جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « migration » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Today, international migration has become one of the biggest issues and challenges facing the countries of the world in the age of globalization. On the one hand, the presence of immigrants in the social, economic and political structures of immigrant-receiving countries has become a special capacity for the development of those countries and to achieve a colorful role in global governance, and on the other hand, it has become a factor for the weakening of security and economic stability indicators. has been This research, using a descriptive-analytical approach based on the analysis of available statistics, examines the change in the approach to the migration issue from the social dimension to political, economic and security opportunities and challenges, with an emphasis on the Islamic Republic of Iran and its effects on the global geopolitical environment in The era of globalization has paid off. In order to achieve this result, in this article, identifying the factors affecting the migration process and examining the views of developed countries from this point of view, and finally, a perspective based on the analysis of trends for prioritizing management and strategic policy making in this regard. The domain is provided.

During the Soviet Union, as a result of accelerated industrialization policies and agricultural expansion, migration flows in Central Eurasia were mainly from the center of the Soviet Union to Central Asia. But at the beginning of the 1990s and after the collapse of Soviet Union, the situation changed. A large number of Russians living in Central Asian republics immigrated to Russia for fear of ethnic discrimination.  In addition, due to poverty and unemployment, war (in Tajikistan) and environmental problems, Central Asians migrated to Russia. This is despite the fact that a significant part of the migrations were labor migrations, which were done with the motive of employment and earning money to cover the expenses of the families living in the republics. Even today, due to cultural and linguistic affinities, family ties, ease of travel as well as Russia's strong need for labor in the early 2000s, the large-scale labor migration from Central Asia to Russia is one of the main streams of migration to Russia. To the extent that today, the remittances sent by these immigrants to their countries of origin constitute a significant share of the GDP of the respective countries especially Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, it can be seen that the migration flow in the region has been reversed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the integration of some countries in the region in the form of the Eurasian Economic Union and facilitating the free movement of labor among the member countries, it seems that changes have been made in the migration process from member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union to Russia.

Research question:

 In this research, focusing on the migrations to Russia from Central Asian countries, the main question is that: what effects has the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union had on the migration process from Central Asia to Russia? There are also a number of sub-questions, the answers to which can lead us to the answer to the main question. These questions are: What are the characteristics of Central Asian migrations to Russia? And what is the relationship between the economic theory of immigration and economic convergence?

Research hypothesis: 

In response to the above question, the hypothesis is examined that " The membership of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union has increased the process of labor migration from the first two countries to Russia by influencing the costs of migrant workers."

Considering that several factors can be effective in determining the flow of migration from Central Asia, which cannot be controlled, in this article the qualitative method of bivariate correlation is used. In this method, an attempt has been made to evaluate the relationship between the two variables of the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union (independent variable) and the change in migration process from Central Asia (dependent variable) by qualitatively evaluating the available data. Although the effect of variable a on variable B is not measured in this method, the existence of a positive or negative relationship between the two variables is evaluated.

Surveys showed that firstly, most of the migrations from the Central Asian republics are work and temporary migrations, and therefore are carried out by the population of working age. Secondly, the ratio of the number of immigrants to the total population of each republic is higher in poorer countries than in richer regions and countries. Thirdly, migrations often have a male face and are related to unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Fourthly, the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union has eased the labor migration conditions between the member countries and reduced its costs, and this has affected the flow of labor migration. At the same time, the lack of accurate and reliable statistics, especially regarding the country of Turkmenistan, and the impossibility of assessing the volume of illegal labor migration, were the most important challenges for an accurate assessment of the migration process in the region.Examining the collected data and information and comparing the share of member and non-member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union in the period before and after the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union in work migration to Russia shows that after the membership of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the migration of workers from these two countries to Russia has increased.

In this article, changes in the nature and countries of origin and destination of immigration after the collapse of the Soviet Union were investigated. Studies have shown that, unlike the early years of the collapse, when migrations were ethnic or social in nature, since the early 2000s they have become more economic in nature, and the two countries of Kazakhstan and Russia, became the most important destinations for work migration due to economic growth. Also, the impact of immigration process from member countries and non-member countries in the Eurasian Economic Union was investigated. The comparison of statistics showed that there is a positive correlation between the membership of the republics in this union and the increase of work migrations to Russia. In other words, with the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union, the number of labor migrations from union member countries to Russia has increased compared to non-member countries.

