جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آسیای مرکزی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Iran has been an active actor in the field of international relations in several fields close to it and has been seeking to expand its field of acting. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of emerging countries, Iran's attention was drawn to this region. Iran's acting in the Central Asian region has had an economic and cultural basis and has been less associated with sharp sensitivities. In this research, an attempt is made by using the descriptive-analytical research method and an interdisciplinary approach consisting of foreign policy analysis in a future-oriented and scenario-oriented format with the analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses and environmental opportunities and challenges in the form of two strategic management models (SWAT and Pestel). Analyze the effectiveness of the economic diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the countries of Central Asia, and then provide suitable solutions for the success of the foreign policy strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in these countries. The findings of the research show that the economic diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the countries of the Central Asian region is growing but not at an optimal level, and in this regard, the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in these republics is also a foundation and a guide. The economic relations of the two countries have been

The part of Asia that for various political and geographical reasons has been called by various names such as Middle Asia, Central Asia and the heart of Asia, after the collapse of the USSR and the formation of new independent states in the region, provided new opportunities in various economic, cultural, political and religious aspects for the major players in world politics, as well as giving rise to questions and ambiguities about how to take advantage of these opportunities. Since the knowledge of history is at the core of the solution to any problem in human relations, the study of the history of this region has also been the focus of some political institutions and academic forums. The history of Middle Asia (from Mongolia to Khorezm) by Swat Soucek is one of the works that offers a narrative of the 14th century history of this region. The author seeks to provide a historical introduction that opens the door for politicians, journalists, businessmen, and researchers to penetrate the lesser-known world of this part of the geography of world history.The present article tries to provide an analytical method, a critical evaluation of the book translation and the author's historical approach.

The Central Asian region is one of the regions with strategic, geo-economic and geo-cultural importance. Most of the countries in this region were part of Iran until the Qajar period. With the occupation of these areas by Tsarist Russia, these countries became part of the territory of Tsarist Russia and then the Soviet Union. The Islamic Republic of Iran has important historical, cultural and identity commonalities with the countries of this region. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of these republics, the parties sought to establish bilateral and multilateral relations for various reasons. The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and these republics have been affected by various factors and components since the beginning of independence until the present time. In line with its goals and national interests, the Islamic Republic of Iran has planned its foreign policy cultural strategies in the region in order to achieve its foreign policy goals. The findings of the research, by examining the multiple cultural drivers affecting the relations of the parties and using an "interdisciplinary" approach and based on descriptive-qualitative method, indicate the importance of the cultural diplomacy strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the group of Central Asian countries (Turkmenistan and Tajikistan) at the beginning The independence of these republics had highlighted the dominance and cultural influence in the minds of the rulers of this country, but with the passage of time, the friendliness of Iran's "civilization-oriented" cultural diplomacy became apparent to the people and statesmen of these republics and is slowly developing.

The present study seeks to develop a desirable policy model with Iranian cultural-historical components in Central Asia to counter the threats of radical Islamism. From this point of view, the data were collected using qualitative method and semi-standard interviews with 10 experts in this field, selected through purposeful sampling (first step) and theoretical sampling (second step). To analyze the data, the thematic analysis method and theoretical coding process were used. The findings of the study showed that the desirable model of policymaking appropriate to Iranian cultural-historical components in Central Asia in the face of the threats of radical Islamism reached theoretical saturation based on six broad themes, including: 1) adopting a culturally appropriate approach to foreign policy; 2- Strengthening cultural and historical relations; 3- Utilizing scientific and academic capacities; 4- Strengthening Persian language and literature; 5- Paying attention to cultural media policy and 6- Strengthening common religious elements by relying on ethical aspects. In order to validate these themes and the model, the communication-based assessment method and the audit method were used. The reliability of the method was also confirmed by repeatability as well as the transferability or generalizability.

Regionalization-globalization link has been investigated by thinkers in recent years. Central Asia is among regions which have regional-integration potential. Collapsing USSR and independence of Central-Asia countries could be imagined as a new era subjecting them to globalizing processes. Meanwhile, Iran has accessed appropriate opportunity to develop her relationships with Central-Asia countries. The article aims to study potentials of Iran and the countries in the deepening of their relations under the regional international society. Main question is how Iran and Central Asian could constitute a regional international society. It is assumed that they could constitute the society based on their historical integrations and increasing functional relationships. It seems that English School theory could be explaining in the case examined here. According to the theory, there are contrasting views of how an international society comes into being. Wight believes that an international society ‘will not come into being without a degree of cultural unity among its members.’ On the other hand, Bull assumes ‘a minimal desire for order’ is a basic requirement for international society. Lastly, regarding the cultural-historical relations between Iran and Central-Asia countries in one hand, and their increasing functional-economic interactions on the other hand, there are some grounds forming a regional international society.

