جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « decision making » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

 As a sec country Iran is dealing with environmental challenges including water crisis. Iran has been confronted with water problem in its history. This problem has been multiple by its neighbor’s water policy; Afghanistan and Turkey.  Policies. The water problem in Iran is caused by the lack of power in the governance system, I call it power disruption. Politics in the most basic narrative is the exercise of power and who gets what, when and how. Planning is also how to turn knowledge into action. This transformation itself is a kind of embodiment of power. Exercising power is a chain that consists of two elements: power and decisions.

Water policy of Iranian government has been analyzed with different approaches and from different perspectives. This article uses a mix approach including analytical, discourse, institutional and historical analysis to elaborate a theory of power in policy cycle. The fundamental mechanism that consolidates policy cycle is power. The lack of power causes disruption in the chains of policy cycle, i.e., disruption in policy making in Iranian water policy.what can organize all these problems in a comprehensive theoretical and methodological framework is the analisis of power. From our point of view, all these problems can be solved under the title of power: from the content power of a policy to the power of design, implementation, feedback and evaluation of water policy. Our effort is to show how power and decision are not formed in water politics, and politics is emptied of its main content: which is power.

The findings of this study are discussed under the following themes: First, the most important disruption in Iranian water policy is the disruption of power, in the sense that, first, there is a conflict of multiple powers, from farmers to industrialists, bureaucrats, rent-seekers, etc. Second, power does not flow from top to bottom in water policy process and its components.Second, decision-making disruption in Iranian water policy suffers from various dimensions: the perspective of the inherent element in collective action; the perspective of deciding what issue should be placed on the agenda of the government; and who should decide. The term “disruption” here confirms the dispersion and lack of public power.

Analysis:

In the analytical framework (MSF) of John Kingdon, the role of a policy entrepreneur is emphasized. In the same way, to transform the decision from one policy stage to another, "political power" is needed to undertake this task. Power here is a set of institutional elements and components that organizes and implements the "decision" and undertakes the task of transferring power. These institutional components of decision-making can include legal, administrative, systemic, group, traditional and even individual procedures. When the stakeholders of the issue, including farmers, industries, environmental NGOs, and the government, are active in all the agenda stages of public policy (from agenda setting to policy formulation, implementation and evaluation) the governance system is formed adequately and in participative manner. Consequentially the governance power is emerged.

“Self-awareness” of the governance problems, “discussion”, and “will” provide the native discursive solution. The pillars of this discourse include the development pillar, the environmental pillar, and the security pillar. Improving general decision-making skills, although technical, but is one of the suitable solutions to overcome the decision disruption in the governance of water policy in Iran."Regional Water Council" can be another solution for overcoming disruption in decision-making in the governance system. This council assembly is a collection of regional stakeholders, expert, and officials. This is a regional parliament consists of representatives of different sectors of peasants, industries, NGOs, social trustees etc.Integrated Water Management, as recommended by the Technical Committee of the Global Water Partnership, is another recommendation of this article, which is a process that involves the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources in order to maximize economic and social outcomes and promote well-being in an equitable manner. In order to institutionalize this action, it is possible to form an executive policy secretariat in the relevant ministry, which will follow all the steps until the final realization. This secretariat consists of experts from relevant departments within the Ministry of Energy and representatives of the program organization.

More than four decades have passed since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution entered its fifth decade, while many opponents and opponents did not see the revolution's 40th anniversary, but the revolution remained and witnessed its 40th anniversary and entered its fifth decade. . The decade that the supreme leader of the revolution mentioned as the beginning of the second step of the revolution. How the revolution was able to cross this path with strength in spite of all the internal and external conspiracies, among the astonishment of many analysts, needs a deep sociological investigation.In a sociological study, many factors are involved in the formation and continuation of a phenomenon. The Iranian revolution is not exempt from this, but among these indicators, according to the experts, the leadership factor has had a great impact on the maintenance and continuation of the revolution. Therefore, our question in this research is how the index of leadership in Iran after the revolution has played a role in preserving and continuing the Islamic revolution? Our hypothesis is that leadership in the form of the principle of the absolute authority of the jurist with wise, rational, duty-oriented and beneficial decisions. The most important factor in the preservation and continuation of the revolution in overcoming internal and external conspiracies has been the principle