The European Union is the largest donor of development aid in the world by providing about the half of global development aid by its members. Meanwhile, the biggest recipients are mostly found among the neighbors of the European Union. The main question of this research is: What role does the securitization of immigration play in European Union's development aid? The main hypothesis states the European Union's development aid has shifted its function from the poverty alleviation to the migration control due to the securitization of immigration. In this research, the qualitative method and statistical analysis with the documentary method as the method of collecting data are used within the theoretical framework of Buzan and Weaver’s securitization theory. The results of this research indicate that development aid has become a tool of the European Union's foreign policies in line with the migration securitization discourse, and the quality and quantity of the aid are both affected by the security concerns of the EU members. In fact, the migration securitization discourse has moved from the national to the supranational level in the European Union, and due to the amendments made in the Lisbon Treaty for the sake of a common security and foreign policy under the management of the European External Action Service and budgeting the development aid, development policy has been undermined and hollowed out by diverting its focus from poverty alleviation to migration crisis management.

The first encounter of Danish Vikings with Muslims dates back to a thousand years ago, but the first mass entry of Muslims to Denmark should be traced back to the 1960 as guest workers. After that, the second and third waves of Muslims entered the country as workers, refugees, asylum seekers and displaced persons. In parallel with the arrival of Muslim immigrants in Denmark for the past 60 years, restrictive laws and regulations have been enacted; Laws that have consistently imposed restrictions on Islam, Islamist, Mosques, Imams, and so on. The question that arises here is why Islam has become problematic in Denmark not as a legal religious minority, like Judaism, but as an "anti-Danish" ? In response, while referring to the analytical-theoretical framework of the problematic rupture, we refer to the problematic change of Danish society from the problem of immigrants / workers to the problematic of Muslims / the "anti-Danish phenomenon" to describe the transformation of Muslims as anti-Danish issues.

The category of immigration is undoubtedly one of the most challenging issues in recent decades, which has affected various fields such as society, economy and culture. Many contemporary writers, based on the status and importance of the migration phenomenon, have made this issue the basis of their works and have created a special literary approach outside the borders of the motherland with their works. Among the contemporary novelists, Reza Ghasemi should be considered among those who deeply dealt with the issue of migration. From the findings of this research, which was gathered by descriptive-analytical method, it is clear that the author was able to reflect the situation of Iranian immigrants exiled from the homeland and to be the narrator of human life today with its continuous pains and sufferings. Ghasemi's works, while having the features of postmodernist literature, depict a world in which many pillars are born of beliefs, opinions, contradictions and even superstitions of the mind of an Iranian in exile. Factors such as the distress of the narrator's mind and constant fear caused by being away from the homeland, identity crisis and cultural contradiction can be seen in all three novels of the author.

Seeking asylum and migration, and their consequent effects and consequences, are among the facts and problems in the contemporary world. In this regard, "humanitarian borders" is a novel concept in the international system that monitors some attempts at alleviating the pain and suffering of migrants on borders, especially those of the European Union. In practice, these attempts have failed to secure the rights of migrants and have been overshadowed by the security interests of the EU. This paper aims to determine to what extent arranging humanitarian borders by the EU has provided migrants and refugees with their basic rights. According to the research hypothesis, humanitarian policies and actions on the EU borders, which should logically mitigate the pain and suffering of migrants and refugees, are overshadowed by political considerations rather than compliance with human right requirements. In fact, these policies and actions have become a part of the tool to justify various acts of violence on the EU borders. Using a normative-descriptive framework, this paper employs a qualitative method based on the literature on humanitarian borders to analyze the abovementioned process. It also aims to indicate that emphasizing the procedures and components of human security rather than those of national security and governmental security can provide a favorable framework for the implementation of humanitarian borders. This security concerns human life and dignity and its ultimate goal is to protect the principal foundations of human life from pervasive threats in addition to providing refugees and migrants with long-term interests.

