جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تنش » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Environment is one of the main pillars of sustainable development. In this regard, efforts are being made to adjust the development process in such a way that the natural system does not lose its dynamism and balance while maximizing economic activities. The facts around us show that the planet is undergoing an environmental crisis. Depletion of forests, air and water pollution, global warming and climate change, rising seas, accumulation of urban and industrial waste and depletion of resources, destruction of pastures, reduction of biodiversity, destruction of the ozone layer, are all examples of environmental crises. One of the most important environmental crises in arid and semi-arid areas is the devastating phenomenon of desertification and wind erosion, which the occurrence of dust storms and the motion of the fine dusts are the consequences of it. In recent years, dust storms in the Middle East, especially from the origins of Saudi Arabia deserts and Iraq, have had a lot of harmful effects on Iran, whose scope has grown to major cities. The extent of the damage of this phenomenon was not limited to the threat of agricultural and industrial land, but rather to the disruption of citizens' normal lives. It has clearly become a serious environmental threat with economic, political and security implications, and has led to the reaction of public opinion. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of environmental factors and especially the fine dusts as a geopolitical phenomenon on national security and tension between countries. Therefore, it has been attempted to show that, given the origin of the fine dusts, which are mostly from Iraq, and their harmful effects and consequences for most of the regions of the southwestern part of Iran in recent years. This issue can in the future be a serious threat to national security, and will ultimately led to the hostility of relationship between Iran and Iraq. The present study focuses on the Hammer Dixon environmental approach to explain the potential causes of conflict between Iran and Iraq based on the issue of environmental pollution.

The 9/11 attacks US media propaganda to combat terrorism led many countries worldwide to ally with the US. In the meantime, even America's traditional rivals, Russia and China, came to terms with this. This approach, which extremist ideologies have influenced in areas such as the Chechen Autonomous Region in Russia and Xinjiang in China, has changed over time as the goals of American politicians behind their counter-terrorism policy became apparent. This behavior change was strongly influenced by the provocative and at times controversial actions of the US towards China and Russia, to the extent that even in the last days of 2014, and due to the tense activities of the US in regards to the expansion of NATO to Eastern European countries and toward the borders of Russia, led the country to define NATO as a military threat and even its number one enemy, in its new security doctrine. On the other hand, the adoption of provocative US policies toward China, especially in the last two decades, such as keeping tensions between South Korea, Japan and North Korea high in order to pressure China, has also become centerpiece of the US foreign policy During the presidencies of George Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump, increasing pressure on China to limit its power has become more pronounced.

 The Main Question is: what impact has the military-industrial complex had on the US foreign policy toward Russia and China.

The  Hypothesis  posed  the question as mentioned earlier   is  that  the flow of the military-industrial complex, using the available capacities, as well as its effective pillars, headed by military contractors, by influencing the decisions of US officials, has led to the adoption of military arms sales policies under the pretext of limiting great powers such as China and Russia. Along with the increasing trend of military contractors' incomes, it has provided the cause of discord and tension in the regions of East Asia and Eastern Europe.

 Due to the fact that most researchers in the field of regional studies use the combined method in their research, this method will also be used in this research. In this method, both quantitative and qualitative methods are used. In the research process, the library method is used to collect data. In this method, two types of first-hand and second-hand sources are used; From first-hand sources, we can mention interviews, documents and news, and from second-hand sources, we can mention books, articles and strategic reports. In addition, due to the volume of research and related articles, Internet resources, including the sites of think tanks and research centers, have been used.

One of the main reasons for the US policies cited above during the last two decades is the fulfilment of the interests of the US military-industrial complex. A trend has led the country's officials to create discord and tension in many parts of the world, including East Asia and Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, the role of military contractors as one of the critical pillars of this process, which is known as to the link between other pillars of the military-industrial complex, is vital in adopting this policy. The arms industry, in the last two decades and due to the circumstances after September 11, has increased its influence, concluded heavy arms contracts and has made huge profits. At the same time, it has created military dependence in some countries in the East Asian and Eastern European regions, as well as increased tensions in these areas.

