جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ج. ا. ایران" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

And by studying the events and opportunities of recent interactions and political behavior between the Islamic Republic and the United States, this article tries to answer the question that the challenges and opportunities related to the economic and strategic embargo of Western countries, especially the United States. What challenges and opportunities did it have against the Islamic Republic of Iran? In order to answer this question, this hypothesis is proposed that in the level of challenges, the American economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran have led to restrictions on Iran's financial, banking, commercial and strategic activities, and in terms of opportunities, Iran has The initiatives resulting from the restrictions created by the sanctions, on the one hand, were able to identify and realize their strategic capacities in various economic sectors, and on the other hand, increase their flexibility against the initial level of sanctions. But it seems that in order to deal with the second level of sanctions in the long term, it is necessary to formulate a coherent and effective strategy for the sustainable growth and development of the country in the atmosphere of sanctions.

Alinqipour and Guderzi (1401) in an article entitled "The impact of American sanctions on the orientation of Iran's economic diplomacy towards the East during the presidency of Hassan Rouhani (case study of Russia)" have shown that policies based on sanctions and Western pressure has caused foreign policy c. A. From the beginning of the revolution, Iran should be designed based on looking to the East in different dimensions; The authors have come to the conclusion that during the era of Hassan Rouhani, the government's policy in dealing with sanctions in the economic dimension was based on Iran's dependence on economic imports from Russia. The Caspian Sea and Eurasia have been implemented against the policies of the West.Mohibi Hare Dasht and his colleagues (1400) in an article entitled "Countering financial and economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran with timely warning tools of banks' helplessness" addressed the issue of the impact of American sanctions on Iran's banking system. In response to this question, the authors asked how the position of the timely warning model of banks' helplessness can lead to the reduction of the effects of sanctions. have concluded that with the help of annual calculation of these indicators, the banking system can predict financial helplessness and bankruptcy before it occurs and take the necessary measures regarding the revision of the control of its collection and prevent the occurrence of bankruptcy.Alavi and Amiri (2015) in their article entitled "The role of the US Congress and the Treasury Department in applying economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran (2010-2014)" emphasized the role of the US Treasury Department in implementing the sanctions system of this country. The United States government, with the influx of primary and secondary sanctions, especially from 2010 to 2014 in the form of congressional laws and executive orders of the president with the executive arm of the Treasury Department and under it the "Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), with its full-scale economic war, It has put the country's economy under pressure.Bajgholi et al. (2024) in the book How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Effects of Economic War tried to analyze the effects of extensive and long-term Western sanctions led by the United States against Iran. This book is mentioned as the first extensive and systematic study about the effects of sanctions on Iranian society. The authors in this book have concluded that the sanctions of the United States of America against Iran have not been able to achieve their goals, because on the one hand, not only did it not change Iran's behavior, but it has made it more aggressive, and on the other hand, the maximum pressure sanctions of many It has plunged Iranians into poverty, both in rural and urban areas, and has exacerbated economic and class inequality.Ghasemi-nejad and Jahan-parvar (2021) in an article entitled "Effect of Financial Sanctions: A Case Study of Iran", financial sanctions have had a great impact on the decline and decline of Iran's economy. In this context, the authors believe that sanctions affect politically connected companies more than ordinary companies, have persistent negative effects on profitability ratios, and the stock prices of politically connected companies recover more slowly after sanctions are lifted. Firms targeted by financial sanctions reduce their leverage and increase their cash holdings to manage the perceived increase in their risk profile.Nefiu (2017) in his book titled "The Art of Sanctions: A View from the Field" divides sanctions into four major parts: diplomatic and political, military, technological and economic, and believes that the most widely used and effective type of sanctions is It is the "economic" type, which is divided into two categories: commercial and financial. In this book, the author examines the formation of sanctions considering the conditions and context of Iran; Also, in this book, the author tries to convey to the activists and those interested in the practical implementation of foreign policies the mental framework of when and how they should implement the sanctions.Opinions in the researches conducted in this field show that most of these works and researches have emphasized the negative side and challenges of economic sanctions on Iran's economy and society and have examined their results; On the other hand, some researches have focused on the positive side and the window of opportunity of economic sanctions in order to pay attention to the domestic and indigenous capacities and endogenous development of the country; For this purpose, according to the works compiled in this field, the present research tries to address both the challenges and opportunities of the economic sanctions of the United States of America, and this is the reason for the innovation and innovation of the present article.

