جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جامعه بین الملل » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The Study of Conceptual and Theoretical Framework of Social Capital in International Relation Abstract Social capital is one of the new Found Concepts In Inter discipline studies the it has Consider also international relations studies under of "international social Capital that . Immaturity emerged and of the in the conceptual and resulting from the complexity and neglect in the conceptual and theoretical development has caused its that have a real station yet. for this reason the preliminary and passing Consider of some researcher with international social capital, with respect the background that has been domestic, the mentioned idea to be a strange debates in international relations and a rule that is inconsistent and lacks conceptual and theoretical aford ability it seems. The purpose of this article is promate clear up the conceptual and theoretical dibit of this component in theoretical studies of international relations. This research has been done by using the analytical- describptivea Method and also using library Resources, and this is the question this article: What is the theoretical and conceptual basis of international social capital in discourse of international relations? The results show that, social capital is a metaphorical gem which according to the ratio and scope of new concepts of international relations with consept abstract and metaphorical concepts international social capital is also developed and conceptually and theoretically be descripted explained by relying on the metaphorical structures of the origin field,there is a conceptual and theoretical. 

Intellectual property is one of the branches of international law that has quickly established its place in international law issues. But the way of looking at this issue is not the same among activists; Therefore, it is necessary to address it. Considering this issue, the aim of the upcoming article is to examine the international requirements of intellectual property in the international community and its function in the laws of Iran and the United States of America. The main question is set as follows: What are the international requirements of intellectual property in the international community and how can its function be evaluated in the laws of Iran and the United States of America? The approach to answering this question is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information and data is library, internet and documents. The findings of the research show that in the American intellectual property rights system, due to its nature and economic analysis, it is instrumentalist, and on the other hand, Iran's legal system, whether at the stage of granting the right or after, has a duty-oriented view in line with traditionalism.

In the common view, which is influenced by the theory of realism, international law is merely a modern tool in the service of the great powers to legitimize their access to their goals and is respected until being beneficial for the national interest. In fact, interfering politics and selfish interests are hidden behind the beautiful and deceptive mask of international law. On the other hand, the solidarism approach of English school, without denying the crucial role of state sovereignty, focuses on the formation of a global consensus on norms of international law and fading away the border between internal and international society and as one of the theoretical bases of good governance paradigm, encourages states to regard the standards of democratic governance by emphasizing on the norms of international human rights. The question of this article is: “Has English school approach towards international law been able to improve human rights and good governance standards?” The question is responded by the documentary method of collecting data through books, articles, websites and internet sources. we reached to this conclusion that even though the international legal system consists of horizontal rules and is based on the co-operation of the subjects, However, governments build the international community according to these common rules and norms, and by limiting themselves to complying with these rules, they consider violations of human rights standards and governance standards unauthorized and are not willing to abandon them easily in order to maintain their international credibility and legitimacy.

In the absence of a legitimate central authority or universal sovereignty, the international community of states has faced challenges in overcoming the benefits of the seas as a territory for the expansion of international trade, including the challenge of maritime crime, in order to overcome these challenges. Governments have adopted efforts, policies and mechanisms, In this regard, in this study with the aim of "explaining, explaining, analyzing the legislative criminal policy of piracy in domestic and international rules based on scientific findings, valid documents and new ideas in legislative policies" and in a descriptive-analytical method and using From various library sources and texts and documents and legal ideas, the following results have been obtained: The rules and regulations of the international community, despite the criminalization of piracy, have been ineffective not only in terms of regulation but also in terms of regime-building and implementation due to conflicts of interest and difficulties in defining piracy crimes.

The international arena has always been the site of competition for state actors. After World War II, the will of the international community to internationalize and legalize internationally formed bodies such as the United Nations was to peacefully resolve its crises and issues through collective action. To be solved by the international community. Due to the growing need for human rights, civil laws were developed in the field, one of which was the principle of responsibility for responding to human rights abuses in Rwanda, Kosovo and Bosnia. This principle was defined as a timely and decisive response to acts of violence by the Security Council on behalf of the international community. The question here is: Why does the Security Council doctrine of responsibility for support in Libya but not Syria? In response to this question, it is suggested that the consensus of the great powers in the application of the doctrine of responsibility for protection in Libya and the lack of consensus of the great powers in the absence of this principle in Syria overpower Has led to the law.

