جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پروپاگاندا » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Fake news presents a complex regulatory challenge in the increasingly democratized and intermediated on-line information ecosystem. Inaccurate information is readily created by actors with varying goals, rapidly distributed by platforms motivated more by financial incentives than by journalistic norms or the public interest, and eagerly consumed by users who wish to reinforce existing beliefs. Yet even as awareness of the problem grew after the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the meaning of the term “fake news” has become increasingly disputed and diffused. This Article first addresses that definitional challenge, offering a useful taxonomy that classifies species of fake news based on two variables: their creators’ motivation and intent to deceive. In particular, it differentiates four key categories of fake news: satire, hoax, propaganda, and trolling. This analytical framework can provide greater rigor to debates over the issue. Next, the Article identifies key structural problems that make each type of fake news difficult to address, albeit for different reasons. These include the ease with which authors can produce user generated content online and the financial stakes that platforms have in highlighting and disseminating that material. Authors often have a mixture of motives in creating content, making it less likely that a single solution will be effective. Consumers of fake news have limited incentives to invest in challenging or verifying its content, particularly when the material reinforces their existing beliefs and perspectives. Finally, fake news rarely appears alone: it is frequently mingled with more accurate stories, such that it becomes harder to categorically reject a source as irredeemably flawed. Then, the Article classifies existing and proposed interventions based upon the four regulatory modalities catalogued by Larry Lessig: law, architecture (code), social norms, and markets. It assesses the potential and shortcomings of extant solutions. Finally—and perhaps most importantly—the Article offers a set of model interventions, classified under the four regulatory modalities, that can reduce the harmful effects of fake news while protecting interests such as free expression, open debate, and cultural creativity. It closes by assessing these proposed interventions based upon data from the 2020 election cycle.

Analysis of propaganda in contemporary conflicts is not possible without understanding the concept and dimensions of two forms of war propaganda, including "methods of psychological warfare" or the category of "propaganda methods". The eight-year Iran-Iraq war and the two wars known as the First and Second Persian Gulf Wars in the last four decades in the West Asian region are examples of these conflicts in which war propaganda in the form of psychological warfare and propaganda has played an important role.The central question of the research is that the process of war propaganda in the eight-year war between Iraq can be evaluated in which formats, including psychological warfare methods or propaganda methods?Theoretical explanation of the methods of psychological warfare on the one hand and propaganda methods on the other hand constitutes the theoretical framework of this research.The research hypothesis acknowledges that the propaganda policies of the parties to the conflict have used the methods of both forms, namely psychological warfare and propaganda. In this regard, the Iraqi government in the Iran-Iraq war has been more successful in using psychological warfare and propaganda methods against their enemy.The present study tries to study the developments of war propaganda during the mentioned war by descriptive-analytical method and comparative view and by collecting the necessary data and information in a library manner.

Information warfare is war in information space with the aim of manipulating the systems, processes, information sources, and infrastructure of the target state. The aim of this war, unlike in the past, which was mainly a military victory in the classical war, is to influence the political, economic, cultural and social systems, to create widespread psychological campaigns to undermine the stability of society and to put pressure on a government to decide and act in the interests of information warfare. In this regard, the main question of the article is that under the influence of the ICT revolution and the cyber revolution, what changes has taken place in the information war? In answering to the above-mentioned question, it is hypothesized that under the influence of the ICT revolution and the cyber revolution, information warfare has expanded from the operational and tactical level to the strategic level and has included political, economic, cultural and social dimensions. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical. The ultimate goal of the article is to discuss the evolution of the concept and application of information warfare under the influence of the information and communication revolution and the cyber revolution. Research findings show that knowledge, especially cyber knowledge, is the key to success in the field of information warfare.