 Decision-making is a process that includes all the activities of the organization and actually affects all the members of the organization either individually or as a member of the group. Due to the existence of various nodes (command and control centers, sensors, weapon systems, etc.) and the links between them, the integrated air defense network is a military network-oriented organization that is responsible for controlling the country's space and taking tactical action against air threats. Due to their inherent mission, the operational staff of the command and control centers of the integrated air defense network of the Islamic Republic of Iran must always make decisions in order to advance the goals and react in time to the events. In this research, the main goal of the research is to investigate and quantify the factors influencing the decision-making of operational staff in the integrated air defense network and to introduce a model for it. The researchers, with the aim of identifying the factors influencing the decision-making of the operational staff of the command and control centers of the integrated air defense network, conducted an applied research using descriptive and analytical method. and the mixed approach by using the study of valid scientific documents and documents and conducting interviews with experts in the field of command and control network, while using the MaxQDA software, it examined the factors affecting the decision-making of the operational staff of the integrated air defense network, and then using studies It has been done and the opinion of experts has identified and introduced the dimensions and components effective on the decision-making of the operational staff of the network in the form of a conceptual model including 5 dimensions of individual conditions, family conditions, organizational conditions, equipment and technology, information dimension and 31 components.

War games have been a valuable tool for many countries to pursue various objectives in military and security matters throughout history, as evidenced by the world's military education literature. Numerous studies have indicated that war games were also prevalent in the earliest conflicts of human societies. The purpose of this research is to examine war game design and development for creating a digital game at strategic levels. The research method employed in this article is descriptive-analytical. The present research belongs to the mixed-methods category. The data collection method consists of library research using note-taking tool, experimentation, observation and questionnaire, and the data analysis method is deductive. In this research, all the components and mechanics of war game design are documented, which can be useful for developing a similar system. The findings reveal that players adopt different strategies in the system according to their four play styles, which are compatible with their own preferences.

The special pattern of China's development in the past decades has had special features, including the prominent role of state-owned companies in this process. According to various experts, today, parallel to the expansion of China's economic and commercial interactions, these companies have also entered the field of foreign policy decision-making. However, there are serious doubts about the various roles of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China's diplomatic action. Accordingly, the main question of the article is, parallel to the expansion of China's international interactions, especially in the last two decades, how have state-owned companies affected the foreign policy decision-making process of this country? The answer given to this question as a hypothesis and using the descriptive and explanatory method is that in the process of China's rapid development, structural reforms leading to fragmentation, decentralization and internationalism in the government body, paid the way for state-owned companies to enter the field of foreign policy decision-making as partners (although smaller) which caused the diplomatic action of this emerging superpower to become more numerous and ambiguous. The findings of the article can contribute to a better understanding of China's diplomatic actions and a more accurate and intelligent regulation of relations with this emerging power.

This article examines decision-making models in politics and understanding the failure of the sustainability of decisions. It should be said that many models intervene in the way policy decisions are made, but like the reasons for policy failures, they can be understood by examining a wide range of factors within and beyond the policy subsystem, so the main question is what are the decision-making models in politics and the reasons for policy failures? The findings show that it depends on the type of societies and the structure of decision-making models, and this factor is also influential in the type of policy failure, so that collective decisions and individual decisions and reactions to decisions are influential in this category.

The power structure and the decision-making method in the field of domestic and foreign policy in China, at least from the point of view of foreign observers, have always been subject to ambiguity, contradictions and many speculations. The decision-making mechanism in the field of foreign policy appears integrated, centralized and top-down based on official narratives and existing institutional mechanisms, but today there are increasing evidences of China's diplomatic action becoming more plural, more ambiguous and even more contradictory in many areas. It can be seen that it cannot be explained based on the model of the integrated decision-making system. This article claims that the key to understanding these complexities and sometimes contradictions in China's diplomatic action is to abandon the idea of unified and centralized Chinese party-state acting in the field of foreign policy and pay attention to the role of local provincial governments in diplomatic action. In this regard, the main question of the article based on the descriptive and analytical method is, how did local provincial governments enter the field of foreign policy decision-making in this country and what methods do they use to influence foreign policy decisions? In this regard, the article traces the footprints of provincial players in many areas of China's foreign policy, including energy, security approach and regional policy in the South China Sea, China's open door policy in East Asia, and finally, the way of formation and practical advancement of the One Belt One Road as the China's most ambitious foreign policy initiative.

