جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شهر مشهد » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

In the field of environmental citizenship, every citizen must accept his duties and responsibilities. One of the basic responsibilities of citizens is to separate and deliver garbage on time. Because if the citizens do not fulfill their duty, many environmental and social problems will be created, one of the most important of them is environmental pollution and the presence of garbage collectors in the city. This research was done in a descriptive and analytical way and in the form of an integrated approach of value, belief and Stern's norm. Its purpose was to determine the status of environmental citizenship in the field of participation in urban waste management based on the criteria of waste segregation in Mashhad city. To collect data, a questionnaire prepared by the researcher was used. The statistical population was the residents of Mashhad. Based on this, the statistical sample size was estimated to be 385 people. The results of the research showed that environmental citizenship in this city was not formed at least based on the criterion of waste segregation and its timely delivery. Therefore, non-participation in waste separation is related to various factors, some of which include: Negative attitude towards waste, belief in human superiority, weak knowledge and understanding, little collective supervision, avoidance of responsibility, selfishness, inappropriate personal behavior, villa housing, inappropriate access to urban facilities and infrastructure and marginalization. The final analysis showed that the variables included in the model explain almost half of the changes in the dependent variable.

The main perspective of this research is to investigate the existing potential of Mashhad to become tourist-friendly and the capabilities of Mashhad to become a tourist-friendly city as a new topic. For this purpose, efforts are being made to systematically compile the indicators of the tourist-friendly city according to the existing cultural and pilgrimage potentials of Mashhad. Behavioral patterns of tourists are analyzed in the form of statistical and spatial databases. The results showed that in all 19 field sampling points, on average, about 65% of tourists' responses to the directional questions raised (with the topic of the tourist-friendly city) were negative. Among the studied parameters, the parameters related to the spatial components have not been satisfied and approved by the tourists. The parameters studied in the research were analyzed and weighted by the hierarchical analysis process of AHP and used to overlap the layers of spatial maps and the final zoning in GIS. The results of our study showed that the highest satisfaction of tourists was recorded in the central area of Mashhad and around the shrine, which shows the characteristics of religious tourism in Mashhad. Considering the facilities and limitations of Mashhad city from the perspective of the research topic, the appropriate strategies for production and formulation, and the obtained results showed that the policy of strengthening and expanding service and welfare uses is important and preferable and a higher priority for the realization of the research topic in Mashhad city.

Like many countries worldwide, Iran has experienced significant changes in internal migration patterns. Among the immigration hubs in the country, Khorasan Razavi province has drawn a substantial portion of immigrants from the eastern regions, establishing itself as one of the country’s demographic poles. A significant part of this migration is concentrated in the city of Mashhad. The presence of Imam Reza’s holy shrine has transformed Mashhad into a tourist city that annually welcomes numerous domestic and international tourists. This touristic status, coupled with its advanced levels of social and economic development, has equipped Mashhad with adequate facilities, welfare and educational services, and job opportunities. Consequently, it attracts a large number of people from other regions and even neighboring countries, especially Afghanistan, each year. These factors have led to an increased focus on Mashhad to meet the needs of this population, thereby attracting more immigrants. However, this situation has resulted in a disproportionate distribution of opportunities, facilities, and resources across regions, exacerbating regional development imbalances. Therefore, understanding Mashhad’s migration patterns is crucial for its comprehensive planning and policy-making. Despite the importance of immigration in Mashhad, a review of the research history in the field of immigration reveals that no studies have specifically focused on Mashhad city’s migration. It has only been mentioned in the context of Khorasan-Razavi province in studies such as those by Ziari, Zanjirchi and Sorkh-Kamal (2010), and Zarghani, Hosseini, Ghanbari and Ghiyasi (2016).   

