جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ترجیح جنسیتی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tendency toward fertility and its social and cultural factors. Fertility and tendency to it are a multifaceted variable that is studied in various sciences. In this research, sociological dimension has been addressed. The dependent variable is a tendency to fertility and independent variables are divided into two parts: social variables (womenchr('39')s education and employment) and cultural variables (gender preference and gender equality). The statistical population of married women aged 20-44 is Tehran. The sample size is 384. The research method is scrolling.In the theoretical framework, the modernization theory, the McDonaldchr('39')s gender equality and the cultural rationality, and cultural evolution and cultural environment   have been used. And data analysis is done using spss software. Spearman correlation and regression and path analysis were used. The results showed that there is a significant statistical relationship between social variables such as education and employment of women and cultural variables such as gender equality and gender preferences and fertility tendency, and in the results Regression showed that education was 15.3%, and female employment was 12.8 and gender preference was 11.5 of changes in fertility tendency.  

In human populations, sex ratio at birth (ratio of males to females x 100) is about 104-106, which affect by several factors. It has been reported that "sex preference" is the main factor for changing in sex ratio in some countries. There are some evidences in folklore of Hormozgan province (Iran) that revealed a strong negative attitude against females. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the negative attitude about females and reporting sex ratio at birth in folktales of Hormozgan province. In the study the sex ratio at birth of offspring in folktales of Hormozgan province was compared with the actual sex ratio. The sex ratios in folktales and live births were estimated 108.7 and 105.0, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference between these two rations (Z=0.206, P=0.837). The sex ratio among the offspring of Kings and general population in folktales were estimated 103.1 and 113.5, respectively, which showed no significant difference (Z=0.285, P=0.775). Therefore, there is no evidence for association between sex preference and reported gender of offspring at birth in folktales.

This study presents research-based evidence to examine the patterns and determinants associated with gender preference in Iran from demographic and socio-cultural perspectives. The importance of such studies lies in the fact that despite substantial progress in contemporary societies leading to a more important social revolution so-called ‘revolution in gender roles’, gender preference still exists in human societies. In his book titled A General Theory of Gender Stratification, Blumberg (1984) has simply and clearly documented this issue: 'remember the Golden Rule: He who has the gold makes the rules'. In fact, the large body of literature reviewed in this article also indicates that gender preference has substantially persisted as a social problem throughout human societies.



This analysis is based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Ahvaz, Babolsar, Bojnord, Esfarayen, Gonbad Kavos, Khoramabad, Mahmoudabad, and Hamadan. The survey includes 3667 males and females aged 15 years old and over. The research data has been collected using questionnaire. Then, SPSS has been employed in order to analyze the research data. The key dependent variable of the present analysis is gender preference, which has been defined and classified in four categories: 'son preference', 'daughter preference', 'no preference, neither for son nor for daughter', 'preference for equal number of sons and daughters'. Further, this analysis includes three main groups of dependent variables: First, basic variables such as age, sex, place of residence, education. Second, variables related to gender attitudes measured by attitudes towards women's employment and male-bread-winner model. Third, demographic variables such as the number of children, gender composition of children, and the ideal number of children.


Discussion of Results & Conclusion:
Generally speaking, the results of this study illustrate that only one-third of the respondents reject gender preference, whereas the remaining majority hold positive attitudes toward gender preference. However, these general patterns are significantly associated with three major categories of determinants. The first category refers to basic variables such as age, sex and education: 'son preference' is stronger among men than women as it is stronger among people living in rural areas than those living in urban areas. Moreover, education level has significant effect on gender preference: the lower the education level, the stronger the tendency towards gender preference. More specifically, among illiterates, the tendency towards 'son preference' is three times greater than that towards 'daughter preference'. However, gender preference becomes increasingly weaker as level of education goes up so that highly-educated people hold the lowest level of gender preference.

The second category refers to variables related to gender roles attitudes. According to the results of this analysis, the pattern of 'son preference' is significantly affected by traditional and conservative attitudes towards gender roles: the stronger the latter, the more visible the former. Controversy, those holding modern and liberal attitudes towards gender roles are substantially less in favour of gender preference. The third category refers to demographic determinants. For instance, gender preference particularly 'son preference' tends to be more common among people with a larger number of children. Furthermore, the gender composition of the existing children has a significant impact on gender preference, suggesting that the pattern of son preference becomes significantly weaker among people who already have an equal number of male and female children.