Background and Goal: 

In an era where rapid and increasing change is one of its characteristics, the pace of decision-making has also created conditions that have shortened the time for interaction, reflection and decision-making for managers. In fact, today's managers find themselves forced to make more decisions about a wider variety of issues and problems in a shorter period of time. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and rank the factors affecting managers' decisions using the Delphi method.

Given the qualitative nature of the study, after library research and reviewing the related literature, in-depth interviews with experts are conducted. The outcomes are analyzed in the light of the Delphi method.

In first, 93 indicators identified to explaining the decision-making system. After checking the indicators by experts, only 76 indicators were verified. According to the results of this research model, it was found that the most important components in managers' decision-making were, respectively, the priorities of "correct definition of the proble", "high motivation and self-confidence", "personal knowledge and experience", "effective scheduling mechanisms, timely design and implementation of decisions," and "experimental execution of decisions before final implementation of decisions".

Government agencies need specific decision-making models because of their characteristics. For example, due to the existing differences in terms of cultural, economic, socio-political, technological and demographic system of Iran with other countries, especially Western countries, it is necessary to provide a specific model appropriate to this culture.

The purpose of this article is to know the type of management of Putin, the President of Russia, in the Ukraine war. Based on the "game theory", this study seeks to answer the question, what kind of strategy has Putin chosen against the Western world, led by the United States, in the Ukraine war? Game theory is a science that analyzes the set of interactions and behaviors of the game parties, as well as investigates the types of game structures and patterns and the possible consequences of all types of games. The main foundation of game theory is "game type" and "actor's character type"; Therefore, it is hypothesized that the choice of war against the West was a strategic choice by Putin. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, firstly, West-Russia interactions in various regional and global crises were investigated and classified into two different types: the first type "cooperative-asymmetrical-symmetricaldynamic"; The second type "uncooperative-unbalanced-symmetricdynamic". The combination of the two "non-cooperative" and "unbalanced" variables put the game in an Achems situation, and Putin was forced to choose war in order to get out of this situation and prevent a nuclear war. By choosing this inevitable war, "Russian legend" imposed many costs on himself, but he also prevented his opponent from achieving his goal by imposing many costs. Therefore, we can conclude that Putin is still a strategist and choosing the war in Ukraine was also a strategic decision against the West.

Years after the collapse of its empire, Britain is still an influential power in politics and international relations and an important member of the contemporary international order. Considering the long history of relations between Iran and England and the ever-present influence of this country in Iran, and in order to influence Britain's policy and relations with other countries and organizations, we must study and understand the foreign policy decision-making system of this country well so that we can Let's get a complete model of the relations of this decision system. The authors, using the analytical descriptive method and based on library collection, in response to the question of what structure and process is formed in British foreign policy decision-making; They explained the factors, process and formal and informal layers of decision-making and decision-making of this political unit and depicted it under a model. Britain's foreign policy lacks written legal documents, is prestige-oriented, confidential, pragmatic and elitist, and thus the political system has left the hands of the decision-makers free from internal control and pressure and to secure the interests of the country (and primarily the interests of the elites). The foreign policy of the British government and the final decision-making is formed in the cabinet centered on the Prime Minister and with the agency of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of this country. Official institutions such as the monarchy and government and security organizations, as well as informal factors such as pressure groups and the media, are effective in decision-making.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of thinking skill of managers of a government organization in Iran.This research was a developmental research and qualitative research and using interpretive structural modeling. The statistical population included three groups of senior and middle managers and scientific experts in the field of research. The data of this study were collected by two separate tools: validation questionnaire and interpretive structural modeling questionnaire. To validate the questionnaire, the content validity method (lavche coefficient) was used and its reliability was calculated to be 88%.Findings showed that the thinking skills model of the managers of the studied organization includes six stages of preliminary planning, formulation of the organization's problems, ideation, composition, decision making and implementation and evaluation. Also, this model has seventeen steps and fifty-seven activities. Preliminary planning stage (three steps of self-awareness, providing appropriate conditions and choosing a way of thinking) and the stage of formulating the organization's problems system (four steps of data and information collection to identify problems, classify problems, identify network problems and prioritize problems) and ideation stage (including Three steps of data coding, preparing a list of new solutions and evaluating solutions and selecting the best solution) and the combination stage (including two steps of information restructuring and modeling) and the decision stage (three steps of reviewing the selected solution, determining the decision conditions and choosing the decision method). ) And the implementation and evaluation phase (two steps of implementing the selected solution and its evaluation).