Bolsheviks replaced Tsars after their victory in the revolution of October, 1917 in Russia and ruled the territory under the Tsras’ authority including Central Asia. The communist successors of the tsars, very soon, Communist rulers started a comprehensive fight against Islamic religion and culture in Central Asia and And the Islamic identity of the people targeted the region with a variety of instruments. The why and how of Bolsheviks’ anti-Islamism is the main question of the present article which the author tries to investigate and explain using descriptive-analytical method. The aim of the present article is to explain the process of the anti-Islamic policies of Bolsheviks in Central Asia . Research findings show that the killing of Muslims, the destruction and closure of religious mosques and schools, the confrontation with the activities of missionaries, the stopping of the publication of religious books, in particular the Quran, the conversion of the Arabic and Persian alphabets to Russian, the abolition of veil, confiscation The endowment and liquidation of the religious courts are one of the anti-Islamic acts of the Bolsheviks during the seventy-year period of its domination of Central Asia. But despite all their anti-Islamic propaganda efforts, they have not succeeded in eliminating Islam from the lives of the people of Central Asia, and the Muslims of this region, through the establishment of movements like “Basmachi” and maintaining their religious and national identity in the form of The unofficial Islam reminded us of the admirable resistance against the Bolsheviks.

Convergence with neighboring countries is one of the ways of gaining and enhancing power for every country; therefore, identifying the contexts and factors of convergence and its challenges is one of the necessities of the foreign policy of every country. Central Asia is one of the most important neighboring areas for Iran which historical and cultural ties and regional common interest have multiplied the importance of Iran's convergence to the countries in this region. The main question of the present research is that how and to what extent the religion of Islam can be a factor in the convergence of Iran and Central Asian countries? In the present paper, using descriptive-analytical method and through library sources and interview, the mentioned question is analyzed. The findings show that Islam, beyond common theories of convergence and as the greatest factor in connecting Muslims, can result in the closeness and interaction between Iran and Central Asian countries. To do so, enhancing religious knowledge of the people who live in Central Asia region, paying attention to factors of Islamic unity, considering Sufi inclinations of people and cultural activities like showing films, theatre, poems, and developing common radio and television networks for propagating Islam are highly important and essential.

During the Qajar period, the Turkman's tribe were attacked interior territories of Iran and tiffs the properties of habitants of eastern Khazar and Khorasan. In the most of these raids they captured the women and children as slave to selling in the slave market in Bokhara, Khiwah and Marv. One of the most important element of this situation was the rivalry of Russia and Britain in this region. they searched their colonial benefit in the instability of the region. Russia flew their aggressive colonial interest toward south and Britain flew his stable defense upon his colony in India. Both take position toward the Turkman raiders. In these rivalries the Russia won the central Asia and Britain loos its hegemony upon this region. This research will examine the condition which produced this situation with emphasize upon the original sources and will introduce the historical research method.

This essay aims to put forward a new explanation of “Sârt” problem from an Iranian viewpoint. Its main focus is to represent those signs which could be helpful to introduce Sârt people as inheritors of Old Iranian culture of central Asia. To attain this purpose it has been organized in four parts; the first part discussed with the history of Russia’s rule over the region and its dealing with indigenous ethnicities and ethnic problem. The second part has concentrated on the scholarly literature on the subject and precedent findings. The third one includes an analytical survey of the situation of Sârt people in 19th century as reported by primary sources. And, the final part deals with the fate of Sârt identity as sealed by Bolshevik regime and Jadidism. As the essay puts it, there are certain evidences which show that there have been a Sârt people whom we might be able to introduce old settlers of central Asia with clear links with Iran. As the results show, down to the Bolshevik revolution, Sârt people were a very great population of settler society of central Asia. Hence, Its removal of ethnological literature of the region as happened after the establishment of soviet system might be interpreted as a sign of russification policies especially in contrast to Iranian heritage of Central Asia.

This article seeks to answer this question that how the Buddist art could grow and develop in the Central Asian countries. The Muryan Empire of the Bactrian State (321-185 BC), in the mid-third century BC, tried to promote the Buddhist sect in the West. The Kushanas (near 100 BC) stablished a new civilization in the history of Bactria. Afterwards, the Kushanas Empire became the eastern neigbour of the Sasanian Empire. Then Kushanaz territory was conquered by the Sasanian Empire. From the sttelement period of the Central Asia Budhist, four kinds of art works have been discovered: 1) Graffiti; 2) Architecture of Buddhist temples; and 3) Buddhist iconography; and 4) Kushanas art and jewelery. The ancient city of Termez in the south of Uzbakistan has an important role in this sect as a main center of Buddhism. In the north part of Termez, in a place named “Qara Tepe”, of an anciant monastery have been discovered in including the Khalchyan palace. Afrasiab, Samarkand in Uzbekistan is the most important archaeological site that underscores the art works of this period. What connects Marve in the Sasanian Turkmenstan with the East is a stupa Buddhist temple built outside the wall of the city.