In sum, the underlying conclusion of this analysis refers to the fact that the patterns of gender preference are substantially associated with modernism so that gender preference in general and son preference specifically tend to be significantly less evident among people with more liberal and modern attitudes. In contrary, those holding stronger traditional attitudes are more likely to have gender preference particularly son preference. This underlying conclusion can be observed and explained through such basic determinants as age or education, and more visibly through attitudes towards gender roles measured by women's employment and male-bread-winner model: those with more liberal and modern attitudes towards gender roles hold a weaker tendency towards gender preference, whereas such a tendency is significantly stronger amongst those with more traditional and conservative attitudes towards gender roles

Sex preference is one of the concepts that its differences among the world's countries is very wide. While in some countries still having a son is a priority for parents, the dominant pattern in some other countries are either, no sex preference, sex balance preference and girl preference. The purpose of this paper is to describe sex preference and the role of gender attitudes on it by sex. Survey statistical population, was married people in Tehran and 1272 married men and women were selected with multi-stage cluster sampling. The findings indicate that the dominant pattern in both men and women is sex balance preference. Son preference has been reported in men more than women and girl preference in women more than men. Gender attitudes is accepted as a factor in shaping sex preference in both sexes.There are correlations between traditional gender attitudes with son preference and egalitarian gender attitudes with no sex preference and sex balance preference in both sexes.In general we can say that changing traditional attitudes toward egalitarian gender attitudes, has changed sex preference from Son preference to sex balance preference that have followed sociological and demographic consequences.

This article examines patterns and determinants associated with childbearing desires and specifically focus on religious dimensions. Although in our society, religious considerations strongly influence life and personal and social behaviour in various aspects such as childbearing desires, few studies have been conducted in this area. This lack of study is more visible with regard to comparative studies between two groups of Shia and Sunni. Therefore, this article presents research-based and experience-based evidence to explore some of the most important patterns and determinants associated with relationships between childbearing desires and religious affiliation focusing on a comparative study between Shias and Sunnis.
This article is based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Bojnord and Gonbad-Kavous. Applying Cochran’s sampling techniques and multistage cluster sampling method 870 males and females aged 15 years old and over participated in this study. Two different samples were chosen to facilitate more accurate investigation of research questions. In other words, the religious groups of this study lived in economically and socially different societies. Therefore, comparing the childbearing desires of each religious group of the two sample groups provided accurate investigation of the research question, that is, whether the patterns associated with childbearing desires are affected by socioeconomic status of religious groups or they are affected by their religious affiliation. Data were analysed using SPSS.
Findings: ‘two child’ families were recognized as the most prominent and desirable pattern of childbearing in both Shia and Sunni groups.Similar patterns associated with other determinants of childbearing desires (such as marriage patterns, birth increase policies and gender preference) were also observed. On the contrary, preferred fertility patterns of "childlessness" and "one-child” were not acceptable to and common in both religious groups. Comparative findings emphasized the importance of the effects of the demographic variables, such as gender and place of living on childbearing desires.
Although there are important differences in childbearing desires between religious groups, the findings of the present study are consistent with theories of Kaufman and Skirbekk (2012) which state that religious affiliation plays a secondary role in explaining patterns of childbearing.

This article presents research-based evidence to examine the patterns and determinants associated with childbearing and gender preference. According to the literature review, gender preference has crucial demographic consequences such as high fertility, unwanted pregnancy, and maternal mortality. The literature review also indicates the fact that gender preference still remains as a key determinant of fertility in many societies throughout the world. The results of this analysis are based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Neka in Mazandaran Province of Iran. The survey includes a sample of 743 married women aged 15-49 years old. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis clearly show a tendency towards 'son preference' in our research site. The results also indicate that childbearing tendency is closely associated with age, duration of marriage, current fertility level, and the desired gender composition of children. Finally, such attitudinal determinants as attitudes towards gender roles and child value play significant role in childbearing tendency and gender preference.