in increasing the learning of potential German vocabulary. The hypotheses  of  this  research  are  that  etymological  and  morphological  teachings  help  the learner  to  analyze  and  understand  the  meaning  of  new  words  and  also  help  the  learner  to effectively store  and expand new German words in memory.  

Background of the Study: 

There are various theories in vocabulary acquisition according to experts such as Rainer Bohn, Bernd-Dietrich Müller  and others, which  Wolfgang Hallet and Frank G. Königs collected in their vocabulary acquisition chapter, including learning words in the text, classifying words in different situations,  and synonymous and opposite categories, etc, but what this research deals with is the potential vocabulary and the  importance of teaching the rules of word formation in vocabulary lessons. According to Rainer Bohn, it is one of the vocabulary acquisition strategies.  because if the learner is familiar with the rules of word formation, It will also have the ability to infer the meaning of many unknown words. And this  means  that  when  faced  with  many  new  words,  he  tries  to  guess  the  meaning  of those words and less needs to refer to the dictionary.                                                     

Methodologie:  

For this purpose, an experimental method was used, And it is analytical-field type, during which two identical groups of German translation students were tested.To compare the two groups, their class scores were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test. The result of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is no significant difference between the scores of the two groups at the five percent level, which means that the two groups were equal and at the same level before the test. Then the vocabulary test was held for two groups. Data analysis in this method  is for applying the right statistical or logical technique so that the raw data makes sense.                                              

Vocabulary test results of both groups showed that the vocabulary of the students who learned vocabulary By identifying the root of the word, morphology and word formation rules was wider than the control group.Thus the test results based on statistical analysis and the T-test were checked. In the T-test, the comparison of the average scores of the two groups is significant at the significant level of one percent, and this itself shows a significant difference between the results of the two groups. The result of the statistical analysis on the experiments as well as the hypotheses of the research evaluates the answers to the research questions positively. Therefore, the results of the research show the positive effect of vocabulary analysis in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary.

Having been endowed with forms and meanings different from other words in a language as well as other special structural features such as reduplicative structure, onomatopoeic words are regarded as linguistic universals, widely involved in the formation and derivation of new onomatopoeic words. Examining the structure of onomatopoeic words and mulling over their semantic properties in Russian and Persian languages, this study found that the general process of onomatopoeic words’ derivation is different in the two languages. Moreover, this study indicated that typological differences between Russian, as an inflectional and agglutinative language, and Persian, as an analytical and agglutinative language, play pivotal roles in the construction of different patterns as well as different word-formation processes, governing the formation of onomatopoeic words. Moreover, the study of semantic aspects of word-formation processes illustrated that this class of words have a category-building role in Russian. This is while in Persian onomatopoeic words, in addition to the primary onomatopoeic and categorical meanings, another semantic layer including certain aspects such as plurality, diversity, hypocorism, and continuance is added to the derived onomatopoeic words.

The present study examines the word-formation processes in 121 Persian-speaking children between 2-6 years of age from Tehran. The research data were collected through observation, interview with children and their parents, and questionnaire, and were then classified and analyzed based on the framework presented in Booij (2007). The results indicated that among the word-formation processes, derivation has the most frequent usage, and reduplication has the least one. Among the word-creation processes, shortening has been used more than blending. Moreover, among all the processes observed, coinage with 26% is the most frequent. According to the other findings of the research, it seems that the type of words made is directly related to the age of the child. Coinage has the most frequent usage among two-year-old children and with the increase of their age, processes like coinage and shortening are replaced with morphological processes, so that at the ages of 4 to 6 years old, the frequency of compounding and derivation increases in formation of the new words. One of the most important reasons for this can be the children’s cognition and awareness of morphological processes, which improves with the increase of their age.

