جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Europeanization » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The South Caucasus refers to the region south of the Great Caucasus Mountains and includes the three countries of Georgia, Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The region is considered by foreign actors, including the European Union, as a single subgroup of regions. International interventions in the South Caucasus began after the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the European Union paid attention to the surviving countries of the Soviet Union in the Baltic region immediately after independence, but ignored Georgia, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan, which survived the collapse of the Soviet Union in the South Caucasus A few years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the European Union has gradually shifted its role from one observer to the South Caucasus to an actor with well-defined interests in the region. The reason for this change of approach was the increasing importance of the South Caucasus region for the European Union. The South Caucasus is important to the EU in several ways: the geopolitical position of the region, the existence of energy resources including oil and gas that the EU needs to diversify its energy sources, and the transit position of the region to connect north, south and east and the West that is important to the European Union. The Caucasus region is also important for the EU in terms of security. The European Union is particularly concerned about stability in the South Caucasus due to the geographical proximity of the Caucasus to its borders. With the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union, the EU is bordered by the North and South Caucasus by sea. Also, in case of Turkey's membership in the European Union, this union will be the immediate neighbor of the South Caucasus. Accordingly, security in the South Caucasus has become increasingly important in the overall security of the European Union. Stability in the South Caucasus region, which borders the European Union, also has positive benefits for the EU, as it provides access to the Caspian Sea and beyond, including its energy resources. The existence of unresolved conflicts in the South Caucasus region is another factor in the region's importance to the EU. The EU is interested in managing and assisting in resolving security issues in the Caucasus, as crises in the region could have different consequences for Europe. For example, one of the immediate consequences of insecurity in the Caucasus will be the humanitarian crisis and the influx of refugees from the resurgence of conflict in the region towards Europe.Research Question: This paper examines the question of what regulatory mechanisms the European Union has used in regulating its relations with the countries of the South Caucasus, and how these mechanisms have evolved.Research Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this paper was that the European Union has regulated its relations with the countries of the Caucasus on the basis of the requirements of normative power and, in parallel, has designed and implemented regulatory mechanisms.

The theoretical framework of this paper is normative power theory. Europe has longer-term concerns about instability in the Caucasus, such as the rise of extremism and the spread of organized crime. In such a situation, the European Union has also adopted a normative approach in relations with the countries of the South Caucasus, given that it has established normative power as its international hallmark and based it on its foreign policy. The EU's reliance on normative power has set it apart from other actors in the South Caucasus. In fact, pursuing a normative approach to a kind of foreign Europeanization policy means extending the norms, standards and values of the European Union beyond its political borders. Through a normative approach, the European Union pursues goals such as strengthening human rights, democratization, the rule of law and strengthening good governance within the framework of its normative power in the target countries. The instruments of this policy are support for institutionalization, trade liberalization, economic reform, cohesion in legislation, and assistance in resolving disputes. The bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, the European Neighborhood Policy, the Eastern Partnership, and other special cooperation and assistance programs have been concluded within this framework.

The findings show that the regulatory mechanisms of EU-South Caucasus relations are influenced by the complexities of regional relations and different strategic approaches of the countries of the region for relations with the EU, as well as the acceptance of the principle of differentiation and principled pragmatism in EU foreign policy and moved from holistic multilateralism based on the normative approach towards differentiated bilateralism based on realism. Within this framework, the mechanism includes concluding partnership and bilateral cooperation agreements, establishing a neighborhood policy, appointing an EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus, the Black Sea Cooperation Initiative, the Eastern Partnership program and new bilateral agreements over a period of about 30 years.

The evolution of the EU's approach to the South Caucasus shows that Brussels is gradually has withdrawn form its normative ambitions in its relations with the countries of this region and with taking into account the objective facts, has taken a flexible approach to examining the various interests and aspirations of the South Caucasus countries. As a result, the process of regulating the mechanisms governing the EU's relations with the countries of the South Caucasus has shifted from pervasive multilateralism to differentiated bilateralism.

Moldova is the eastern border between the European Union and the outside world, and this has made the country's geopolitical importance. Cooperation between the European Union and Moldova began after the country's independence. Since 2009, Moldova has committed itself to complying with EU standards. This obedience was shown in the context of Europe's neighborhood policy and the Eastern Partnership. The bond between the two actors culminated in the conclusion of a cooperation agreement. Under these policies, Moldova undertook fundamental reforms in the structure of its institutions in order to approach the level of European standards. In fact, ENP seeks to stimulate members motivation to converge with Europe. The present study seeks to answer the question of What effect will the implementation of ENP and especially EaP have on the political development of this country? This article Hypothesizes that ENP, in the form of the principle of conditionality and the principle of socialization, has put pressure on the implementation of political reforms in Moldova; But the developmental impact of these policies has been superficial and unpredictable. To test this hypothesis, the theory of Europeanization of Frank Schimmelfenning has been used. The theory of Europeanization is a tool for understanding the internal changes of Moldavia and the process of its development.

