فقر

This research aims to investigate the sociological role of the media in representing the effects of poverty in society and attracting benefactors. This research is of an applied type that has been done in a quantitative way. The statistical population of the research was made up of media elites, relief experts, and donors of Fars province, who were selected using Morgan table sampling. In order to collect information in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, the validity of which was confirmed by using face validity, and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The reliability of all variables was higher than 0.7. The findings of the research, which were extracted through the qualitative method, include 5 core codes. They are the representation of the causal conditions of poverty in society, the representation of religiosity and the culture of poverty, the representation of social capital and poverty, the representation of the attraction of benefactors and institutions, and the representation of the consequences of poverty. The results showed that all these dimensions have been able to explain the main research variables meaningfully. Therefore, each of the above factors represents the effects of poverty in society and attracts donors in Fars province.

The relationship between religion and poverty has long captivated sociological researchers; yet the answers offered remain inconclusive and resist simple generalizations. Sociological findings indicate that religion can both facilitate social and economic changes that benefit the poor and perpetuate social and economic inequalities that negatively impact their lives. On the positive side, religion often provides essential structural support to the impoverished, helping them navigate their daily challenges. This support includes various goods and services offered by religious institutions and individuals. However, religion can also uphold and even exacerbate class divisions and inequalities, which contradict the values espoused by many religious traditions. For instance, religion may maintain the status quo by legitimizing social inequalities, reflecting societal power dynamics within religious contexts, or reinforcing behaviors and ideologies that control the poor (Rogers & Konieczny, 2018). When examining Iranian society, a critical issue to explore was the relationship between poverty and religion. Given the diversity of followers of major world religions like Islam whose class compositions encompass a wide range of social strata, we could frame a research question: To what extent are poverty and religion related within Iranian society? Is there evidence of systematic covariation between poverty and religion at the empirical level in this context?

This study employed a Durkheimian methodological approach to explanatory sociology. From Durkheim’s perspective, both the explanandum and the explanans should reflect characteristics of collective units or social systems. This implies that even when individual-level data is utilized to measure sociological concepts, the primary aim is to aggregate individual information to describe communities or social systems. In technical terms, the unit of analysis in sociological research is consistently collective units or social systems even if the unit of observation is at the individual level. To empirically test the main hypothesis of this study, we designated the unit of analysis as "province", representing a macro-social unit within Iran. Given this choice, the study employed a within-country comparative method, utilizing collective data to quantitatively compare the provinces of Iran. In summary, the "unit of analysis" was defined as the "province", while the "level of analysis" was set at the national level of "Iran". Secondary data from the most recent census in Iran were used for the final analysis.

This research paper presented an empirical examination of the relationship between poverty and religion at the macro-sociological level, focusing on the provinces of Iran as the unit of analysis. A review of the literature on the sociology of religion revealed that studies exploring the connection between poverty and religion were often guided by "deprivation theory". This theory posits that poverty has a positive impact on individuals' religious commitment.From a systemic perspective, the implication of this theoretical framework suggests that as one moves across social systems—specifically from provinces with lower poverty rates to those with higher poverty rates—levels of religious commitment are expected to rise. However, it is important to note that changes in the unit of analysis can yield new insights. In this study, we evaluated the empirical validity of the hypothesis derived from deprivation theory using a within-country comparative method, specifically employing "province" as the unit of analysis. To validate this theory, we tested the hypothesis against secondary data from 31 provinces of Iran, assessing the degree to which the predictions of deprivation theory aligned with empirical evidence. The findings from this analysis indicated that, after controlling for the effects of social development and economic inequality, poverty continued to exert a statistically significant positive effect on religious commitment.This finding aligned with the predictions of deprivation theory in the sociology of religion, suggesting confirmatory support for the theory. Thus, we concluded that there was a significant relationship between poverty and religious commitment in Iran, reinforcing the relevance of deprivation theory in understanding this dynamic.