The UN Security Council, as the main body of the United Nations - which, in accordance with Article 24 of the UN Charter, is responsible for maintaining international peace and security as the United Nations' main objective under Section I of the Article 1 of the Charter - has delegate a wide range of decisions to specially created sanctions committees in the context of their own sanctions methods. These committees, made up of the same 15 main members of the council, often decide on a number of vital issues related to violation of international peace and security. In the history of the United Nations, the legitimacy of Security Council resolutions has been challenged on several occasions. These challenges have been largely raised by governments that have been affected by Security Council decisions. Given that governments are representatives for the enforcement of Security Council resolutions, how to monitor Security Council resolutions, especially under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, is the main question of the present study, and as a hypothesis it seems that according to Article 24 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Security Council has limitations on the exercise of its powers and duties, which are enforced by submitting an annual report to the UN General Assembly. The findings show that the Security Council's Sanctions Monitoring Committee always offers specific options for making a kind of valid and tacit commitment to the long-term interests of Security Council members.

Even if the theories of international relations (IR) do not explicitly address international law (IL), they are implicitly linked to it which is reflected in utilizing different approaches, language and terminology to international law including norms, institutions and regimes. Meanwhile, the International Society Approach (English school) has more capacities in connecting the two disciplines of IL and IR. Therefore, the main question of this study is: “What is the the most important reason behind the success of International Society Approach in the transplantation of IR with IL?” The hypothesis that the present essay seeks to test is that “The most important reason for the success of the International Society Approach in establishing compatibility between IL and IR is to adopt a middle position between realism with the emphasis on IR and idealism, as well as its focus on the concept of the International Society as an objective representation of applying normative issues of interest of IL in the area of IR”. This study utilizes descriptive-analytical methods, deductive methodology and interdisciplinary approach. The findings of this research confirm its hypothesis.

Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, and the World found a new approach. But over time, the emergence of new powers followed by weakness of old ones and reaching most countries to the maturity of the collective life, resolves the global need for a leadership and the international community which still retains its old structure, dropped in another type of silliness which necessarily do not resolved by discussion. It is necessary to avoid another disastrous war, contribute all the international powers to the bureau of the international community in the Security Council and gave all of them clear shared responsibility to run the game of the world. (Such shared responsibilities may be Spiritual indices come every state and over the number of votes and the votes of every state in the decision making processes).

Considering that structure shape behavior of social and political players including states, therefore, normative structures (such as culture, language, religion, discourse and etc which are both cognitive and value-based) are as very important as material ones. European Union, as one of most coherent unions of world both politically and economically, has taken great strides in order to reach cooperation and integration. Though the union has initiated new explanation and concept for cooperation and integration of states in the literature of International Relations, we need to study the position of the union as the important factor in international society with further reflection. Accordingly, this article is to study the role of European Union in shaping international norms.

States in international society, like people in domestic societies, have various social positions which render different levels of power, security and welfare. In this article, after the introduction of the concept of “international social capital”, different aspects of this capital i.e. trust, participation and social networks of the states in the international arena are discussed. Meanwhile, the necessity of paying attention to normative trust besides the strategic one, to real participation as opposed to the nominal one, and to the centrality of states in international social networks is emphasized.

Realism and English School from the main schools in international relation history and maintained their place in international relation study. in attendance to role of theories in understanding of international phenomenones, it is necessary to have a complete and precise view about them. So in this article first we have some explain about Realism and English School then four concept "Int. system", "balance of power", "Int. law", "Int. institutions", are choicen because of their significance in Int. relations study. Then the viewpoint and definition of both theory about concepts are analyzing and their accordance are evaluate. In the result of this comparison, compatibility of two schools is evaluated and analyzed. The out comes of this research shows that two schools have a similar point to four concepts. So against of current viewpoint about English School as a viamedia, this school both in goal and basis is more similar to Realism.