Morphology is a strong tool for creation of verbal satire. using word formation processes increases the artistic attraction of satire. This study is going to investigation of word formation and word creation peocesses used in the artificial languge of comic series of " Shabhaye Barareh "(the nights of barareh), which is one of the most signifacant Tv serise in two decades. The main factor of comedy and laugher in this serial is verbal satire in which word formation plays an imoportant role. To do this resarech, 355 words have been found out of 90 parts of this srial and have been classified according to the framework of Booij (2007). The results showed that word formation in this program follow the uiversal rules. Coinage (20.28%) was the most frequent, and acronym and back formation (0.2%) were the least frequent processes used in this Tv series. The percentage of the usage of non-morphological methods (60.83%) was more than word formation and word creation.

Word formation processes mean word formation methods in a language. Some researchers consider blending, acronyms and clipping as creative processes of word-making. While the meaning of creativity in this research is to make a creative link between two concepts to form a new words and as a result, the meaning of the word not transparency according to its morphemes. This review, based on the entries of a dictionary chief editor by Hasan Anvari shows that creative word- formation is used extensively in Persian language with different constructions such as derivation, Compounding and metaphorical expansion. Also the derivation in Persian is not completely matched with the definitions found in morphological theories whereas mostly based on the English language data. On the other hand, the number of derivational fixes that have the ability to create creative words, such as “ak” in Golle + ak (summit+suffix=piggy bank), or “i” in kashk+i (curd+ suffix= absurd).is different compared to some other languages. Also there are many different constructions of creative compounds in Persian language. Metaphorical extension in connection with what is referred to as semantic expansion in semantics is another type of word formation that is not limited to the use of words from one field in another field, for example, the use of words from the field of horse-riding to the field of driving and has a wider range in the Persian language. Therefore, creative word-making in various forms, figurative-derivative such as rood + e (river+suffix) means intestine, metonymy-derivative such as rooz+e (day+suffix=fasting), also combinations are divided into five categories, such as simile like sang+del (stone + heart= hard-hearted), metaphorical like āb+zir+kāh (water+under+straw=cunning), metonymical like namak+nashnās (salt+ignorant=ungrateful) and ironic like kāhane-kharāb (house+ destroyed= poor) and creative adjective like nāzok-del (thin+heart=touchy). Metaphorical extension like ānten (informer) is also used. With the variety of creative word-formation in Persian language, it deserves more attention in creating new words and considering the lack of simple verbs in Persian language, it has productivity to a large extent.

compounding is one of the major processes of word formation in the world language. Formal and semantic examination of compound words has always been one of the main concerns of reaserchers of morphology. The present article aims to find and analyze exocentric compounds in the Laki language based on Bauer (2017).

The research data include endocentric compounds collected from two sources: first, the daily speech of Laki speakers by the researcher and second, the two-volume book of ‘Laki Dictionary’ (Kiyani Kolivand, 2011). The data, then, are analyzed based on Baur’s (2017) classification.

The findings of the research show that all types of exocentric compounds in Baur’s (2017) classification, including bahuvrihi, synthetic, coordinative, exocentricity by language change or social change, and metaphorical are found in Laki language, but the structural diversity of bahuvrihi and synthetic exocentric compounds is more than the other three types.

One of the important features of excentric compounds in Laki language is the high frequency of the names of human and animal body parts in them. In other words, embodiment and bodily organs and activities play a significant role in making exocentric compounds in Laki language.

The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak has led to the eye-catching emergence of new words and metaphors in the world. The important properties of languages are productivity and creativity as language users need new words to describe new concepts and situations. Sometimes, due to cultural and social changes, languages should be compatible with new circumstances in order to guide behaviors and construct cultures. The Persian language can also be changed through the emergence of new words and equivalents in such linguistic and extra-linguistic evolution. The emergence of new words and metaphors may shape various behaviors, thus influencing cultural, social, and political aspects. Language, the powerful cultural and social means, should be taken into consideration as its appropriate use may contribute to further the aims of communities. The present research explored various aspects of the selected words related to the COVID-19 outbreak. The results revealed that such words are mostly compound-derivative ones and the result of borrowing, loan blending, and calque.