 The purpose of this Paper is to examine how the European Union, through its neighborly policy based on normative power, transfers European norms and values to Islamic countries in the south and east of the Mediterranean and Europeanizes them, and what are the consequences of these actions? The analytical framework for examining the subject of the article is normative power theory and the research method used is the descriptive-analytical method. Also, the method of data collection is the method of libraries in which various sources including books, articles, documents, comments of relevant officials, etc. have been studied and the relevant data has been collected. European UnionIn order to ensure security and stability for itself and to prevent the emergence of new dividing lines between Europe and neighboring countries and to strengthen relations with non-member countries which have a strategic role to play in reorganizing the EU's geopolitical and economic power, by Neighborhood policy, through the conditionalizing of bilateral relations or through regional initiatives with the southern and eastern Mediterranean countries, forces them to move in the direction of their desired values and norms in the political, economic, cultural and social spheres, which is the essence of the Europeanization process. The Europeanization of Islamic countries in the south and east of the Mediterranean through the EU's neighborhood policy has consequences such as diminishing political Islam in the region, transforming Islamic values, normalizing regional relations with the Zionist regime, overshadowing the Palestinian as one of the most central issue among Islamic countries, the deterioration of economic cooperation between Islamic countries is followed by the integration of the countries of the region in the single European market.

This study aims to introduce the Turkey's Europeanization, within the framework of "rhetorical action." It seems the "rhetorical action" that means using an organized collection of claims, which aims to persuade public audience and/or foreign and domestic opponents to accept actors’ preference and/or de-legitimize those of opponents, has played an important role in the process of the Turkey's Europeanization in adapting to the norms of the European Union. Indeed, in spite of the importance of "strategic action" and "communicative action", respectively means “utility maximization” and “reasoned understanding about valid behavior” in the Turkey's Europeanization, With the presence and continuous engagement of rhetorical action in Turkey, even after reducing the credibility of the European Union in the country's social and political sphere, and weakening the EU conditionality, reforms related to the process of accession to the European Union have more or less persisted. In this view, both the ruling elite and the opposition parties, along with civil society and the media, use "rhetorical action" in the sense of strategic use of normative arguments based on European norms and de-legitimization of opponents by these norms.

This paper aims to investigate the change in Turkey''s Security Discourse in process of Turkey''s Europe Union accession. It seems that Europeanization of turkey is one of the most important factors in the change of its security discourse. Turkey''s political and security language has changed and in this country، we are witnessing a new political and social contracts that lead to a normalization process. Among other reasons، process of desecuritization is the result of the European Union accession process and concomitant events، a transformation of the political landscape، and the Compliance with EU norms. Within this process of desecuritization formerly securitized issues have perceived as normal political issues. To test this hypothesis، the authors with use of Europeanization literature while comparing the security discourse in Turkey before and after the start of the new millennium، tries to evaluate the normalization of Armenian issue and Turkey– Armenia relations in the framework of this discursive change.

One of the important issues which deals simultaneously with the European Union (EU) enlargement policy and its common foreign and security policy, is EU's policy towards its neighbors. after EU enlargement. It is a crossroad of EU foreign, security, development and trade policies which aims at Europeanization and creating a ring of friends around its borders where good governance, political and economic stability, democratization and respect for human rights have been emphasized. The present article attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy in reaching its targets. In this paper, Ukraine as one of the most important European countries where the policy is applied toward it, has been examined as a sample. Results show that in spite of some actions made by partner's countries, it was not, because of conflicting goals in partner countries, replicating accession, lack of sizeable incentives, lack of proper support of civil society, improper funding, as successful as it should be.

This paper aims to investigate the change in the approach of Turkey’s Islamic political، social and economic groups in process of accession to the European Union. It seems that process of Turkey’s accession to the European Union that has led to more Europeanization of this country، is one of the most important factors in the gradual change of preferences، behavior and sometimes identity of important part of these groups in Turkey. Changes such as reinterpretation of Islamic thoughts and identity in accordance to European norms and needs of the new bourgeois; attitude change toward EU as an enemy of Islamic identity to its friend; reinterpretation of concepts like secularism and modernization; gradual internalization of human rights، democracy and the market discourses; compliance with Europe’s business culture and entrepreneurial identity standards and European Union''s economic procedures and highlighting of pragmatic and moderate interpretations of Islam. To test this hypothesis، the author by using Europeanization literature tries to evaluate encountering history of Islamic groups in Turkey with Europe and West and impact of Turkey''s accession process to the EU in building new opportunity structure، behavior change، and sometimes identity change of the Islamist political parties، civil society and business and industrial groups.

This paper aims to investigate Turkey’s compliance with European Union energy rules and policies.  European Union encourages and reinforces member states and candidate countries to compliance with its rules and policies by normative and monitoring structures. Because of European Union’s sensitive situation in energy sector, candidate countries compliance with EU energy policies, is one of the most important requirements for the country’s accession to the Europe Union. It seems that Turkey in its accession process, have been significant advances in compliance with EU rules and policies in the sectors of energy supply security; internal market; energy efficiency; renewable energy sources and transnational networks. To test this hypothesis, the author tries to utilize Compliance literature and investigate the Turkey’s compliance with European Union energy rules and policies from the perspective of annual progress reports of EU and focus on different sectors of the country’s energy.