In this study, a macro approach and secondary analysis of migration data spanning 20 years have been employed. The required data includes immigration statistics for the city of Mashhad, which are based on the number of immigrants, the influx and outflux of immigrants, the origin of immigration determined by previous residence, and whether the previous residence was urban or rural. The data, which cover the periods of 1996-2006, 2006-2011, and 2011-2016, were obtained from national censuses. The patterns and trends of migration were examined using the following indicators:
In-migration and out-migration rates: These two rates provide information about the rate of immigrants entering and leaving the region. They also form the basis for more advanced and powerful indicators.
The net migration Rate: it indicates the net migration of a region in a certain period of time. The net migration rate determines the residential pattern of the country at a certain time and is of considerable importance. The net migration rate is obtained from the following:Migration effectiveness ratio: This index shows the impact of immigration on population redistribution. The Migration Effectiveness Ratio is obtained from the following:
(Bell et al., 2002, pp. 23-25)
The numerical value derived from this index illustrates the impact of immigration on population redistribution at the regional level. A negative value signifies a population decrease in the region due to migration. Conversely, a positive value indicates that internal migration has contributed to an increase in the region’s population.

The findings reveal that Mashhad has consistently attracted a large number of immigrants. On average, during each census period, more than one hundred thousand immigrants enter the city of Mashhad, with fewer individuals leaving. Consequently, in addition to the population increase due to natural growth, Mashhad also experiences a population increase due to migration. However, based on the emigration and immigration rates in Mashhad, it can be inferred that the city's net immigration has decreased during the study period. Despite this decrease, this metropolis remains one of the country’s primary immigrant destinations due to its net positive migration rate. During each period, approximately 40% of all immigrants entering the province of Khorasan Razavi migrate to the city of Mashhad. The migrations to Mashhad primarily originate from nearby provinces, driven by cultural and geographical affinities. More than 70% of the city’s immigrants come from the provinces of Tehran, North and South Khorasan, and Sistan and Baluchestan. Additionally, in each period, about 4% of the immigrants in Mashhad are foreign immigrants, predominantly from Afghanistan. Following inter-provincial migrations, intra-provincial migration occurs, with the data indicating that the main form of this migration has been intra-county migration. In studying urban and rural migration, the migration pattern of Mashhad aligns with the national model, i.e., the highest migration ratios have consistently been related to urban-to-urban migration.

Given that immigrants entering the city of Mashhad come from diverse age and gender groups and possess varying characteristics, planning for the population increase resulting from migration presents a challenge. The substantial volume of migration to Mashhad has positioned the city as a primary hub within the county and even the province. This phenomenon has emerged following the region’s unbalanced and unequal development. As a result, a large population from other regions with lower levels of development migrates to this metropolis to access its superior economic and educational facilities and services. Provinces such as Sistan-Baluchestan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan, which are less developed compared to Mashhad, have seen their residents migrate to Mashhad to avail the facilities offered by the city. Therefore, a key factor in reducing these migrations is to establish a balance between the capabilities and economic potentials of different regions. Based on the findings of this study and similar research, one of the most effective solutions is to implement policies of sustainable economic enterprises that align with the potential and capabilities of regions, particularly in smaller cities and regions. Considering the significance of employment in migration, increasing investment and creating employment opportunities in smaller cities can not only prevent residents from migrating but also encourage the return of migrants.

The crime of snatching (pickpocketing and mobile-pickpocketing) is one of the most violent crimes common in Mashhad city. By examining the statistics, the growing trend of violent crimes - every year compared to the previous year - can be seen; a point that is not pleasant for a metropolis like Mashhad, which annually welcomes more than five million pilgrims from all over the country and even neighboring countries, and will have negative consequences. Therefore, the current research seeks to explore the effective factors in police prevention of the violent crime of snatching in the city of Mashhad with an exploratory approach and also provide solutions in this regard.