Despite being on the anti-Israel front, Russia has put the policy of strategic closeness with this actor on its agenda. Various micro and macro factors have been involved in Russia’s decision-making process regarding proximity to Israel in a typical and complex manner. These influencing factors on Russia's foreign policy have continued since the collapse of the Soviet Union, so that the current cooperation and interaction between Russia and Israel in regional and international developments has introduced Russia as a strategic partner in international forums.  Research Question: What role do micro and macro factors play in Russia's decision-making regarding its strategic approach to Israel? At the same time, its purpose is to give priority to the importance of the factors influencing Russia's behavior and foreign policy regarding Israel, especially during Putin's presidency. Research Hypothesis: The research hypothesis indicates that the strategic approach to Israel in foreign policy was caused by various factors in Russia's decision-making process. These factors have had different degrees of effectiveness at the micro and macro levels and have restructured the strategy of getting closer to Israel. During Putin's presidency, the role factor and then environmental variables have been more effective than other factors in this decision.

In this article, the authors have investigated the topic and hypothesis of the article with qualitative content analysis method based on inductive approach. In order to explain Russia's foreign policy towards Israel, while paying attention to the level of macro analysis, factors at the level of micro analysis should also be studied. Therefore, to explain Russia's foreign policy towards Israel, we have used James Rosena's theory to provide a more accurate and comprehensive explanation of foreign policy by combining two levels, macro and micro. Therefore, in the analysis of Russia's foreign policy towards Israel, four variable factors of the individual, role, government and society at the micro level and environmental variables at the macro level have been emphasized. Nevertheless, the factors affecting Russia's foreign policy at the micro and macro levels have evolved based on a causal sequence and have become a fixed pattern in Moscow's foreign policy. According to Rosena, these factors have had different effects on Russia's foreign policy. Therefore, each of these factors have played significant role in Russia's decision to adopt a strategic approach towards Israel.

The findings indicate that the individual factor including the norms, beliefs and perceptions of decision makers is an important principle. During Putin's presidency, the feeling of the same language has affected relations between Moscow and Tel Aviv. However, during the presidency of Yeltsin and Medvedev, Western tendencies have been more effective in Moscow's strategic approach to Tel Aviv. In James Rosena's theory, the role of decision makers in the government's foreign policy behavior is considered an effective factor. Russia's formal and informal laws emphasize the important role of president in directing the foreign policy. The President of Russia determines Russia's foreign policy by appointing the Minister of Foreign Affairs and his board as the main representative of the government. Putin has made the best use of his position and role for the strategic neighborhood with Israel and can give importance to his role in the formation of the strategic neighborhood policy with Israel according to national and international considerations. Therefore, the role factor has priority over other factors. Although the dimension of role has affected the relationships between the two actors during Yeltsin's presidency, but the role of president was less prioritized in Medvedev's period. Governmental structure as an important variable in James Rosena's theory has influenced foreign policy. Since the Russian political system is a combination of democracy and authoritarianism, many democratic institutions do not have a special place in Russian foreign policy. Therefore, Russia's foreign policy is formulated and implemented around the axis of the executive power in such a way that we observe the increased role of the executive power as a main and important variable in proximity to Israel across the diplomatic history. In addition, the role of the executive branch in the Kremlin's foreign policy has been significantly strengthened during Putin's presidency and other institutions establish diplomatic relations within the framework of the president's foreign policy. Social and non-governmental aspects are another variable that have been capable of affecting Russia's foreign behavior in such a way that the executive power and its relevant institutions in formulating and implementing foreign policy constantly interact with influential groups, such as the pro-Western moderate network, Jewish organizations, media, etc. and have affected the formation of the consensual nature of Russia's foreign policy against Israel. Based on environmental variables, Israel's role in solving Russia's disputes with the United States, cooperation in the fight against terrorism, developments in the Middle East and the Caucasus have led to the development of a neighborly approach in Russia's foreign policy.