The Military contractors have constantly tried to persuade countries in the region to increase their “security” by threatening Russia and China. At the same time the escalation of tensions has benefited them and they have used widespread lobbying and even bribery to achieve the continuance of weapons purchases. Military arms companies such as Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman, which use their close ties to US officials and influential politicians to stabilize profitability and even increase it, often sacrifice US national security. For example, the above policy shave encouraged Russia and China, to develop advanced military weapons in order to counter American power. This has sometimes been achieved by stealing the intellectual property of advanced American weaponry and has provoked protests from US officials to the extent that it is mentioned in the 2017 US National Security Strategy as a threat to the country.

The 2016 U.S presidential election has been a contest between Hillary Clinton's liberal hegemony approach and opposition with it based on nationalist approach by Donald Trump. Donald Trump's foreign policy prioritized U.S interests.The purpose of this article is to answer this main question in a descriptive-analytical method that why Donald Trump's U.S priority approach based on the internal tendencies of Jackson's tradition was adopted by part of the American people؟ And this subsidiary question be proposed that, what has this approach affected on the tensions between Iran and the U.S? In response to the main question in this article, This hypothesis on the basis of nationalist approach has proposed that for decades citizens in conflict with their leaders, more have realistic than liberal foreign policy orientation, which have led them to demand self-centered foreign policy.They insisted on the president that to put U.S interests in the first priority. In response to the subsidiary question this hypothesis proposed, Trump on the basis of nationalist approach believed the joint comprehensive plan of action failed to serve US interests. With withdrawal of U.S from JCPOA tension between U.S and Iran returned to the former enemy. The result showed even after nuclear deal relations between Iran and U.S not changed so much .It seems in the Trump era, relations between Iran and the United States neither to be a direct confrontation nor a normalization of relations, but will be a continuation of past political tension, unless unpredictable evolution take place.

The paper has been written with the aim of describing some aspects of the tense atmosphere of discourse conflict between the two Persian speaking nations, i.e., Afghanistan and Iran; the conflict, which is the product of discourse control in this field. A survey of the situation of literary and cultural trends in Persian speaking countries, as well as its scattered users in other parts of the world, shows that there is always a dispute between Persian speaking people over the existing cultural commonalities. Furthermore, it has been revealed that with the growth of social networks the existing conflict has escalated to a critical stage. Therefore, it may be time to seriously ask the question: “What are the reasons for the failure of the Persian language and literature in fostering unity among the Persian speaking people?” By resorting to the two phrases of “conflict and control” - and while producing a number of evidence proving lack of unity among the writers, poets, and media people of Afghanistan and Iran - this paper proposes to throw light on the factors that have converted Persian language and literature from a “unifying” opportunity to a “stressful” issue among Persian speaking people? In the end, the authors provide certain suggestions that could help reconsider certain behaviors in this regard.

The geopolitical position of countries is constantly evolving under the influence of various factors such as war, revolution and change in the balance of power. Iran and Azerbaijan have been countries that their relations have changed greatly over the past three decades. They are located next to each other and have a special position. This special situation throughout history has caused rivalries and tensions in their relationships. But in addition, their ethnic, religious, historical and economic commonalities can be mentioned as a potential for cooperation. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to understand the geopolitical relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan with Iran in the fields of competition, tension and cooperation. Azerbaijan is located in a region that due to its geographical features and proximity to Iran has always been considered by world powers and its geopolitical study can be useful in making political, economic, cultural and military decisions of our country and useful to reduce possible future conflicts. Considering the geopolitics of the two countries, The results show that areas such as the Aras River, the transfer of Azerbaijani oil to world markets, the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis, Azerbaijan's relations with the United States and the Zionist regime, hostile and provocative actions against Iran's national security have led to tensions and rivalry between the two countries. In contrast to the geopolitical entanglement of the two countries, the appropriate capacity for geo-economic cooperation, the geopolitical bottleneck of Azerbaijan, geographical coherence and proximity, cultural, social and religious interactions have provided the basis for cooperation between the two countries. Finally, the model of geopolitical relations between the two countries and suggestions for the development of interactions between the two countries are presented.