جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "حفاظت از محیط زیست" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

Over the past two decades, increasing foreign investment has been linked to economic growth and development in many countries, sparking international competition to attract further foreign direct investment. In this endeavor, a serious challenge is to preserve the interests of foreign investors in addition to protecting the host state's environment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a key role in providing capital and transferring knowledge and technology required for economic development, especially in developing countries. However, economic growth resulting from increasing foreign investment and industrialisation may cause adverse environmental impacts on the host country. This study aims to analyse effective environmental stipulations and clauses in FDI treaties intended to promote environmental sustainability and maximise FDI as a means of economic development, thereby enhancing overall welfare in the host countries, while mitigating the negative repercussions of foreign capital. This paper employs an analytical-descriptive method and relies on bibliographical data collection. As per the findings, although bilateral investment treaties in Iran aim to promote and secure foreign investments, they frequently disregard adequate provisions for environmental protection. This shortcoming could potentially transform Iran into a "pollution haven" for environmentally detrimental industries and technologies of foreign investors in the long run. To avert this adverse outcome, it is advisable to incorporate specific clauses in bilateral investment treaties that promote and encourage investments in low-carbon industries. Such clauses should support the adoption and development of technologies and innovations that are both globally compatible and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the necessity of using clean energy through appropriate means, e.g., imposing charges and green taxes, should be implemented in bilateral investment treaties to facilitate sustainable development.

In this article, it is tried to focus on the case of Lake Urmia, the policies of the Republic of Iran in relation to environmental issues in general and the said lake in particular. In this context, by presenting a report on the emergence of a series of serious crises in the Urmia lake ecosystem in recent years, the question is raised that the government of J.A. What legal approach has Iran adopted regarding such consequences? For this purpose, in this article, in addition to the international documents - the Ramsar Convention - which the Iranian government has committed to, the documents of the J.A. of Iran are studied as environmental strategic laws. In this research, it is assumed that Lake Urmia, which has a wide range of plant, animal and human life around it, needs a macro-policy in the legislative, executive and judicial spheres, which should be in the form of an action plan with a deadline in the order The work of all related institutions should be coordinated. Because despite this necessity, the results of the research indicate the lack of understanding of the importance of the issue, mismanagement, lack of work and lack of cooperation between the relevant institutions on the one hand, as well as the lack of compliance with legal obligations, both in relation to national laws and documents and International documents in the field of saving the lake. This article is based on documents and library resources and qualitative method of analytical and descriptive type.

The environment is what encompasses the lives of humans, animals, animals, plants and inanimate objects; Such as water, soil, air and light and other manifestations and manifestations of nature in which any change and inhomogeneity affect life, life and growth positively or negatively. Protecting the environment and paying attention to environmental issues, especially during the war, is one of the most important global issues for contemporary human beings and human rights defenders. Any damage and destruction of nature affects a healthy human life.The effects of war on nature and the environment are more dangerous than any other factor; Because in wars, the feeling of beating and victory of one side of the conflict over the other and the strong desire for revenge with the use of destructive weapons, gradually arises, and by inflicting casualties and losses, this feeling becomes more intense day by day and causes great damage. They affect the environment. Hence, the issue of environmental protection in wars became an issue of international law and human rights, and international activities and cooperation arose in this field. The question that arises in this research is what effect does war have on the environment? How can human rights law play a role in protecting the environment in wars?

Nanotechnology plays an important role in reducing the consumption of raw materials, preventing and eliminating environmental pollutions, protection natural resources and the environment by inventing and applying solutions such as removing or purifying pollutants in water, soil, air and other natural elements. Of course, the potential dangers of a number of engineered nanomaterials on human health and the environment can also lead to environmental degradation or pollution. General international treaties and principles have implicit restrictions and regulations on the use of nanotechnology by countries. The subject of this research is the application of nanotechnology from the perspective of international environmental law, which has been done with the aim of explaining the international legal regulations in the use of this technology. The present article, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner, seeks to answer the question that according to the effects of the use of nanotechnology on the environment, what is the position of this issue from the perspective of international environmental law and what are the rules governing it. Therefore, while proving the great effects of nanotechnology on the development of environmental law, it has finally been concluded that despite the importance of nanotechnology and its effects on the development of international environmental law, there is no specific binding legal framework for it at the international level and in fact, existing international laws and treaties in the field of environmental law do not have sufficient executive guarantees.

n the case of the relationship between government and environmental obligations there are different views in public law theory. At least three approaches can be mentioned in the context of general task to which principle 50 of constitution refers. The first approach is based on the centrality of the state in protecting the environment and ensuring the right to a healthy environment (State-centric approach). This approach assumes that the market and the private sector are incapable of protecting the environment. So it is only the state that has the primary responsibility for protection of the environment as a general task.
The second approach relates to the absence of the state in protecting the environment (Approach without government). In fact the emergence of this approach is because of the inability of the government to protect the environment. According to this approach the government cannot protect the environment propperly and experience has shown that some governments have become one of the violators of environmental law.
And at last the participation approach is based on the idea of cooperation between the state and non-state actors and the citizens in the area of environmental protection and implementation of the related policies. In this paper, different aspects of this issue in the context of public law are analyzed. The basic assumption of this article is based on the belief that the environmental protection requires the government’s cooperation with citizens.

According to Article 50 of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Constitution, protection of the environment is a public duty. However, despite that legal stipulation, situation of environment in Iran is very grave. According to Environmental Performance Index report of 2006, Iran’s index was 70 making the country rank 53 among 133 countries. In 2008, Iran’s index went down 10 grades to 60 with the country ranking 78.Such official figures show that major environmental players in Iran, including ordinary people, academics, economic corporations, and most importantly, the government, have been unsuccessful in their effort to protect the environment and prevent its destruction and contamination. One of the most important problems and obstacles on the way of environmental protection in Iran is lack of awareness among all social classes of the Iranian society. According to economic, social and cultural development plan laws, the government has been obligated to bolster necessary mechanisms for the promotion of public and specialistic education on environment. The present research tries to show role and performance of education in protecting the environment and Iran’s approach to institutionalizing such education.

Decisions made at the international level by states, international organizations or even multinational companies, influencing international community and eventually citizens, are of an undemocratic nature. Because, these institutions are not representative of people. One of the solutions for redressing this democratic deficit, is the participation of citizens and civil society institutions, especially NGOs in the process of international decision-making which is not surely possible without factors such as awareness, information and knowledge. Participation and awareness are mutually influential, constituting the key concept of environmental democracy. Also, the participation of all interested groups on international decision-making enhances the efficiency of the decisions. Given the unconcentrated structure of international law, the legitimacy of international regulations is vital for their effective implementation. Among the ways of the participation of NGOs in international decision-making, we can mention: holding conferences for having access to public views, using the potentials of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), establishing a set of regional consultative processes or roundtables and etc.