In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is considered as a descriptive-analytical type that was conducted using a qualitative approach. The participants of the research to identify effective factors in the prevention of the violent crime of snatching were managers and law enforcement experts related to the subject, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with thirteen of them until theoretical saturation. In order to increase internal and external validity, expert participants were employed. Also, multiple rounds of interviews were completed. Textual data was analyzed by thematic content analysis using MAXQDA software.

Using experts' opinions, "criminal", "situational" and "social" factors in preventing the violent crime of snatching in Mashhad city were calculated. The number of identified criminal, situational and social factors was 25, 75, and 51, respectively.

Looking at the results of the research, criminal factors include judicial factors and legal factors, and situational factors include human and organizational resources, information systems, management principles, and employee training. Public awareness, intra-organizational interactions, extra-organizational interactions and environmental factors were included under social factors

The increasing rate of divorce in Iran has turned this phenomenon into a social issue. This study exammines the assoication between tendency to divorce and alienation among a sample of women in the City of Mashhad. The statistical population of the research is all married women of Mashhad and the sample size is 384 people. Cluster sampling method was used to select the samples. The findings of the path analysis show that the impact of alienation on marital intimacy, family involvement, conflict over decision-making power and tendency to divorce is significant. Also, the effect of spouse's unemployment on marital intimacy, conflict over decision-making power and tendency to divorce is significant. The findings suggest that the alienation variable along with the mediating variables explained 53% of the factors of tendency to divorce. Since the feeling of alienation is rooted in individual and social "lack of integration" and "lack of cohesion", policymaking is necessary to increase and improve the methods leading to proper communication action in the public sphere of society.

Religious tourism, based on religious convictions, is one of the world's oldest, and most successful travel types from antiquity to the present. The world needs to boost religious tourism, especially in Islamic countries. Islam promotes advancement and greatness for people. The aforementioned information demonstrates how Islam has significantly influenced Iranian tourism, travel habits, and travel reasons. Regarding the presence of Razavi Holy Shrine, other natural and historical attractions, and its location on North-South Transnational Corridor, Mashhad, the first pole of the Shiite world and Iran's second religious’ city, attracts the most religious tourists. Although it is agreed that this is the city's main goal, it should be highlighted that Iranian tourism management practices have shown that the industry's top priority is the preservation of values, not economic or social issues. Despite what has been said, the researcher decided to close the gap in earlier studies by presenting the indigenous model of tourism while considering structural and meta-structural differences, as well as the country's platform for offering religious tourism services, which is completely distinct from other models in other parts of the world. Iran has a brand-new and cutting-edge religion. What is the regional pattern of religious tourism in Mashhad, as mentioned in the research's stated purpose?

The present study uses a mixed-method approach to analysis, combining preliminary and analytical methods, focusing on achieving specific research objectives. The qualitative portion of the study involved using an interview protocol for gathering data. Subsequently, the grounded theory approach was employed to categorize, classify, and scrutinize the data. Twelve persons who have the necessary competence and occupy academic positions in the travel and tourism sector make up the community of qualitative researchers. This group also includes managers and those who are actively interested in Mashhad's religious tourism. The study uses an exploratory approach to interviewing while utilizing a snowball sampling method. The quantitative aspect of the study utilizes the partial least squares technique, and the model is validated via smart-PLS software. The quantitative section of researcher-developed questionnaire employs a data collection tool based on a statistical model and population. The population in question consists of religious tourists in Mashhad, with a sample size of 384 individuals selected via Cochran's formula and random sampling methodology.