The emergence and extinction of social types are considered as indicatives for social changes. The emergence of the new type called “Pro-Mosaddegh Mullahs” (P.M.M) during the 40s and 50s is one such indicative. This type of Shiite Muslim Mullahs could symbolize the efforts of the post-constitutional Iranian society for making a balance between religion and mundane life. Such attempt was made to reach a balance between religiousness and development in the same period in Latin America during the 50s and 60s, leading to the emergence of a new type of Christian theologians known “Liberation Theologians” (L.T). This paper attempts to scrutinize their role in their societies with specific focus on the relationship between religion and social questions. Results would show eight considerable shared points regarding the backgrounds of their formation and their pragmatic agenda: The time span of emergence, presenting a new/counter religious discourse in comparison with previous dominant religious discourse/s, introducing new exegesis and interpretations of the holy books (Quran and Bible), constructing the image of an “Active God” vs. the previous dominant image of “Passive God”, ecumenical approach toward the sects/religions, emphasis on the role of liberating religious “Act” , anti-colonialist approach and finally, anti-dictatorship tendencies. The study also came up with five probable social differences between the two aforementioned types: international scope and activities of L.T, social-oriented activities of L.T, the simultaneous presence of the L.T in the Universities and secular scientific institutions and in the Church, multi-language abilities of L.T, more geographical mobility of the L.T.

Today, the status of women in any country has become one of the most important indicators of assessing social justice. On the other hand, international research in recent decades describes the status of women in the world as "feminization of poverty". This research seeks to identify and prioritize the factors influencing the feminization of poverty with an emphasis on health indicators. This research is exploratory in nature. The research community consists of experts and active professionals in the field of poverty, and the sampling method in this stage was judgmental, continuing using snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation, with 10 individuals selected. In the technical dimension, fuzzy logic was used to address the uncertainty of data gathered from experts, and for pairwise comparison of factors, the "Analytic Hierarchy Process" method was utilized to increase accuracy in prioritization. This research presents a novel approach in modeling poverty in Iran. Out of 92 variables affecting women's poverty in Iran, 27 top variables were identified and prioritized. According to the results, variables such as increased out-of-pocket payments, decreased human capital, household size exceeding 4 members, ratio of oil revenues to GDP, and poor governance have the highest impact on women's poverty.

This study was conducted in Mashhad city in 2023 in order to discover and understand the motivations, causes and reasons for staged car accident and drawing its social contexts based on the lived experience of actors in this field.

The samples (people with a history of staged car accident at least once) were selected purposefully and the data were collected through the direct narrative interview technique with the actors and analyzed using the qualitative method of thematic analysis. 

Among the descriptive findings, indicators such as being a male, being between the ages of 28 and 50, being a migrant are common characteristics of actors, and happening in the middle of the night and lonely roads and dangerous highways are common characteristics of the action of staged car accident. From the theme analysis, we found seven main themes, which are : “Migration”, “Differential bonding and reinforcement”, “Disordered extended family”, “Economic instability”, “Deprivation trap”, “Perception of social inequality”, and “Element of excitement in carnival life”.

Staged car accident is a phenomenon that is most related to economic issues or other branches of it, such as inequality and poverty, and the most important motive for staged car accident is to receive blood money and solve financial problems.