The purpose of this study is to know the effects of economic, social and cultural consequences of handicraft development and its role in tourism prosperity in Kerman province. For this purpose, first, by reviewing the theoretical literature related to identifying the consequences of handicrafts on tourism development, then the opinion of active craftsmen in this industry (in Kerman province) was questioned. The analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire in this research has been done in two descriptive and inferential ways using SPSS 22 software and IMOS software. In descriptive analysis, the researcher has summarized and classified the collected data using descriptive statistics indicators. In general, 2x test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to measure the normality of the data. Kolmogorf-Smirnov test was used to measure the normality of the variables of this research. Also, one-sample t-student tests were used to analyze the research questions. Two-sample independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used. To answer the rest of the questions, a one-sample t-test was used. Showed that the calculated averages of the opinions of artisans are above average and they believe that the development of handicrafts will lead to a boom in tourism and the consequences include; Increasing entrepreneurship and business prosperity, increasing income and increasing employment of natives and preventing migration and poverty alleviation and self-confidence in this sector.

At present, Turkey is an immigration destination for many Iranians due to their easier residence conditions than other countries. This is especially true for Turkic-speaking people such as the Turkmen of Golestan Province. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the economic factors of Turkmen migration to Golestan province to Turkey. This study was performed in two parts: qualitative (foundation data method) and quantitative (single sample t-test and descriptive statistics). The qualitative section was conducted by interviewing 20 experts, including faculty members, administrators, experts and thinkers in Golestan and Turkey provinces who had appropriate and accurate information about the migration of Turkmens from Golestan province. The qualitative section was also conducted by presenting a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative section to 185 Turkmen immigrants from Golestan province to Turkey. Based on the results of the qualitative section, 69 open codes, 8 central codes and 4 selected codes were identified as economic factors for the migration of Turkmens in Golestan province to Turkey. Also, based on the results of the quantitative section and one-sample t-test, the t-statistics of the variables of job opportunities, expected income, provision of future employment of children and economic security are equal to 6.166, 14.618, 18.087 and 7.479, respectively. کهbe that their significance level is less than 0.05. Based on the results of descriptive statistics, the mean value in all 4 variables is higher than 3, which shows that all the answers were based on the opinion I agree with in the questionnaire. This result is also true for all the variables that make up economic factors. Therefore, it can be concluded that economic factors including the four variables mentioned affect the decision to migrate.

