جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "برنامه" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

Today, organizations can not survive without careful planning, evaluation and measurement of output. Planning in today's complex and turbulent environment requires being aware of opportunities and threats and anticipating how to deal with them. Furthermore, control is used as one of the most important methods to measure the realization of programs. In other words, control in fact; Monitoring, measuring and recording how activities are performed to control the program.In this mixed article, with the aim of designing a strategic model of program control in N.M., the data-based method and the opinions of experts and library studies have been used. In this regard, 133 indicators (codes) were counted, which were then distributed by a questionnaire among 43 experts and specialists and using statistical analysis, a strategic model of program control in the Armed Forces is presented. The resulting model includes the dimensions of control over development, control over implementation, control over achievements, and control over evaluation and feedback, each of which has its own components and indicators. This model, while adapting to the characteristics and needs of the Armed Forces, is consistent with the principles and principles governing these forces and provides the basis for vertical and horizontal coordination and integration between the dimensions and levels of program control.

Planning is an image of a desired future that like a bridge connects the present state of to an organization to its future. The order of appropriate strategic planning at the macro level of military and non-governmental (private) sectors are defined as the serious responsibility of the officials and strategic managers of organizations and its purpose is to fulfill the mission, to achieve vision and to crystalize organizational objectives. This research is an applied one and with the aim of analyzing and comparing the strategic planning process in military and private (non-governmental) organizations in a case-by-case method seeks to answer the following question: "What are the differences in the Islamic Republic of Iran between  a strategic planning process in military and private (non-governmental) organizations?"The method of collecting the required data is library, documentary and field one. In this respect, the relevant questionnaires have been designed and distributed among the statistical population of 62 experts who have a history of service in related jobs. Using descriptive and inferential statistics analysis methods and SPSS software, the research questions are summarized and evaluated. The results show that in military organizations, strategic planning based on measures and orders of the Supreme Leader and the Commander-in-Chief has a threat-oriented and mission-oriented approach whose ultimate vision and aim is to maintain the sacred system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, regarding private (non-governmental) organizations, this is based on the vision, objectives and benefits of the organization with competing, profit-oriented and product-oriented approaches, and entering the planning stage is done regardless of the planning stage.

Water resources have a key role in land planning and are a major base for economical development of any country. Water productivity (WP) index is indicator of produced crop (Kg) or crop revenue per unit (m3) of irrigation water consumed. Indeed WP could be indicator of the role of each unit of water consumed in country’s GDP or GNP. Economists believe that the only solution to the problem of food production from limited water resources and reduction of excessive import of agricultural commodities is the improvement of physical and finally economical WP. From legal aspects, improvement of WP in agricultural sector of Iran has emphasized in the article no of 25 of the general act of enhancement of productivity in agricultural and natural resources sectors of Iran approved by the parliament in 2010. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to assess current situation of agricultural WP in Iran and evaluation of the policies and plans of country, especially in the last decade, in this regard. Moreover, the factors influencing the WP, the strengths, and the weak points of the plans and policies are determined and some suggestions and measures are provided. Based on results, the physical WP of the country in years 2000 (Baseline year), 2006, 2010 (control year), and 2025 (target year) was 0.70, 0.79, 0.95, and 1.70 respectively. Also the water application efficiency for the aforementioned years was 34, 37, 40, and 60 percent respectively. Improvement of WP is an unavoidable fact of the country, and by the year 2025 its value should be almost doubled from the present value (0.9-1.0 Kg/m3). This challenge requires development of new laws, rules, and institutions and update of current policies on country’s water management, together with stakeholder participation, technical, infrastructural and software actions, enhancement of technical knowledge and applied research. Implementation of the article no of 25 of the general act of enhancement of productivity in agricultural and natural resources sectors of Iran could be the first and the main step toward this target.

Economic planning can be defined as an organized, conscious, and continuous attempt to select the main economic variables (such as GDP, consumption, investment, saving, and etc) to achieve specific goals. Planning is a system that plans, performs, and controls development plans and it is produced by vertical cooperation (different generations of a society) and horizontal cooperation (different elements of a social system). Planning has two aspects: political and professional that neither it can be only produced on the basis of targeting by policymakers, nor can it be only created on the basis of rationality by different experts or specialists of all fields of planning. Authority, scientific consciousness,and convincing power are three main conditions of planners to harmonize social mobilization and national measurements and all of them depend on political high ranking official's consideration on proficiency and planning as far as possible.The ratification of plans is a part of executive and legislative powers tasks. First, how to settle the dispute that depends on law transparency of each of their duties and second, mutual understanding of expected performances of plans. Therefore, planning will be possible only by a bilaterally active participation process of policymakers and experts and consequently, they will reach a consensus. Continuous assessment of plans as well as establishing transparent and logical relations between experts (especially planners) and policymakers (particularly influentialofficials) are necessities of the codification of development plans. Of course, vital condition of continuous harmony between two groups shows that there are high professional and logical flexibility between them.

During the 20th century، the idea of planning within the organizations was developed، however، strategic planning has been considered only from 3 decades ago. While the military organizations are facing dynamic، changing and turbulent environments and the effect of strategic planning on these organizations are remarkable، strategic planning was even less considered within the military organizations. The paper aims to consider theories of strategic planning and its definition as well as its role and function within the organizations. Finally the paper introduces a model for strategic planning along with concrete steps for that strategic planning، and then considers possible obstacles and relevant mechanisms to overcome them within military organizations.