Considering the importance of poverty in the development and cohesion of society. The need to recognize and fight against it is one of the primary goals of governments. Undoubtedly, the existence and continuation of poverty is a serious obstacle for the progress of society, and for this reason, knowing the state of poverty can be fruitful for coherent planning to eliminate or reduce it. The extent of poverty-related researches, along with the diversity of scientific fields in this field, has made it necessary to consolidate the results and present a systematic study in this field. The present research was conducted with a meta-composite qualitative method to examine the works related to poverty in the writings of Iranian researchers between 1390 and 1402. By collecting the articles published in the desired period of time, 40 scientific and research articles were selected from among 150 works for collecting and extracting data. The research findings showed; most research in the field of poverty is related to the field of economics. From a methodological point of view, the quantitative paradigm of the econometric model prevails, and most of the quantitative researches have examined poverty through the lens of statistics, numbers, and maps, and there is not much room for the voice of poverty and the poor, the expression of the lived experiences of the poor, and the representation of poverty. Most of the thematic part of the research has been done in the majority of general poverty (income and livelihood). Although qualitative researches are increasing in the field of poverty research, but such studies have been conducted using data or analysis of already existing works and are not closely related to the research problem. Also, in the subject area with a lack of research on poverty in the field of women, children, ability poverty, hidden and widespread poverty, and the normalization of this issue as a part of the daily life experience due to special social events (coronavirus, economic sanctions and rampant inflation). We are facing the results of various studies show; In the last years of the 90s, with the increasing spread of poverty throughout society, a new form of poverty in the form of the experience of poverty among social groups under the title of widespread poverty is evident, which can result from the weakness of the economic situation, the reduction of social well-being and the spread of social harms. Conditions are available.

The problem of poverty and inequality has been the concern of politicians and thinkers for a long time, and extensive efforts have been made to solve it. One of the most important programs designed and implemented with the aim of reducing poverty and inequality is social security programs, especially pension insurance. In Iran, most of the pensioners are covered by two pension funds: Social Security Organizations and Civil Servants Pension Fund.  The basic question is to what extent these two funds can be effective in controlling poverty and inequality?

In this study, the relationship between pension expenditures of two large pension funds in Iran, with poverty and inequality during the period 2014 to 2018 has been investigated. In this study, the type of research data is collected from panel,  and the generalized least squares method was used for estimation.

The results show that the Social Security Organization's pension expenses have a negative relationship with poverty and inequality indicators, but the Civil Servants Pension Fund’s expenses and poverty and inequality indicators are in the same direction.

The reason these two funds have different impacts on poverty and inequality can be related to the financial situation of the funds during recent years. Contrary to the Social Security Organization, expenses exceed revenues in the Civil Servants Pension Fund, and thus, and it suffers from a deficit, a large portion of which is paid by the government. This contradicts the nature of pension funds. The government allocates a portion of its welfare budget to pension funds with a financial deficit. Therefore, the actual budget of other supporting programs for the needy is reduced.

Poverty is a pervasive problem that impacts various aspects of human life and is caused by a range of factors. To address this issue effectively, a practical and scientifically-sound approach is necessary. However, in Iran, a homegrown theory for tackling poverty is lacking, which some experts attribute to the ineffective nature of social research in the country. We believe that one of the main reasons for this non-scientific approach is the absence of a coherent paradigmatic framework in these studies. By critically examining the methodological and paradigmatic frameworks of poverty studies, we can identify their shortcomings and gradually move towards a more scientific and effective approach. In this study, we focus on social studies of poverty in Iran, which have primarily relied on a positivist framework. Through a methodological and paradigmatic analysis, we aim to demonstrate that these studies have certain limitations, such as pre-determined results and a lack of value neutrality, which are fundamental attributes of positivist research. Our findings can help move social research in Iran closer to the goal of achieving more scientific and effective outcomes.

One of the prominent characteristics of governments is the ability to advance the country's development goals in a comprehensive and balanced way, which can bring valuable results in the field of improving people's quality of life and poverty alleviation. The purpose of the current research is to study the pattern of developmentalism of the fifth and sixth governments of the Islamic Republic and its role in poverty alleviation. This study was conducted with a two-step combined method, including qualitative content analysis and quantitative content analysis. In the first step, the method of qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis technique were used to examine the developmentalism pattern of the government. For this purpose, an in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted with 17 experts who were selected purposefully, and based on the findings, two dimensions of emphasis on the role of the people in the government and a government based on Weberian bureaucracy and six components were identified. In the quantitative content analysis stage, the news headlines of the newspaper "Ettela`at" as one of the main news bases of the government during the years 1368 to 1376 (the eight-year period of the fifth and sixth governments) were searched and analyzed. The results showed that during these years, the features that rely on Weberian bureaucracy have occupied a large amount of government news headlines; but in the field of civil society and the integration of the government with it, less has been said. In addition, the government has turned to the people only in the economic development of the country and to receive financial aid in order to advance its economic goals. Also, the economic indicators in the period under review indicated an increase in poverty, which can be related to the weakness of the government's development model. Based on the results, the developmentalism of the fifth and sixth governments was incomplete, which led to the spread of poverty during the years under review.