The article used the descriptive-analytical method and collected its data in a library form.

American sanctions against Iran refer to the economic, commercial, scientific, human rights and military sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran imposed by the United States government, or under the pressure of the United States on the international community through the United Nations Security Council. American sanctions against Iran It is one of the oldest sanctions in the world. These sanctions started in 1358 at the same time as the issue of hostage taking of American Embassy employees in Tehran with Executive Order 4702 and 12170 by Jimmy Carter and gradually increased its dimensions. Numerous executive orders and various laws are the result of America's hostile actions in the past years. Executive orders 12613, 12957 and 12959, 13382, 13553, 13574, 13590, 13599, etc. are examples of the extensive actions of the United States in the past years to institutionalize and structure sanctions against Iran. Actions that reached their peak during the Obama and Trump eras. US government officials have called the sanctions imposed on Iran the toughest and most crippling sanctions in the history of human civilization. Financial, economic, defense and military sanctions as a tested solution in curbing the economic and military power of J.A. Iran is institutionalized in the strategic document of the United States of America and cannot be ignored easily. The sanctions theory has secured the interests of the United States and its regional allies, such as the Zionist regime and Saudi Arabia, and this group considers the release of financial energy and the rise of the power of the Islamic Republic in the aftermath of the JCPOA against its own interests and in the direction of the complete victory of the axis of resistance and facilitation. They see the fields of domination of the Islamic Republic in the region. According to the mentality of the political elite of the United States, the discourses against the nuclear agreement and the success of the sanctions policy of J.A. Iran in serving the interests of the United States, the continuation of sanctions and the approval of new sanctions by the political elite of the United States will be very likely.But on the other hand, in spite of all these propositions, America's smart and multi-layered sanctions system against Iran in the last few decades has caused challenges and on the other hand many opportunities for Iran. In this article, an attempt was made to address the issue of what were these challenges and opportunities? As discussed, the economic sanctions have placed numerous financial, banking, economic and commercial restrictions on the growth and development of the Islamic Republic of Iran; And he has basically tried to exclude this country from the agenda of global trends and intensify its isolation. Sanctions and various prohibitions in the fields of technology, transportation, money transfer, import and export; Industrial and military cooperation are the most important examples of these challenges. On the other hand, paying attention to domestic and indigenous capacities for the development of military and security technologies (especially in the field of missiles and drones), using local knowledge to improve technology in the fields of medicine and medicine, nuclear knowledge, drafting doctrine New security and military measures in the Middle East region, improving the level of interactions and strategizing them with emerging powers such as China and Russia and the BRICS member countries, a significant increase in human development, etc. have been among the opportunities that sanctions and prohibitions Many have caused them to emerge for the Islamic Republic of Iran. With the initiatives caused by the restrictions created by the sanctions, Iran was able to realize its strategic capacities in various economic sectors and on the other hand, increase its flexibility against the initial level of sanctions. But it seems that in order to deal with the second level of sanctions in the long term, while formulating a coherent and effective strategy for the sustainable growth and development of the country in the environment of sanctions, it should put the following axes in its agenda:- Attention to the capacity of knowledge-based companies in order to diversify the economic structure of the country. Promotion of internal cohesion at the level of elites, officials and society Adoption and promotion of smart support policies by the government Creating hope for the future and managing public opinion The use of the Iranian government's security capabilities in the positive and negative aspects in the Middle East as bargaining levers with Turkey, Russia and especially the European Union Encouraging neighborhood policy through non-governmental organizations from the government.