Škand Gumānīg Wizār is a Pahlavi polemical text of the ninth century CE, when that language had lost its former political support, while its daily usage among people was declining, and Arabic and Persian were gradually replacing it in all respects. In such a time, the author of this work, while avoiding loan words to express complex concepts, began to write this polemical book, and of course, he was wonderfully successful in accomplishing this task. This raises the question as to whether the Pahlavi suffixes, used in this text, were of especial type quantitatively and qualitatively. Research on this text reveals the suffixes used by the author were far less than Persian suffixes, while all but one or two were used in Persian.

Compounding is one of the major processes of word formation in all languages of the world. Formal and semantic study of compound words has always been one of the main concerns of researchers and experts in the field of morphology. So far, different classifications have been presented for compound words, of which exocentric compound is one of the most important. In Laki, which is one of the languages belonging to the northwest branch of the Iranian languages, compounding is the most important word-formation process and majority of compounds of this language are exocentric. The aim of the present study is to investigate the synthetic, metaphorical and transpositional types of exocentric compound words in Laki based on Bauer (2017). The results of this study show that exocentric synthetic compound has seven different structures: [noun + verb]; [Adjective + verb]; [Adverb + verb]; [Preposition + verb]; [Preposition + noun + verb]; [Noun + preposition + verb]; [Noun + noun + verb]. These compounds are also semantically diverse and are used to express the noun of agent, instrument, place, time and similarity, and agent and patient adjectives. There are also instances of metaphorical and transitional and evolved compounds in Laki, but their diversity and frequency are by far less than those of synthetic compounds.

The present article aims to investigate the non-verbal endocentric compounds in Laki language. The research data include endocentric compounds collected from two sources: the daily speech of Laki speakers by the researcher and the two-volume book of ‘Laki Dictionary’ (Kiyani Kolivand, 2011). The results of the research show that the most frequent structures of non-verbal endocentric compounds in Laki include [noun + noun], [noun + adjective] and [adjective + noun]. In addition to these structures, there are three subsidiary low frequency structures in this language: [noun + preposition], [preposition + noun] and [number + noun]. The semantic analysis of the structures above shows that the diversity of relations between components of compounds results in various interpretations, among which the semantic diversity of [noun + noun] compounds is by far more than other endocentric compounds. The [noun + noun] endocentric compounds are classified into two categories, head-initial and head-final, in which numerous concepts are found: source, content, usage, similarity, material, place, dependency, amalgamation, time, specialty, type, nutrition, manner, and purpose. The [noun + adjective] endocentric compounds also have considerable semantic diversity and different meanings are found, including performance, an instrument of production, content, relation, features, and special relationship.

The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has been approved and suggested 524 words as equivalents for foreign terms in music field in 12 years (1999-2011). This study surveyed these productions to define the strategies used by The Academy, and discuss reasons. The Academy has generally used 10 strategies: 1.Claque 2.Finding an equivalent from Persian 3.Compounding 4.integration of synonyms (selecting one equivalence for two or more synonyms) 5.Hybridization 6.Derivation 7.Borrowing 8.Extension 9.Forming equivalence with Persian archaic words 10.Blending. Three main strategies of the Academy are: 1. Borrowing 2.Finding equivalents from Persian existent words 3.Foming new Persian words. The fundamental words of the field of Music have been borrowed and these words' compounds and derivatives have been hybridized. Also, a lot of equivalents have been formed by calquing, and there have been equivalents for a few of words in the realm of Iran's Traditional music. These have been The Academy's main approaches

In Persian, there are several processes for word formation. The construction of various words is based on accepted linguistic criteria and standards. Deviation from these standards breaks the norms of language. In Sabk-e-Hindi (Indian school of poetry), many new words were coined. One of the most important word-building processes in the school, which has also enriched the language, is derivation. In the Indian style, in addition to the fact that new derivative words were created according to the common rules of word formation, a kind of derivative words were created that deviated from the rules and system governing word construction. This type of word structure better illustrates the far-sightedness of the imagination and the will to the creation of new meaning. Talib Amoli, one of the most famous poets of Sabk-e-Hindi , has created a variety of new words. Among these, there are meta-normative derivative words in which, in  the process of combining morphemes with affixes,  transgression and deviation has occured. The present article examines and analyzes these types of words in Talib Amoli's poems. It is suggested that by using the flexibility of Persian language and innovation in the rule of derivation, Talib Amoli has promoted both the development of Persian language and the prominence of his words to show  that Persian language is not pooor in terms of morphology.