This research has investigated the impact of the support policies of the 9th to 12th governments on the problems of poverty and economic misery in Gilan province. In order to collect data, a technical interview was used and the purpose sampling method. The interview continued with 37 interviews. Data analyzed with MAXQDA software. The results show that in the field of health, the Ahmadinejad government focused on prevention and treatment in the family doctor plan, job creation, providing all sections of the society with health booklets and reducing treatment costs, and the Rouhani government by creating structural reforms in the health and treatment system and providing the basis Extensive insurance coverage has taken positive steps. In the field of housing, Mr. Ahmadinejad provided a platform for the development of urban development with his comprehensive management of housing distribution and created many jobs for young people and job seekers. This is while, as a result of Rouhani's government's policies, problems such as the formation of a housing bubble, a decrease in the amount of constructions, and also the intensification of internal migrations are observed as a result of the loss of employment opportunities. The Ahmadinejad government, by implementing redistribution policies, the Imam Reza Stamp Fund plan, the plan for early-returning enterprises, the distribution of equity shares and the targeting of subsidies, and the Rouhani government, by expanding the support umbrella for government institutions, tried to reduce the degree of relative deprivation among different classes. Society to reduce.

The most important policy challenge to reduce poverty and social inequalities in the country is the correct and real image of this phenomenon. Although relatively many studies have been conducted in the field of poverty, most of these studies have been single, diverse and unrelated, and sometimes focused in one scientific field , which makes it possible to consider poverty in its various dimensions, which is necessary for policy. The decision is facing difficulties., using the meta-analysis method, is looking for a relatively comprehensive and coherent understanding of the phenomenon of poverty and is looking for an answer to the question of what are the general factors affecting poverty and how much each of them explains the changes in poverty.poverty in Iran is scattered, isolated and mainly from an economic point of view, and we are faced with the poverty of sociological studies of poverty and the lack of interdisciplinary studies.Furthermore, poverty research often focuses on descriptive or normative claims without explaining the causes of poverty. Most of the researches have not relied on measuring the effect of variables on poverty, which seem to present a positivist and less realistic picture of the phenomenon of poverty in Iranian society

Time and goal: 

I made my social determination. The goal is to write down where there are social and economic factors that are effective in providing a coarse crime, between two severely convicted criminals, in Zindan Hay Karman Est.

Rosh:

 Narratives (consideration) of a question related to its variables, as to the appointment of a consideration, content and ba gurdawori, the opinions of an experienced teacher, Karshnasan and specialists related (techniques of conceptualization) and Bray Barsi Payayi, as an accountant of Alfai Kronbacheh Rahdeh-e Kronbacheh 22. Dadaha mediated by Amar Tasifi and Azmounhai Amari Zarib Hempstegi Pearson-Regression and with the benefit of Nermafzar spss is a resource for segmentation and analysis of the Graft decision.

Yaftha: 

Yaftha Nashnan Midhad between his variables, close to the amount of (118/0), Bikari (290/0), the occasion of the Boden Mahal Zandji (311/0), the academic fatwa (328/0), the social sarayah (0/244), the Hamsalan area. (137/0), coarse (33/0), narcotic drug bank (732/0), a link with a straight image (fixed) with a coarse crime and the presence of a dard. There is an end between a social control and a rough gram, an inverse association and the meaning of Dared and the existence of a dard (109/0-).
The result of the gerry: Mei Tuan, the result of grafting Reftar Pehkaraneh more dron grohei nekhestin, beh wich grove hamsalan, faragrafeh mishod. .. . Divergent tangent number Anan Bish as tangent diffracted est.