With the election of Putin to the presidency, Russia's foreign policy has changed its direction to use Israel as a tool to gain advantage from the West and the United States in order to achieve its goals by exerting pressure on Israel in international and regional developments. Putin knows that Israel's need for Russia to guarantee its security in the developments in the Middle East, especially the Syrian crisis, may meet Moscow's foreign policy goals and priorities. So, in Putin's presidency, environmental variable is prioritized after the role factor. In a general view, all five factors have not only influenced Russia's foreign policy, but also interacted with each other.

The purpose of the present study is to review the role of time in public policy making. The main research question is why we should pay attention to time in the formulation and execution of policies. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the formulation and execution of policies are procedures which basically analyze the adopted policies in terms of time, cost, and resources so that we can undertake measures to decrease their needed time if possible. This subject becomes significant and complicated where lengthy time delay occurs in approving some plans and policies due to various structures involved in the legislation. The policy maker should avoid these harms by paying special attention to time in each of the stages of policy making from recognizing the problem to formulation, execution, and evaluation of the policies in the policy making circles to enhance their efficiency and efficacy.

Foreign policies are the extension of domestic policies to the international arena and constitute a major part of the public policymaking process. To better understand the factors affecting the international decision-making process, it is essential to identify the role of domestic policies and the extent to which they affect foreign policies. Inspired by institutionalism, most European countries have entrusted a great number of their governance affairs to the European Union (EU). Foreign policies make a major part of these governance affairs. Different public factors and variables affect the foreign policymaking process in EU. These factors influence the policymaking authority in the ratification and enforcement of decisions and policies. This paper introduces and identifies major public non-governmental variables that affect the decision-making process in EU, and answers the question, how important are public variables in the foreign policymaking process and what role do they play? Adopting a desk research methodology, this analytical study investigates the cycle of foreign policymaking with an emphasis on the role NGOs, multinational corporations, media, unions and guilds, think tanks, polling agencies, councils, and parties play in passing and enforcing foreign policies. As powerful democracies, all EU member states possess various active groups of stakeholders/beneficiaries that try different avenues to affect governmental decisions in a multitude of issues. When policies used to be adopted locally or nationally, these groups paid greater attention to the local and national decision-making process; however, they have been focused on international and European scales, especially since the time the decisions and policies started to be adopted across Europe. These groups, which are made up of members from European communities, endeavor to enter major institutions such as the European Commission and the European Parliament, and affect the decisions made by them. In other words, these groups grow and adapt themselves to the new/present state of affairs in keeping with the Europeanization process in the political sphere, which was once reserved for national governments. In conclusion, the paper delves into the current foreign policy issues and problems/crises in EU and shows that public variables number among the most important factors affecting the foreign policymaking process in EU and continue to gain momentum.

Game theory is a field of applied mathematics that has been developed in the context of economics and studies the strategic behavior between rational factors. Game theory attempts to model the mathematical behavior that governs a strategic situation (conflict of interest). This situation arises when a person's success depends on the strategies that others choose. The ultimate goal of this knowledge is to find the optimal strategy for the players. Using game theory, we will need to model and predict the actions of actors at strategic, operational and tactical levels, in which military decisions will be upgraded with a more comprehensive and valuable analysis than the current situation. In recent decades, several studies have been conducted in this regard and researchers have been able to use different branches of game theory to model a wide range of scenarios related to military action. One of the strengths of game theory is that it models the actions of military forces to make decisions against each other. The purpose of writing this article is a brief overview of research that has been written so far using game theory in modeling decision scenarios with military applications. This article also categorizes the type of war modeling, the types of games used, and the players involved. Finally, we conclude that applying game theory in military warfare is more effective than using traditional models to make commanders' decisions at different levels.