The phenomenon of globalization in the present age has caused profound and far-reaching changes in human life. Due to the globalization and expansion of information technology, people are becoming aware of the existence of job opportunities in different parts of a country and the world in a more effective and faster manner. In addition to the spread of more advanced communication technologies, the improvement of transportation systems has made it easy for people to move around. Likewise, the economic dimension of globalization has facilitated the movement of capital and technology across borders, intensified the industrialization of cities, created job opportunities in the industrial and service sectors of cities, and has increased the migration of rural labor to urban areas. All these developments have intensified urbanization, which is not only an increase in the size of population in urban areas, but also a dynamic process that brings with it two types of movement and change: First, the movement and transfer of population from rural to urban areas with changes in functions, especially in economic sphere: Second, Urbanization is accompanied by changes in demographic composition of urban population, lifestyle, value system of individuals, and generally speaking by cultural changes. In multicultural societies, language as the most important element of cultural identity and the factor of differentiation of groups and individuals is the first element that is endangered in migration to cities. Language as a means of communication is the most important need of people for interaction, so it is also the first cultural element that is affected by migration to cities. Cities usually have a culture of consumption and assimilation; and learning a dominant language facilitates the assimilation process. One of the most important cultural attributes which is lost due to urbanization in multicultural societies is language. A key objective of this article is to answer the question of how urbanization affects language diversity in cities. In the hypothesis, it is declared that globalization with the accompanied intensification of urbanization​ cause a linguistic decline by the assimilation and integration of immigrants in the new urban society as well as the drowning of the immigrant population in the host population. The ways by which urbanization affect language occur in the context of changing the "linguistic attitudes" of the speakers. This study is conducted by analyzing the data collected in research projects and official reports of UNESCO and DESA concerning the implications of globalization on language developments, as well as the global consequences of urban growth for linguistic diversity. The case studies show that although people seem to give up their local language for social, cultural, political and especially economic reasons and use the dominant or more authoritative language that is common in cities, this change is rooted in the change of their "linguistic attitude" which can be considered as one of the important cultural consequences of urbanization by creating positive attitudes towards the dominant and valid language and negative attitudes towards their local indigenous languages. This is done by facilitating acculturation and assimilation with the majority, as well as reducing the use of minority languages, language resistance of future generations and generally the absence of intergenerational transmission of language which consequently lead to the elimination or death of a language. What is important here is the linguistic attitude of the speakers towards their language, which affects the preservation or elimination of the language. Of course, it does not matter whether the immigrant community or the host society lose its language. Although demographic and cultural heterogeneity in cities seems to have become a fundamental reality in the age of globalization, and cities have become places of cultural diversity today, this is not the case with language because the communicative nature of language is such that we see linguistic homogeneity in cities rather than linguistic diversity. It is believed that urban migration has the same linguistic effects as migrating to a country, but urbanization together with rural-to-urban migration within countries, given their prevalence, seem to have more negative consequences on international language diversity than international migration for three reasons: 1. population mobility within countries is usually not subject to any laws or regulations; 2. it is difficult to migrate to other countries, so migration to cities is more widespread and easier, and 3. A village is usually a source of linguistic diversity, and the withdrawal of the younger generation, which transmits the language and culture of the village to the next generation, leads to the decline of rural languages. It is important to note that according to UN estimates, the world's urban population will increase from 49% to 70% by 2050, and the urban population of the Third World will be 64%. The data indicate the evacuation of the world's villages, especially the rural areas of the developing world with its rich source of world linguistic diversity. On a large scale, the growing trend of urbanization will have a negative effect on linguistic diversity in the world; and it will shape a bleak future for the world's linguistic diversity. The analysis of the impact of urbanization on languages ​​shows how it can destroy language diversity and increase language homogeneity in the world.

National and international incidents affecting the situation in Afghanistan, especially during the past four decades, have displaced millions of Afghans to other countries, including Iran. During this period, the lack of significant improvement in Afghanistan's security, political and economic situation has caused displacement of over one million Afghan refugees and over one and a half million non-refugee Afghans (including unauthorized /undocumented ones) to Iran. Causes and characteristics of Afghan nationals’ immigration to Iran, the impact of this incident on Iran's national security, are questions that have been dealt within this article. In this research, the descriptive-analytical method has been used. By using existing documents, it has been tried to collect information and described the concepts, principles, strategies and structure in the above mentioned field. The results of this research show that current laws and administrative arrangements as it was expected, could not address the issues of the large number of Afghan nationals in the country. Also, the multiplicity of power centres, variety of decision maker bodies on foreign nationals, has caused various challenges in the field of national security.

The issue of immigration is not a choice for Russia, but it is an essential factor for maintaining the rate of its population and labor force. However, Russian immigration policy is not comprehensive; it endures alack of clear expression of the goals. In addition, foreign immigrants are often not only accused of depriving Russian citizens of their social-economic rights, but also they are considered as a threat to the cultural and ethnic homogeneity of Russian society and national identity. This paper addresses the phenomenon of immigration both from the perspective of economic competition and nationalism, national identity, and ethnic prejudice. The author addresses the following question: "Why Russian major ethnicities, especially the Russians are mostly against the mass immigration to Russia?" The hypothesis examined in this paper is that "major Russian ethnicities especially the Russians are against the mass immigration due to the fear of immigrants’ incompatibility with culture and values of Russian society, rather than racial and ethnic prejudices." Using   library data and a descriptive-analytical methodology, the author tries to tell why the research findings provide an answer to the research question.