The military strategy of any country is prepared and adjusted in accordance with the policies, doctrines and defense policy. Preparation and formulation of military strategy is the most important task of the military organization, which is presented in every country by the highest military authority of that country. The US military presence and influence in the West Asian region has always been one of the topics that has been given special attention in the regional strategies of the US, and the Islamic Republic of Iran is also at the center of these strategies. Accurate knowledge of military strategies is essential for countermeasures, threat repelling and surprise prevention. From this point of view, the present article seeks to answer the question of what is the US military strategy in the West Asian region in the era of Trump and Biden in relation to Iran, and what are the differences and similarities of these strategies? This research is of an applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical, and written and virtual sources have been used to collect information.The findings of the research show that the US military strategy against Iran during Trump's presidency was competitive deterrence, and during Biden's presidency, it was to create integrated and cooperative deterrence with the aim of controlling the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The present study aims to identify the factors affecting the future developments in Central Asia and its impact on Iran's position in the region.This research is based on the purpose of "applied-developmental" type and based on the nature of "descriptive-survey" which has a "mixed" approach. Statistical Society; It includes experts with a history of activity in the region, of which 12 people in the qualitative section and 32 people in the quantitative section have been identified by snowball method and have been purposefully selected. In order to collect the data needed to compile the research literature, "library studies" using "fishmaking tools" and in order to collect real data, "field studies" using "semi-structured interviews" and "closed questionnaires" were used. They have been confirmed by experts in terms of apparent validity and content in terms of clarity and unambiguity of the items as well as the adequacy of quantity and quality. "Cronbach's alpha coefficient" of the questionnaire was 0.869 and "retest reliability of the test" of the interviews was 82%, which indicated acceptable reliability. In order to achieve the research goal; First, the factors influencing the developments in the region were counted by "qualitative content analysis" of the interviews and classified into economic, political, socio-cultural, security and geopolitical axes, and then a questionnaire was prepared and distributed to receive confirmation and rank their importance in influencing Iran's future situation. All quantified components were confirmed by quantitative data analysis using "descriptive parameters" and their importance was ranked using the "Shannon entropy" method.

Political parties play an important role in the political developments of different societies in the contemporary era. For this reason, the investigation of their financing methods is of interest to the legal systems and laws in every country. Among other things, it is possible to mention the financing methods of parties in Iran and America, which is the main goal of the present research. With regard to this important goal, the question arises, what are the methods of financing political parties in Iran and America? The findings show that the political parties in Iran are dependent on the government, and most of all, the Ministry of Interior, the Party Commission and the House of Parties are responsible for providing the expenses of the parties, which causes stagnation and ineffectiveness of the role of the parties in the arena. It has become the country's policy. In the United States, parties provide their financial needs through three ways: political struggle committees, soft money, and independent expenses. These different procedures have caused the dynamics of parties in Iran to be less tangible. However, in the United States, financial institutions of political parties, due to their tendency towards capitalism, bring enormous expenses into the political arena of this country. In Iran, even though these capitalist tendencies are not seen in a legal way, but due to the influence of politicians in the financing of parties, there are also concerns about the lack of financial transparency. In this article, the descriptive and analytical method is used, citing library sources.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the position of the legal guardian in explaining the foreign policy macro strategies of J.A. It is Iran. What is important is that the position of the legal guardian in the field of foreign policy is based on the constitution or beyond it? The hypothesis of the article is: the institution of religious authority and the position of leadership is in charge of explaining and determining macro policies in the field of foreign policy, and these duties are based on the principles of the constitution because of the "role" of this institution. The findings of the research show that other institutions, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, have an executive role. Due to the fact that the determining aspects, clarification and macro-viewing are within the authority of the jurist and this position is also stated in the constitution, institutions such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are the implementers of policies that are even by the leadership, parliament, government The executive and other decision-making institutions in the field of foreign policy are also monitored. In other words, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is not a decision-maker and is the executor of decisions based on the Constitution. From this point of view, each of the mentioned institutions has its own place and position and it is impossible to equate the implementation and explanation of foreign policy macro strategies. The method of the descriptive-analytical article and the theoretical framework is James Rosena's continuity theory.