During his tenure, the Afghan President, Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, followed a different foreign policy path than his predecessor. The shift from neutrality, as the traditional way of conducting foreign affairs in Afghanistan, to a non-neutral path characterized the foreign policy of Afghanistan during his term of office. This can be seen as a major shift that may be addressed from various points of view. This article shows how President Ghani’s perception of reality and his beliefs about an ideal foreign policy for Afghanistan led to this foreign policy shift. Cognitive mapping as a theoretical approach has been used to show how his perceptions and beliefs are related to each other to form policies. Qualitative content analysis has been used to represent his cognition. The main finding of the article is that Ghani’s pragmatic economically-driven attitude besides his understanding of peace and security for Afghanistan as a major goal being achievable through economic growth, foreign direct investments, and interdependence at regional and extra-regional levels led to his diversion from neutrality.During his tenure, the former Afghan President, Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, followed a different foreign policy path than his predecessors. Traditionally, neutrality has been the main orientation in Afghanistan’s foreign policy. Since its independence in 1919 (except for a few years after its occupation by the Soviet forces in 1979), Afghan leaders have, more or less, almost always followed the same path. This has been true even in the post-Taleban era. Ex-President Hamed Karzai, for example, despite all external pressures, continued the same foreign policy orientation through a balanced policy towards great powers and regional powers.However, the shift from neutrality to a non-neutral path characterized the foreign policy of Afghanistan during Ghani’s presidency. Instances of President Ghani’s new orientation can be seen in deepening and expanding relations with western powers, weakening relations with Iran and India, expanding relations with China, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, and even supporting the Saudi-led alliance in Yemen. These changes can be regarded as unexpected foreign policy decisions as they reflect a violation of neutrality and a balance-based foreign policy dominant for decades. They can even be considered unrealistic when regional conditions are taken into account. Furthermore, they can be regarded as violating Ghani’s economic preferences as they deprived Afghanistan of some primary economic advantages.

 The question that can be raised is about the cause of such a shift. In other words: why did Afghanistan change its traditional foreign policy orientation in the form of neutrality towards a non-neutral path during Ghani’s presidency?

The question above may be addressed from various points of view and lead to different answers. One may refer to, for example, the significance of foreign pressures, Ghani’s sense of gratitude towards his supporters during the presidential campaign, or the requirements of development. These, however, prove to be inconsistent as some aspects of the shift might be seen as contradictory.In this paper, the significance of President Ghani’s perceptions in this regard is underlined. The hypothesis is: President Ghani’s perceptions of reality and his beliefs about an ideal foreign policy for Afghanistan led to this foreign policy shift from neutrality to non-neutrality.

In a country such as Afghanistan, even if structural forces impose limits on foreign policy choices, the special position of the leaders gives them important leverages. It is the president who can determine the foreign policy of the country. What leads him to his decision is his definition of the situation which is rooted in his understanding of the situation. This article aims to show how cognitive mapping as a theoretical approach can be used to explain how Ghani’s perceptions and beliefs are related to each other and how they have led to his policy choices. According to this theory, everyone has a causal explanation for every situation. In other words, decision-makers have causal claims about the reality in their minds and cognitive mapping seeks to represent the structure of their causal claims. “Cognitive mapping” reflects the arguments of the decision-maker in a graph. Although the approach is usually used to show how the decision-maker sees the relationships in what has happened in the past, we have used it to show how some causal claims have been made and act as presuppositions for reaching a policy option.In the cognitive approach in general and in cognitive mapping theory in particular, it is believed that one’s thoughts and perceptions are reflected in one’s statements. Thus, if we gather the relevant statements and analyze them, we may get to one’s perceptions in the form of a directed graph that shows the network of concepts in their causal relationships. Content analysis, both quantitative and qualitative, is taken to be the appropriate method for cognitive approaches.As for the research method, we have employed qualitative content analysis in order to represent President Ghani’s cognition. Accordingly, the speeches and texts produced by Ghani in various contexts are analyzed to find his way of reasoning and arguments. The result is a graph in which causal relations between concepts are demonstrated.

Ghani believes that an active foreign policy leads to Afghanistan’s interest and security and that is why we can see a proactive foreign policy in this era. To him, a developmentalist approach to foreign policy, i.e, giving priority to economic needs but also leads to security. Western powers are seen as the best partners’ security terms and hence cooperation with the members of NATO plays a vital role in providing stability and security which are seen as a precondition for attracting foreign investment. Ghani argues that an active developmentalist foreign policy leads to more opportunities in international and regional processes that are regarded to be beneficial to Afghanistan. Although western powers are given a special place in providing security, it is believed that expanding relations with China (compared to India) leads to more economic gains and security. Furthermore, he perceives that expanding relations with Saudi Arabia and Persian Gulf Arab states leads to more security as well as more financial aid.