The changing world order of 1990s changed situations in West Asia and its geopolitical priorities beyond belief. At the same time, geo-strategic priorities in the region of Caspian-Central Asia provided Iran with a pivotal position in West Asia, where the geopolitical and geo-strategic games played by US neocons vis-a-vis other players in the wake of the collapse of Soviet Union caused great sensitivities in the geopolitical and security situations of that region.The US conceptualization (Geoffrey Kemp: 1997, 14-16) of emergence of a new heartland in the region sandwiched between Caspian-Central Asia and the Persian Gulf automatically enhanced Iran’s new and highly sensitive position as the only land-bridge between the two regions. It was in that panoramic view that the idea emerged that if the Middle East and Persian Gulf were to have a liable geographical high-way to connect them to the region of Caspian-Central Asia this could be possible only through Iran. This was because Iran is the only country of the Middle East and Persian Gulf that borders Caspian-Central Asia at the same tune. In the mean time, the United States found acceptance of Iran’s new geopolitical situation and accepting its role in the formation of security arrangements pertaining to its idea of New World Order ratherdifficult. This geographic transformation of positions in the region of Caspian-Central Asia cemented a geopolitical and geo-strategic foundation on which, varying Iranian and American security concepts clash and overshadow their mutual relations.

The water issue and its effect on human life doesnt need any analysis and reasoning, but the factors such as population growth, improved quality of life and urbanization growth along with improved industrial and technological dimensions of living in the world have necessitated a logical and reasonable planning for optimal use of water and water domains existing in the world. These factors also require us to take into consideration the environmental issues and to abandon our useless political competitions in order to determine a fair regime for exploitation of the decreasing water resources by all countries and nations. Thus, considering the geopolitics of water in the Aral Sea domain is the main topic of this paper. This lake, which is surrounded by five countries, is under destruction and has a potential to cause an environmental crisis in the region because there is not an effective management. So, it is necessary to describe a multilateral regional management approach to reach a mutually agreed solution.

Although the function of culture in Social, political, economical,. .. revolutions turns back a long time ego; but, it finds more importance specially after industrial revolution and European influence and prevalence over the rest of the world through culture. This subject was planned –especially removing bi-polar world and distinguishing nations and states according their Cultural aspects _ as a scientific field of Geoculture. The purpose of present paper is to clear the history of the influence of Iran culture on Central Asia. Inquiring what are the effective factors on Geoculture connection between Iran and Central Asia? It is hypothesized that culture is effective factor on the common Geoculture on Iran and Central Asia. Because, Iran are considered as a centre and pivot for Central Asia both from material(economical) and spiritual(affection) point of view. Research founding indicates that Central Asia has been in the civilization domain of Iran since a long time ago and because of deep cultural and social connection is interest of Iran in Geoculture regard. After Soviet Union Fragmentation, the geopolitical situation of Iran beside economical geography of Central Asia occur such a condition in which regional and trans-regional states have notice to this strategic area and follow their own interest specially. In addition, Iran has geopolitical interest in the region and enjoying some factors related to common history, language and religion, and also membership in Islamic Conference Organization and friendly relations with neighboring countries on the other hand, enjoys potential effective power on the some of ethnics of the region. According to above-mentioned matters this article at first considers to the antecedent study on political culture that go back to sages and philosophers especially in Greece. On the other side, revolution in behavior pattern and decline of overcome of cultural thoughts in political boundaries frame leads to the concept of "globalization" on the 1960 decade. Meanwhile, Iran beyond of its different culture and ethnics has an ancient nation historically. It passes very revolution of political organization of space and now existing very cultural potentials between Iran and Central Asia, it has been considered to the role of culture on their common Geoculture structure rarely. Secondly, in theories, it is mentioned that cultural diplomacy began after the Second World War by France. After that Britannia, United States, Germany and Spain develop cultural diplomacy in the world. Thus, four kind of culture created: Anthropology culture, philanthropy culture, scientific culture and culture of masses. Anyway, culture is increasingly considered in the world as a basic factor in the relations between states and nations. Structure of Iran Geoculture, contains both national and religious symbols as one of the world's ancient seven districts. In this way, at first legality of rule was based on God given ability, in Islamic periods it based on religious rule and custom and finally after Islamic Revolution in Iran it bases on custom, legality and charismatic basis. In sum, according to revolutions in Central Asia after the Soviet Union Fragmentation and re-rising nations with a culture like Iran causes to culture be considered in relations between Iran and Central Asia and they come to gain a convergence to acquire their geopolitical common interests resorting to Geoculture at first and secondly gain immunity against cultural aggression.