The initial stage of this study involves identifying the subject matter (terminology), and conducting interviews with scholars, specialists, and notable advocates within the tourism industry for data analysis. Thus, after the researcher's open coding phase, a total of 85 codes were found once the analysis of the first 8 interviews was finished. The researcher made linkages between the codes obtained from the earlier stage during the axial coding step. To create the fundamental dimensions, this was done by using their respective traits and dimensions. Open coding relies on description capacity, which serves as the foundation for data analysis to arrive at conclusions. During selective coding phase, the researcher refined the theory, and focused on a limited number of categories while making theoretical adjustments as necessary. A paradigmatic model was developed by identifying its primary constituents. The quantitative component of study involved testing the process model derived from the qualitative findings. Analysis of the results revealed that the reliability values for both indicators, as well as their composite reliability, exceeded 0.7 for all research variables. This may indicate the validity of the survey used for the study. Convergent validity, which is based on the average value of extracted variance, and divergent validity, which is based on the Forner-Larker criteria, were computed in order to evaluate the measurement model's validity. The structural model's path coefficients among the research variables were found to be significant, as indicated by the coefficients' values exceeding the absolute value of 1.96. The estimation model of standard coefficients reveals that both the factor loadings in the measurement model, and beta path coefficients in the structural model exceed 0.5. This suggests that there is evidence supporting the presence of manifest variables (rectangular variables) in the measurement model, and latent variables (oval variables) in the model. The phenomenon under consideration pertains to the structure. The adequacy of the internal model was assessed. In contrast to measurement models, the internal model ignores all unresolved issues and model variables in favor of concentrating only on latent variables and their interactions. In order to determine if the model is structurally adequate, many criteria have been evaluated. The GOF index score of 0.607 indicates that the model fits the data well.

The study's framework showed that various factors, including the management of tourism facilities and services, the religious research system, and the establishment of religious tourism culture, contribute to the emergence of religious tourism in Mashhad. The causal conditions previously mentioned exert a direct effect on the primary and central phenomenon under investigation, specifically macro-policies related to religious tourism. In light of these conditions, it is imperative to implement pertinent policies. In light of the current situation, it is essential to take into account the supply of necessary infrastructure and services in line with the needs of religious visitors. In contrast, by having a negative effect on the religious tourism industry in Mashhad, the challenges related to religious tourism may make it more difficult to achieve goals. Through strategic evaluation of tourism, pertinent managers can surmount environmental challenges, and ultimately attain the development of tourism as the ultimate objective. Based on the findings of this study, the promotion, and establishment of urban tourist destinations in Mashhad have a significant effect on the religious tourism industry of the city, serving as a fundamental factor in attracting visitors. The influx of tourists to Mashhad's tourist attractions generates demand for urban tourism services and amenities in the surrounding areas. The expansion of tourism services offers a crucial framework for augmenting employment prospects in the realm of urban tourism. The provision of urban tourism services has contributed to the facilitation of tourists' access to tourism services. The aforementioned phenomenon functions as the basis for the increase in visitor influx to Mashhad's tourist destinations, thereby possibly nurturing the expansion of the city's tourism industry. To assess the effects of tourism marketing initiatives on the scale of the target market, as well as the economic and employment opportunities in Mashhad, it is feasible to compute the expenditures incurred by tourists over a specific time frame across various sectors, including religious centers, lodging establishments, dining establishments, tourist attractions, and recreational facilities, while taking into account the observance of social and cultural norms and local and indigenous customs.

Although in recent years, with the spread of fashion, more areas of urban space have been allocated to related activities, but few studies have examined its spatial dimensions. Therefore, the present study seeks to examine the distribution of hairdressing salons as an aspect of fashion-related activities, especially in the 10th district of Mashhad, in the framework of the theory of "spatial diffusion". The study method is analytical and based on spatial analysis models such as density patterns and spatial autocorrelation models. In addition, the use of space-time cubes is a special feature of this study. Research variables include the spatial location of hairdressers, the date of establishment, as well as the demographic characteristics of women in the district (including absolute population, single women, divorced women, widows, employed women, unemployed women, and married women). The results showed that the population ratio of the region decreased from 57,000 in 1996 to 628 in 2019 in front of each hairdressing salons. it also illustrated the density pattern and models of spatial autocorrelation, the "expansion diffusion" and the intensity of the "cluster pattern" of hairdressers in the area. Use of space-time cubes; Showed the prevailing pattern of " Oscillating hot " hairdressers over time. Which indicates the establishment of hot spots on cold historical spots. Additional results in this regard indicate that the demographic characteristics of women are not related to the location of dense hairdressing centers in the region. This challenges the attention to the neighborhood factor in the use of hairdressers by residents. Therefore, the special proposal of this study is to pay attention to the physical and semantic effects affected by the prevalence of consumption patterns and pluralism as a result of the activity of such services and awareness of consumer behavioral characteristics in determining the functional radius of service uses.