Thus, the main finding of the article is that Ghani’s pragmatic economically-driven attitude besides his understanding of peace and security for Afghanistan as a major goal being achievable through economic growth, foreign direct investments, and interdependence at regional and extra-regional levels led to his diversion from the traditional orientation of neutrality.

The present study presents a model of ethical decision making of political managers in non-governmental organizations.

This research is a descriptive-survey research based on the purpose in the field of applied and developmental research, as well as on the nature and method. In this research, a mixed approach has been used. In the qualitative phase of the research, effective indicators in the ethical decision making of managers were extracted using the grounded theory technique. Also in the quantitative part of the research, using the ANP-DEMATEL technique, the internal relationships and prioritization of these indicators were investigated.

Based on the findings of this study, managers 'ethical decision-making indicators were placed in 6 dimensions of independence and neutrality, managers' expertise, process of responsibility, assertiveness, trustworthiness and forgiveness, as well as fair behavior. The results also showed that fair behavior has the most impact, effectiveness and also the most interaction with other dimensions. Also, prioritizing the main criteria based on the goal showed that the criterion of decisiveness was given the first priority.

It can be concluded that in order to make ethical decisions, the managers of non-governmental organizations need to strengthen characteristics such as independence and impartiality, managers' expertise, the process of responsibility, assertiveness, trustworthiness and forgiveness and fair behavior.

This article examines and identifies the criteria of the artillery wargame matrix and its synchronization with the maneuver unit wargame in the coordinated attack.This article, while examining the process of implementing the commander's decision-making steps in combat and how the brigade artillery battalion commander performs in the implementation of the maneuver unit wargame, seeks to answer the question, what are the criteria of the artillery wargame matrix in the coordinated attack?Due to the exploratory nature of the research, this research has no hypothesis and is based on the goal. The main goal of this article is to "identify the criteria of the artillery wargame matrix in coordinated attack".The current research is descriptive and tries to discuss the role of tactics, gunerry, mapping and anti-fire as independent variables in the preparation of the artillery wargame matrix in synchronizing with the maneuver unit wargame in the coordinated attack as a dependent variable. In this research, the researcher has succeeded in calculating 19 components that can form the matrix of the artillery war game; Among the most important of them, we can mention minimum coordination of fire support, more appropriate communication and ability (directional and ranged).

In order to explain the factors affecting foreign policy decision-making of Iran during the Pahlavi II period, the author examines the reasons for the adoption of some decisions in this period. According to James Rosena’s Model, the present research investigates five factors, namely, individual, role, government, social and international during the Pahlavi II period. In this regard, the four important and influential decisions of this period, namely de-escalation of tensions with the Soviet Union, the crisis in Bahrain and its transfer, Iran's behavior in the oil crisis of 1967 and 1973 and Iran's military action in Oman as indicators, selected, reviewed and the impact of each of the five variables discussed above are examined. According to the author, in this period, foreign policy decisions were influenced by cognitive elements and were generally made by the Shah himself. The cognitive system has been mainly influenced by the personality and temperaments of the Shah and in order to achieve the specific intellectual design of the person, among the variables involved, the individual variable and then the international system variable had the greatest impact on foreign policy decisions.

The purpose of this article is to collect aspects of conventional intelligence suitable for promoting effective teaching among professors in the environment of Imam Ali (AS) Officer University in order to develop decision-making skills in students of Imam Ali (AS) Officer University.

In terms of nature, the present article is a qualitative research that has been done by analytical-inferential method. Data collection has been done by using document mining in the library and written texts, including books, articles and views of experts in the philosophy of education, as well as written resources in the field of teaching methods and teaching decision-making. The analysis has been done in such a way that after an in-depth study of teaching philosophy, we have extracted appropriate strategies for teaching decision making. The level of analysis in this research is descriptive-interpretive.

This Research has shown that decision-making skills can be enhanced by using appropriate teaching strategies.

Effective professors are those who are well acquainted with their role as facilitators and instructors to develop decision-making skills in students, and Imam Ali (AS) Officer University has a duty to develop the skills that professors need to become effective professors. One way to develop this capability is to provide appropriate instruction on a variety of teaching methods and strategies to keep their instructors up to date with the modern world.