The purpose of this article is to examine the efforts made by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Tehran to alleviate destitution. It also attempts to answer the crucial question of whether these actions are consistent with the realities of the poor's lives.The research method used is qualitative content analysis. The sample consists of 29 participants, including NGO representatives, individuals intimately involved with the poor, and the poor themselves. This research employs the organizational ecology theory, institutional theory of poverty, spatial approach to poverty, social exclusion, weak ties, capability poverty, and poverty traps as theoretical frameworks.The main findings of the research include the struggles of the poor in meeting their daily needs, the heavy social damages and crises in the lives of the poor, the legal ignorance of the poor, the limited reach of services provided to the poor, the mismatch between the programs and services offered by NGOs and the crucial realities of the lives of the poor, and the difficulties faced by NGOs in addressing the daily challenges of the poor.The results indicate that the realities of the lives of the impoverished are complex and diverse, and that the programs and services provided by NGOs are frequently misaligned with these realities for a variety of reasons. Volunteers and the poor assert that these organizations are only concerned with alleviating the symptoms of poverty, providing irregular and insignificant assistance for subsistence, and ignoring absolute poverty and the need for comprehensive assistance. This has made it difficult for the impoverished to gain access to housing, resolve social issues, and improve their cognitive abilities. These organizations have only scratched the surface of poverty and have been unable to address major issues such as housing, addiction problems, legal challenges faced by women and orphaned and neglected children, physical and mental illnesses, school fees, etc., which are the most significant obstacles faced by the poor

Several theories have been made to achieve it and eliminate poverty from human societies, so that these concepts have been the main interest of research in recent years. This study tries to evaluate and analyze the evolution of these concepts in geographical studies using Wittgenstein's co-citation method. For this purpose, a statistical population of 493 articles was extracted from the WOS citation database in between 1985 to 2019, and with the help of Citespace software, bibliographic analysis was performed to measure the relationship between the concepts of poverty and justice in previous studies. The results of this study indicate that the key concepts of "poverty, social justice and justice" have the highest repetition, "equality, sustainability and politics" the most reliability and "welfare, city and the poor" have the highest value of burst detection among the core center of researchers “John Rawls, David Harvey, Amartya Sen”. Also, the analysis of the centrality index indicates the formation of a new perspective on solving problems related to poverty and justice. This is evident in particular, in studies that have linked poverty and justice to the subject of unofficial urbanizations and marginalization. The common theme of most studies in this field is the increase of welfare facilities as a strategy in balancing geographical landscapes and less reference has been made to structural systems. By using the term neoliberalism alongside social justice, these studies emphasize that redefining poverty and justice is possible in the structural framework of the capitalism.

Social inequality includes the lack or lack of access of people in human society to equal economic, cultural, educational, health, ethnic, etc. situations and opportunities. Societies suffering from socio-economic inequality are always faced with threats and anomalies, they face social damages and public dissatisfaction in individual and social dimensions. Therefore, the sociological investigation of this phenomenon is essential and considered as the goal of the present research. The research method, in terms of the purpose of the type of applied research, and in terms of the nature of the qualitative research method, has interviewed 20 informants in the named provinces by the phenomenological method and the tool for collecting interview information is unstructured deep, participatory observation and field notes. The research findings show that social inequalities, on one hand, cause poverty and on the other hand, they are the origin of social conflicts and contradictions. Therefore, the most important consequence of social inequalities are the class gap, as the creation of a disturbance in the order and cohesion and social solidarity of a society, which results in a feeling of relative deprivation and a sense of social injustice in people. The themes resulting from the lived experience of socio-economic inequality, which were extracted among the people living in the western provinces of the country, indicate the existence of discrimination and social and economic inequality in these provinces, which the statistics also confirm slow economic inequality leads to a decrease in social participation at the community level. Social inequalities have deepened as a result of global expansion and influence, and with the increase of social inequalities, the phenomenon of underdevelopment has clearly revealed its undesirable side effects.