Iran's historical and cultural realms beyond the political boundaries it is today. Looking at the extent of Iranian culture in the region can be downloaded and shared cultural traditions and history among Iranians in Iran's current political spectrum peripheral areas of the country are. East and northeast regions of Iran who is a holder of the ancient heritage of culture can be described as the causative agents of cultural convergence may play a role. is, countries that today are considered part of Central Asia, Iran, at a time of great part of the territory were considered to be converged factor analysis of the broader culture, especially with the approach of tourism development, a culture of weight geopolitics area increase.In this research analysis - cross-cultural and geopolitical Khorasan also study the role of tourism in this area IRU creating convergence between countries and prospects of tourism development, the relations will be analyzed Khorasan area countries. The results indicate that Great Khorasan region countries have special capabilities in the field of tourism are in place to reduce the risk of political, security and. .. Can pave the convergence of the expansion in this area to follow.

Khorasan has been the general name for the eastern regions of the country since Sassanid Era. The historical territory of Khorasan included the present Khorasan Province in Iran and some main parts of current Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. In a broader sense, parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kirgizstan and Kazakhstan can be included in the immense historical great Khorasan. Nowadays, main parts of great Khorasan in the Caspian sea eastern regions is referred to as the Central Asia. during the last two decades mainly after the collapse of Soviet Union, they have been paid more attention in the world because of the valuable energy resources in general, the natural gas ones in particular and the countries of South and East Asia are the biggest consumers of the Caspian natural gas. However, the confinement of these countries with lands and lack of access to sea ways have caused problems for the transport of the resources. One of the options is the transport of natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India (TAPI). This paper seeks to answer the question that “what are the problems of launching the TAPI pipelines? ”

The history of Islam in Great Khorasan and its evolutions during the past decades until the disintegration of the Soviet Union, is always been a hot topic and debatable subject for academic researches.The five Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan gained independence in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The rapid disintegration of the Soviet Union and the subsequent unexpected independence of Central Asian states in 1991 resulted in a renewal of nationalistic feelings and, in some quarters, a desire to re-establish a Caliphate. Some fundamentalist groups in Central Asia see the future of the region as being a Caliphate. The question arises whether adherence to Islam and its ideology in Central Asia is significantenough to be a foundation for the formation of a Caliphate. This paper proposes an answer to this question by analyzing the potential connection between fundamentalism and the revival of Islam in Central Asia.

History is as a mirror that is very instructive for all people and it is a bed for growing and developing nations.Vast Khorasan is a piece of Persians language people, special Tajiks that remind numerous scientists and cultural honors that just some of them are enough to recognize the personality of a nations.In fact, checking the Tajikistan personality finding process in Khorasan history caused that Tajik people after nation independence can pride to those people and realize their real personality on them. In this process our main question is that how Tajik people found again their real personality in khorasan history. Research methods in this process is based on library and historical sources with analysis data.

The most important aspect of every revolution is its ideological aspect which is significant in studying its transnational impacts. This aspect of the Islamic Revolution left an impact on the adjacent regions – which enjoy many regional, geographical, cultural and historical similarities. Although these impacts were not much noticed due to the domination of former Soviet Union during the first decade of the revolution, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, and formation of newly independent republics, the Islamic Republic of Iran tried to expand its influence on the basis of three connections, i.e., ethnicity, language and common historical-cultural background).

The disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, has also changed many strategic concepts. Central Asia, as a part of the Soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. The region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of Islamic fundamentalists, which in turn intensified regional crisis. Different socio-political problems made the ground for these activities. The basic question of this paper is: What is the role of NATO enlargement and its effects on security provision in Central Asia? This paper tries to answer that, “what role can NATO play in Central Asia in order to provide security in this region specially after September 11th and the following events”. Based on current security issues in Central Asia, America has seriously emphasized on socio-economic reforms under the” Greater Middle East” framework. Central Asian leaders are obliged to control political, social and economic crisis to prevent terrorist acts and reduce public dissatisfaction. Political transformations following the Soviet Union collapse have clearly revealed that the roots of threat and instability in Central Asia are essentially internal. Sooner or later, leaders of these states have to resolve these threats, based on a clear understanding of regional sociopolitical realities.