The corona epidemic had many consequences for all people in all societies. The present study examines the experiences of older women and seeks to identify the consequences they perceived and the strategies they adopted. The research method is qualitative, based on "Grounded Theory". The samples were purposefully selected through the snowball sampling method and the interviews were continued until reaching the theoretical saturation stage. The research findings show eight categories, of which four are about the consequences and four are about the strategies. Consequential categories include changes in daily life for the post-corona period, difficulties in adhering to health tips, stigma and notoriety for corona disease, and psychological distress. Categories related to strategies include disease control and prevention, increasing the spirit of responsibility, trying to adapt to the situation, and performing risky behaviors.

 Research shows that women have less sense of social security than other groups in society. The aim of this study was to investigate the sense of security of women in Mashhad.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and cross-sectional survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of women aged 15-60 years living in Mashhad in 1398 with a population of 825,000 and a sample of 520 people according to the Cochran's formula were interviewed by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using valid researcher-made questionnaires (expert confirmation) and reliability of security, police attitude and lived experience with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83, 0.72 and 0.87, respectively. Regression analysis and correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data.

showed that the feeling of security among women was above average, their mental interpretation of police performance in the field of security was above average and the experience of insecurity among them was below average. The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that the variables of insecurity experience (beta 0.91), income level (beta 0.40), mother's education level (beta 0.37) and subjective interpretation of police performance (beta 0.36), Sequences had the greatest impact on the sense of security and together account for 82% of the changes in the sense of security. These results could help the police try to improve their sense of security.

Among the factors affecting labor productivity, the shortage in food intake can seriously affect productivity. The purpose of this study is to examine the Poverty Nutrition Trap, which is rooted in the theory of efficiency wage, highlighting the importance of malnutrition and poverty. This study's data were obtained by survey and completed by questionnaire in 1395 among 220 households living in Shahid Ghorbani district of Mashhad. A simultaneous equation system was used to investigate the existence of the Poverty Nutrition Trap. The results showed that the residents' bundle of food was significantly different from the average urban and provincial households. Results also revealed that the studied area inhabitants had spent almost half of the average cost of meat for urban households of Khorasan Razavi province and Iran. This issue also arose for the expenditure on high nutrients, including milk, eggs, fruits, and vegetables. The simultaneous equations system results showed that despite the low use of nutrients by the inhabitants of this area, the cycle of nutrition-based poverty had not been formed among them, and inadequate nutrition has not led to the vicious cycle of reduced income, reduced productivity, and inadequate nutrition. Therefore, other factors influencing the formation of poverty in the region should be identified to propose appropriate policies to reduce poverty.