In the new round of Iran's nuclear talks with the P5 + 1 countries in the Rouhani's administration, Iranian diplomats took advantage of "media diplomacy" along with political diplomacy to continue nuclear talks and “the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Center for Public and Media Diplomacy " increasingly took advantage of the media as diplomatic channels to enhance the process of Iran's nuclear talks with the West. This effort has determined the international community's diplomatic approach to the Rouhani’s administration and the international community's view on the Iran's nuclear file. The subject of this study is to examine the role of media diplomacy in changing the international community's approach to the Islamic Republic of Iran at the time of nuclear talks in Rouhani's government. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The theoretical framework of this research is based on the theory of media convergence. In the model of media convergence in nuclear talks, the media and the Department of State's media diplomacy of the ministry of foreign affairs should be considered as two main axes, and this convergence ataffects the world public opinion, the public opinion of the P5 + 1 countries, the public opinion of Iran,theopponents and domestic critics of the talks in Iran, the members of the negotiating team of Iran, and the members of the negotiating team of 1 + 5. The method doingapplied in this research is a combination of (quantitative and qualitative analyses.First, by referring to direct (interviewing) and indirect (library) sources, with the discussion of media representation in the process of nuclear talks, the effects of media diplomacy on the outcome of the nuclear negotiations are measured operationally. Then, using quantitative analysis, the data obtained through SPSS is analyzed. The qualitative part of this research is also done utilizing grounded theory. In the model of media convergence in the nuclear negotiations, the relationship between the main actors of convergence with the audience (public opinion of the world, public opinion of the P5 + 1 countries, public opinion of Iran, opponents and domestic critics of the negotiations in Iran, members of the negotiating team of Iran, and members of the negotiating team of 5+1) is a two-way relationship. Indeed, if the main actors of convergence achieve their media diplomacy goals and advance nuclear negotiations, they will succeed in maintaining their two-way and interactive relationship with the audience so that they can change the public opinion about the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear issue and can find the strength and power to deal with the media diplomacy of the P5 + 1 countries, including the United States. CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS: Media diplomacy in the nuclear talks has changed the international atmosphere in favor of Iran in the negotiations. The world realized that it reached agreement with the Iranian people based on logic, respect, dialogue, mutual understanding and shared interests. Accordingly, negotiations were pursued vigorously and a comprehensive nuclear agreement between Iran and the P5 + 1 countries was reached. Proposals are being made to promote media policy and media diplomacy in dealing with the modern media environment and international developments; 1. Iran needs more investments in the development of media with a regional and transnational impact level and to do this, the position of international journalism in Iran should be upgraded. 2. Developing a strategy and media attachment for domestic media is necessary for the purposes of media diplomacy in the country. 3. The establishment of a Media Diplomacy Center or Strategic Communications Center can help identify outreach issues and determine the direction of domestic media in dealing with topics that are defined as national interests.

The relationship between social capital and internal security has been shown in different studies. But is there a relationship between social capital and international security? To find the answer we dealt with two paths. The first, borrowing the concept of International Society examines the existence of social capital in this “society”. The role of trust and norms in international society in increasing cooperation and decreasing military conflicts is a manifestation of the impact of social capital on international security. The second path studies the role of social capital in international security through an intermediate variable; economic development. What has been shown here is a direct (but not necessarily linear) relationship between social capital and economic development on one hand and between economic development and International security on the other.

The US invasion against Iraq in 2003 can be regarded as one of the turning points in the evolution of International Relations as a discipline. Following the end of the Cold War, it was expected that a new world order would be built on the basis of a more important role for international institutions and more emphasis on multilateralism. The United States, however, resorted to war almost unilaterally and without the authorization of relevant international bodies. Furthermore, it presented a new strategic doctrine, that is, the doctrine of preemptive (and even preventive) war. Many countries as well as social groups opposed the US invasion. The main objective of this article is to explain these oppositions on the basis of international meaning structure. It is argued that the US action was widely regarded as a violation of the fundamental rules of the international society. In the first part of the article a conceptual framework based on the insights of the English School and Constructivism is developed to emphasize the significance of ideational and normative aspects of international life. The second part examines the Westphalian society of states, its most important constitutive and regulatory rules, and the ways in which these have been modified in the course of time. Then the war against Iraq is explained as a violation of principles, rules, and norms of the society of states. And the concluding part explains how the oppositions against the US invasion were an expression of dissatisfaction with any attempt to change the fundamentals of the existing system.