Today, the response to the growing needs of society, which is in search of facilities, facilities and quality of life is higher and higher. The outskirts of the city are one of the most important population settlements that most unproductive economic activities in these areas are based on a direct relationship with the economic activity of the city and thus the development of the city.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of economic support on the empowerment of marginalized areas. Therefore, using descriptive and analytical methods and using a researcher-made questionnaire, data were collected through the Cochran's formula of 365 people in the suburban logic of Rasht.The findings showed that in most cases the mean of the studied indicators and items have a mean lower than the theoretical mean, which means that the government's economic support has not been able to improve the living conditions of informal settlements, but based on the chi-square test, The most economic support of the government belongs to the index of improving health and medical access, the index of dietary diversification, and the increase of purchasing power. In total, the government's economic support in the past few years has not been able to have an acceptable effect on the empowerment of informal settlement areas.

The monthly payment of welfare benefits not only fosters problematic dependencies, but also requires substantial resources. There is no holistic approach to empowerment among support institutions; rather, each institution concentrates on particular aspects of empowerment. Existing research has focused more on the concept of empowerment than on the empowerment process. This study aims to analyze the dimensions of the empowerment process in support institutions so as to formulate the operational process.This study was conducted using a qualitative approach grounded in grounded theory. The method of sampling was theoretical sampling. In 2020, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 support organization administrators in Mashhad. The text of the interviews was analyzed utilizing the Strauss and Corbin method and the MAXQDA-10 program.Environmental resources, identification of individual abilities, a sense of self-efficacy, expectations and values, choice and action, and accomplishments were identified as dimensions of the empowerment process.Empowerment is a gradual and cyclical process, and individuals with varying degrees of empowerment and capability engage this cycle. With each cycle, one’s abilities gain new capabilities. As a result, their self-efficacy and motivation to choose and practice for future empowerment are enhanced.

Combating poverty and social inequalities is always one of the main concerns of policymakers. In Iran, this issue has always been considered in the form of development plans and poverty alleviation bills. Unfortunately, the poverty indicators do not show satisfactory results. Considering the importance of the subject, in this article, the content analysis of six development plans has been done with an emphasis on policies to reduce poverty and social inequalities. The results indicate that; 1) In none of the development plans (except for the fourth plan), there is no standard and official poverty line used as a criterion for policymakers, 2) The most important challenge of development plans in poverty alleviation is "identifying the poor", 3) The poverty alleviation program in Iran mainly emphasizes on removing the consequences of poverty rather than its causes and roots, 4) the issue of vulnerability has not been given serious attention in the plans. Therefore, it is recommended to emphasize the following principles in preparing the seventh development plan: 1) at the beginning of the plan, a specific definition of the poverty line and the relevant indicators should be provided, 2) the target groups, namely the poor and deprived areas, and their needs should be identified, 3) Instead of a complication- based perspective, a structural approach to poverty should be adopted, 4) Instead of isolated programs, try to compile a comprehensive plan.

 Poverty reduction is one of the important macroeconomic goals of any country, but achieving this important issue requires examining the factors affecting it. Changing the age structure of the population is one of the effective factors in reducing poverty in countries. Therefore, governments can make the most of their population, given the capacity of countries and providing the necessary conditions, and as a result, achieve high growth and development among countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of population age structure on poverty in Iran.

 The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. First, theoretical topics and experimental studies and research data are collected, and the appropriate analysis model is selected. Then, with the Generalized Method of Momen for Iran since 1975 until 2017, the desired research models have been estimated, and finally, using statistical and econometric inferences, the research results have been studied.

 In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that the dependent population of the child and years of schooling have a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable, the elderly dependent population has a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable and also the percentage of trade in GDP and Physical capital inventories have a negative relationship with the dependent variable.

 In this study, the years of schooling, the percentage of trade in GDP, as well as capital stock are based on a coefficient that agrees with the theory. The positive effect of the elderly population on poverty reduction indicates the existence of high savings in old age. Paying attention to the growth of highly educated employees as well as employing specialized personnel increases the productivity of the labor force and also creates the possibility of creating new production methods that have significant effects on poverty reduction.