The purpose of this paper is to study the Lived experience of homelessness based on its characteristics, distinctions and conditions. The social system and organization of homeless hangouts are influenced by the pattern of urban growth, the system of power that governs it, and the interactions of outcasts in the hangout. This research has been done by qualitative method based on thematic analysis technique. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews with 32 homeless people were conducted in six homeless hangouts (based on targeted sampling) and the data were analyzed using Maxqda software. The results show that homeless hangouts, as a livelihood territory, have a customary system of division of labor with degrees of compulsive collectivism that combine a sense of need for social cohesion, personal emotion, support, relief and identity in the community. The considerable degree of freedom of action in the field of individual action, which by formal criteria can be regarded as a form of anomaly, together with the minimal provision of anything that makes life possible for the homeless, provides a dual attraction for that territory. Finally, from an introspective perspective, the hangout can be seen as an informal, dynamic local community, not merely a conglomeration of perverse and abnormal individuals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of electronic tourism in the development of medical tourism in Mashhad. The research method was descriptive and survey type that data collection was done in the field. The statistical population of this study was all foreign tourists who returned to Mashhad as medical tourists. Due to the uncertainty in the size of society, 161 individuals were selected as the statistical sample using available sampling method through Cochran's uncertain volume formula. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by 11 experts in the field of tourism and reliability of the tool was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.952). Descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov Smirnov, confirmatory factor analysis and T single sample) were used for data analysis. T-test results showed that all components of electronic tourism have a significant effect on the development of medical tourism. And the components of the location of treatment, medical training, medical tourism development, medical costs and tourists' economic status are the most effective factors. Therefore, the provision of good medical services, the use of experienced and qualified physicians, and the reduction of health care costs were one of the strategies for developing medical tourism.  

Abstract Rapid and widespread changes in social and economic dimensions have pressured urban life and made it more fluid than in the past. Therefore, today designers and managers have been considering the flexibility to increase the responsiveness of urban spaces. Mashhad, meanwhile, has a large number of tourists and pilgrims every year. This brings about changes in the needs and expectations of urban spaces, so urban spaces need to be flexible. Failure to identify and analyze the impact of each component of urban space on the realization of this quality has led to ineffective solutions in designing urban spaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexibility of urban spaces in Mashhad and identify the contribution of each of the factors of urban space to the realization of flexibility. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on this, flexibility indicates were first identified and their operational definition was accomplished. Then, sample urban areas were selected and the required information was collected through a survey method. In the next step, prioritizing the selected urban spaces by using the method of Factor Score and calculating the factor weight. According to the results of the first phase, Imamat Street is rated as "the most flexible urban space," and Shirazi Street is "poorly" in terms of flexibility. Supplementary results show that in terms of flexibility quality, the physical factor with 6.8 score has the most influence. The functional and accessibility factors with 3.5 and 0.98 score are in the next ranks. 

The police, inspired by past policies and in line with performing their legal duty of mediation, take measures to resolve the criminal phenomenon between the disputing parties. In this regard,police stations’ counselling and social work departments are involved in performing the duty. Therefore, the present research is aimed at investigating the role of Mashhad police stations’ counseling and social work departments as mediator in enhancing the social capital of NAJA.

The present research, in terms of purpose, is of applied type; in terms of depth it is expansive and in terms of implementation and research conditions control, it is a survey using a questionnaire as a measurement tool. Given the subject, the present study has two different statistical populations.The first statistical population consists of the experts of counseling and social work departments of Mashhad police stations, in order to determine the organizational performance to achieve theoretical saturation (30 people), and the second statistical population consists of the clients of counseling and social work departments of Mashhad police stations. In this stage, the volume of the sample was determined to be 162 persons. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was utilized, and 8 police stations performing under supervision of 4 major police stations were randomly selected and data was collected.

The research findings indicate that there are significant relationships between the variables presented in the research hypotheses. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between the independent variables of the performance of police counseling and social work departments, the level of satisfaction from service utilization and clients' satisfaction with services and the dependent variable of research and police societal capital.

The results of the research show that the remaining variables in the regression model, including the variables of performance of police counseling and social work departments and client satisfaction with the services of police counseling and social work departments, have the most impact on the police social capital variable, respectively. And based on the amended definition, they have managed to explain 23% of changes in police societal capital.