Political participation has various aspects, including the existence of rights and duties as related components. However, human rights schools each have different views on the issue of rights and duties. Therefore, the question of the present article is: What is the position of rights and duties in the constitutional rights of J.A. Iran and the Universal Charter of Human Rights? The hypothesis is this: the Islamic law of Iran based on the inherent dignity of man and his responsibility has caused the duality of right and duty in the issue of political participation. But the reliance of the Universal Charter of Human Rights on human rights ignores human responsibilities and duties. The research findings show that political participation in c. A. Iran is based on the duality of right and duty. Based on this, the relationship between right and duty is a two-way relationship and these two cannot be separated from each other, rather duty always belongs to the right and duty other than right has no meaning. However, right and duty are not seen as a twin in global human rights, and it is a negative approach that ignores the category of political participation. In this article, a descriptive-analytical method has been used, and by identifying the axes of comparison, a kind of comparative approach is taken.

The current research aims to investigate the role of political parties in providing national interests c. A. Iran will pay. The question is, in what ways can political parties secure national interests? The answer that can be given is that based on the approaches proposed about the role and special work of parties, including the normative theory, political parties in c. A. Iran can be a factor for promoting spirituality and dignity, trying to gain power, sensitizing supervisory institutions to carry out assigned tasks such as parliamentary supervision of international agreements with other countries, defending pluralism in society and supporting it. To put the basis of the principles of the constitution as well as the creation of unity and solidarity among members of the society in their agenda. Political parties in Iranian society can be active when the dictating role of the government in the field of direct supervision of parties is reduced, and Article 10 of the Party Supervision Commission also abandons the interventionist approach for greater freedom of action for political parties and leaves the ground for the role of ‌ To provide creation based on the acceptance of the constitution. National interests include both material interests and efforts to gain power, as well as considering the value and cultural criteria of the society, which is a road map for the role of political parties in the direction of securing national interests. The present research method is descriptive and analytical.

In this article, we will examine the role and position of identity in the conflicts between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States between 1979 and 2018. Accordingly, the main question is: What effect did identity have on the conflicts between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America between 1979 and 2018?The temporary answer to the present question is: The revolutionary-Islamic identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran is in opposition to the hegemonic identity of the United States of America, which has always caused conflicts in the relations between the two countries between 1979 and 2018.The temporary answer to the question of this descriptive-analytical article is that the revolutionary-Islamic identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran is in opposition to the arrogant identity of the United States of America, which has always caused conflicts in the relations between the two countries between 1979 and 2018. . In fact, what has prevented the establishment of normal relations between the two sides is not at the level of discourse or behavior, but due to the confrontational identity of Iran and the United States, which is a relationship in the process of militant and confrontational confrontation between the two countries over the past forty years. Has evolved.

In the multipolar order of the Middle East regional security complex as one of the most important and, at the same time, the most tensional security complexes of the international system, Iran and Saudi Arabia, as the most important countries in this complex, play a huge role in developments within the region. Among these factors such as: ideological conflicts, geopolitical and geo-economic rivalry, different views of the US role in the region, different perceptions of the rule of religion, power and justice, etc. have led to the pattern of competition between the two countries. But this model can be transformed into other models of relations between the two countries due to various variables and have different consequences on the security order in the Middle East. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the future of Iran-Saudi Arabia political relations and its consequences on the Middle East regional order. The question of this study is: What will be the consequences of the evolution of the Iran-Saudi Arabia behavior pattern on this order? This research is a descriptive research with a futuristic approach and uses the script writing method.

The purpose of this study is to review and analyze Saudi Arabia's foreign policy in relation to the political developments in Yemen. This research is based on the method of qualitative analysis and relies on the theory of aggressive realism. The study is based on the hypothesis that "The Saudis are taking steps to maintain and create a weak Yemen and keep the country's Shiites away from sources of power, with goals such as restricting Iran, weakening resistance circles in the region, and preventing Yemeni developments from entering its eastern borders." The findings show that Saudi Arabia has pursued a policy of restricting and isolating Tehran-backed Shiite groups in the Yemeni political equation to block Iranian power in West Asia, including Yemen.