One of the ways to develop and expand the scope of authority and influence of the country's strategic depth of cultural and social practices in international engagement.The student exchange and education and training among these is the youth of other countries. But adopting this policy is not without problems. In fact, immigration patterns, different societies have different consequences.In some forms immigration, internal resistance is reduced and fragile identity. And in some models enhanced external cultural and social interactions with increased immigration provided the host community.Between the elite and attract talented youth in the targeted admission to study other communities are in a special position.Past years, the issue of interaction opportunities with overseas construction experts of various scientific point of view the important issues such as social sciences, strategic management and political science. Accordingly, in this article we have tried interaction "academic immigration" and identity in cultural and social factors in the Islamic Republic with the results of studies done for scholars explain. An overview of the results;Strategies to protect and promote Iranian-Islamic identity in touch with "academic immigration" Islamic Republic have components of culture, social identity being the center of attention is still Including factors such as guardianship leadership, authority,The existence of Islam and Shi'ism maintain and develop the core values, appropriate administrative organization and the increasing influence of Islam and Shi'ism in the world and other elements of "Iranian-Islamic identity" be considered.

Based on the findings of the paper, continuous uneven development in Iran has led to problems as follows: continuation of migration from less developed regions to developed regions, inequality in population density, growing density of the population in developed regions, rising of marginalization around metropolitans, increasing risks for biosphere centers and tensions in utilization of the resources. These problems, in the medium and long term can lead to threat of social solidarity and cohesion, fragile national economy and political divergence which pose a threat against national security.

Diasporas are a unique type among non-governmental actors in global politics and international relations. They have become a focal point for research centers, power clubs and media across the world in the last two decades. Given these points, this paper explores the relationship between these emerging actors and national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the context of globalization. The paper argues that their influence depends on a number of factors including a proper understanding of diasporas in the current era and then deliberating an efficient strategy to deal with them. On this basis and in the first level of analysis, this paper presents conceptual and applicable explanations of diaspora as a scientific term. On the second level, an appropriate analysis will be presented to explain the increasing influence of these new-emerged actors in relation to national interests of Iran.

Historical analysis of migration process show that in various ways there is a relationship between migration and development. Present gap between people living level isnt the basic and main motive in formation of migration flows and furthermore always just these society's vulnerable groups dont migrate. Human experiences especially in current age has well proved this fact that each positive social motion, any growth and development in different arena forms in gentle social context and in undesirable conditions especially in struggle and wars situations (whether in inside or outside level), growth fields, development and progress fails or at least will be decreased. The lack of development, consider as a one of the human security threats. Those societies that suffers from deep categorical gaps and saturated societies from political, economical, social and field prejudices, are for advent of equal breaks and these gaps in each society consider as a potential danger for constant security. Societies in which citizens freely can critique deficiencies and democratically in democratic arena have a role and in fact improve contribution situations, will be supported from settlement security. All countries which encounter wide migration phenomenon, are countries which while developing, are transiting from not very desirable conditions to desirable conditions. On the other hand variation and advent of massive social, political and economical changes is of common dimensions of all societies which deal with high rate of their citizens migration. Thus in first step, can accept that there is a significant relation between wide migration of a country and common development progress of that country. On the other hand citizen's widespread migration of a country, is direct result of failed development process in that society.

The quality of Jewish exodus to Palestine and efforts at occupying this territory as well as policies pursued by then great powers particularly Great Britain is among the important topics that still attracts the attention of scholars on Middle East political history. Studying various historical data, the author has revealed how the Jewish Agency encouraged Jews to emigrate by attracting the support of British politicians, propaganda and exploiting legal loopholes. In this way, they attempted to change the demographic composition of the territory. The Agency proceeded to the point that it even organized illegal migration and at the same time gave armaments to extremist Jewish groups inside Palestine. Despite Palestinian inhabitants and the Mandate government reacted to such endeavors, the final result was to the benefit of the Jewish Agency and the process of judaization of Palestine went along rapidly.

The acceleration of the pace of international migration during the second half of the 20th century, the upsurge in the number of migrants in various countries and the emergence of the phenomenon of Diaspora and its political, social consequences, particularly from the viewpoint of attraction or interaction between ethic and cultural minorities in the dominant culture or nationality, have been the new subjects of sociological studies. The two- to three-million population of Iranian migrants in various parts of the world, particularly in Europe and the United States, will face the positive and negative aspects of migration. The present article is an attempt to study the cultural, social and identity characteristics of the Iranian migrants and also tries to analyze the cultural and identity interaction between the Iranian migrants residing in Germany with the host nationals.