Rapid and unbalanced physical development in the cities has resulted in unsuitable economic, social, and physical consequences. This is one of consequences of informal settlements and economic and social unsustainability. One of the solutions for this problem is city development strategy (CDS). This approach includes a wide range of management, social, economic, environmental, physical issues in the cities. For this approach, different strategic planning models are used. Therefore, the objective of this research is the recognition of the possibility rate of principles of CDB (City Development Strategy) in Mashhad and prioritization of the effects and roles of each principle in population of suburban area of Mashhad. Descriptive- analytical method was used in order to study the context of suburban area of Mashhad. By using available information in databank of Mashhad Municipality and the future plans, the intensified indicators of population (economic, migration, housing, social) were recognized. By analyzing the failure of CDS principles ( livability, comparability, bankability, and urban governance) which cause more population in suburban area, among four main principles of CDS , major factors of population in suburban area have been weighed by Delphi Technique and survey (in the form of paired matrix). They have been analyzed by TOPSIS technique. The results and findings showed that the condition of urban development strategy criteria in Mashhad with overall average of 2.82 was not in good condition and the failure in these criteria has caused the population marginalization of the city. Among the indicators of urban development strategy, the most breakdowns were in the indicators of good governance, viability, bankability and competitiveness.

Particular attention is paid to the topic of resilience to reduce risks and losses caused by natural disasters. In order to increase the viability of cities and authorities responsible for urban issues has been seriously. Accordingly, in this study, measuring resiliency and livability in the city of Mashhad metropolitan areas to assess the relationship between resilience and viability has been for this purpose, effective measures to identify and define operational resilience and viability of the city were. Then set the sample localities and using the required data were collected through a survey and questionnaire. Then, using the Shannon entropy and multi-criteria decision VIKOR the study areas were prioritized. Finally, using Pearson's correlation coefficient correlation between urban resilience and viability were examined. The results showed that in terms of viability, weighing 0.285 and Housing Index, transport index with the highest and lowest 0.212 weight and importance of the social dimension of resilience index and weighing 0.226 back in the economic affordability index with the lowest and highest weight have the weight of 0.011. The results also showed that the technique Vikor Sharif neighborhood vikor index of 0.000 in terms of resiliency and livability of the first rank, and therefore Spear neighborhood with vikor 1 of resiliency index and the index vikor 0.867 in terms of viability at a disadvantage in terms of the resilience and viability. The results of correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship between resiliency and livability of a city there.

Abstract Since the beginning of the problem of the city, housing and quality of them, can be seen as the most important issue of interest to researchers in this field. Short viewin studies show, one of the main elements of them is enumerating appropriate or inappropriate housing indicators. Of course, these indicators with regard to the definition of housing in different periods have been different. Quality of residential units, including the information necessary in many logistics activities- the city's development. Due this index, based on 1390census data and official city of Mashhad were studied.In addition, in this study, assessment risk of effective factors in the quality of residential units. To achieve this goal, 11physical parameters, using by Excel and ARC GIS software, statistical processing and maping. Type of research is applied and research method is analytical. And the documentary is a method of data collection. This kind of research is a way, decisioning to lay part of the housing units in a special category. Therefore VIKOR (method of multi criteria decision-making) is used. Considered indicators show that 53 percent of the housing units are in good condition and 12percent in bad situation, which has claimed responsibel of city management in urban restoration. A considerable portion of inadequate housing units located in the center and historic city, and north-east and north-west of the city.Variables survey shows, age, number of room that belong to family and type of material are effective factors in the quality of housing units, in this study.

Problematic of this study is focused on how male teenagers of Mashhad make meaning of and represent relationship with opposite sex? This research uses constructive interpretation approach, grounded theory method and deep interview technique. Purposive theoretical sampling was used to select 20 participants for interviews. Consequently, data were coded in 13 axial categories and one core category. Research findings indicate that teenagers turn to opposite sex because of emotional problems, intense sexual desire and to seek membership in peer groups. Relationship with opposite sex is a way by which they respond to their sexual need and need to social identity and it helps them to gain social acceptance among peers and reach dominance and prestige through having multiple relationships. Based on current study, experience of relationship with opposite sex results in dependence, emotional pleasure, sexual pleasure, mental engagement and educational problems in teenagers’ lives.