Rumi's neology ability is unparalleled, as some evidence of which is demonstrated in this paper.  In this study, we investigate Rumi’s coinage, focusing on compound words. Using an analytical-descriptive approach, we studied every verse in three books of Masnavi, identifying all original coinages and novel constructions. To make sure that the identified words were unprecedented and true coinages, they were searched in dictionaries and other databases. Rumi's word coinage has already attracted some scholars’ attention (see Zarrinkoob, 1383; Sotoudeh, 1376). Hassani Ranjbar and Al-Sadat (1395) examined Rumi’s use of creative lexical units. Similarly, Maryam Blori theorized lexical innovations in Rumi’s work. compounding is the main coinage strategy used by Rumi. Likewise, it is the most frequent word-formation process in Persian, as more than 70% of new words created by the Iranian Language Academy are created using compounding (Tabatabyi, 1386). Therefore, this area merits further research.  The two most common lexical compounds in Persian lexical bundles combining two nouns or a noun with an adjective. Some of Rumi's coined lexical compounds are as follows: "Chonibakhsh", "Omidlis", "Fanaja", "Stiz Fel", "Abandish", "Saqr Parvardgan", "Soleimanikon". Concerning the latter type, the compound noun-adjective construction is formed by combining a variable component (adjective) and a fixed component (noun). These combinations are very generative and diverse, in the sense that they can be drawn upon to create further similar lexical units. The structure of this type of compound is as follows: Variable word (adjective) + fixed word (Kish) =: Composite adjective :⇒ Andishekish (Rumi, 1373: Volume 4 / 765) Variable word (noun) + Fixed word (objective adjective) =Composite adjective:⇒ "Narzadeh"(Rumi, 1377: 603) Variable word (noun/ prefix/ adjective) + Fixed word (noun here Del+ Plural sign) =Plural adjective⇒ Sagdelan (Rumi, Volume 2, 405( The variable word (noun, adjective) + the fixed word (the root of the verb plus the infinitive) = infinitive⇒ Eshghparvari. (Rumi, 1998: 730) Variable word (noun) + Fixed word (noun) =Composite adjective⇒ Sabrkho (Rumi, 1373: Volume 3/1850) Variable word (noun) + Fixed word (Angiz/ adjectives) = Composite adjective⇒ Zafarangiz (Rumi, 1373: Volume 1/3989) Variable word (noun) + Fixed word (Afkan The immutable component of the verb) = Composite adjective⇒ Kesadafkan (same, Volume4 / 1095) Variable word (adjective / noun) +Fixed word )Row + component of the verb)= Compound adjective ⇒ Eshghamizrow ((same, Volume1 / 768) Descriptive and additional combinations are another important compounding element in Rumi's works. Here are some of the rare compositions of Masnavi: "Hayatistan Bichun", "Chunibakhsh", "Shir-e-Saidavardehi" and "Hasti Bal-Ashkan", "Balayayat" (Balayat To), "Dig-e Dolatba", .. The important conclusion to draw from the findings is Persian has rich potential for generating new lexical units utilizing its already existing repertoire of words. Given Rumi's orientation towards Sufism and his need to express mystical concepts, he took proper advantage of this potential of Persian.  Some unique contributions of this study are as follows. The derived lexical coinages are discussed here for the first time. Secondary, in terms of rhetoric, Rumi's coining strategies are diverse. He may create a noun or a gerund from a preposition or use an adjective in an object position. Occasionally, Rumi builds a new lexical compound by dropping a connective letter or creating a gerund or an adjective from certain nouns. Finally, he may at times use a locative suffix with a content word, clip a noun phrase or and create a gerund from an adjective.