جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "قاینات" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

During the Qajar period, the region of Qainat had various tribes and nomadic groups that played significant military and economic roles. These tribes were not very populous or large, with the only prominent tribe being the Bahluli tribe scattered across a vast area from Nehbandan to Bakhtiar. Like other residents of the region, the tribes of Qainat paid multiple taxes. The amount of these taxes, the method of determination, and collection have not been researched yet. Therefore, in this current study, an attempt has been made to investigate various taxes of the Qainat tribes, their determination methods, and the problems of collecting each of them based on sources and documents from the Astan Quds Razavi Archives, the National Documents Organization, and library studies using a descriptive-analytical method. This research showed that the amount of taxes paid by the Qainat tribes varied according to their population, with the Bahluli tribe paying the most taxes. Some tribes, such as the Bani Asadi, were exempt from paying taxes, and taxes were collected either directly or through intermediaries. In addition to common tax names in other parts of Iran, in Qainat, taxes called Dasteh-Bili and Astkhane-Puli were collected. The most significant issue for the Qainat tribes was drought and plundering by the Baluchis and Afghans, which made them unable to pay taxes and forced them to flee.

The general purpose of this study is to identify thelow qualityof the activities of NGOs in facilitating and providing services for social resilience. Here, the role and actions of Abrar Charity Institute inrural areas of Ghaenat city against the phenomenon of water shortage are focused. This research is an exploratory research with a qualitative approach. Data collection tools; The interview was semi-structured and the content analysis technique was used to analyze the data obtained from the interview. Although there are many influential people innon-governmental organizations, but this research is the result of interviews with 16 facilitators of Abrar Institute who are in direct contact with the local community and have worked there. At the beginning of the coding process, 372 initial concepts, 57 sub-themes and 13 main themes were identified. Findings show that Abrar Institute has facilitated and guided public activities in the fields of economy, society, infrastructure, environment and agriculture, and health.The findings also show that the initial distrust of the people, the distrust of the people in government institutions, the weakness of quality manpower in the village and inflation and economic problems are among thechallenges that the institute has facedThe experience and activities of Abrar Institute in the studied villages show thatNGOs can be hopedfor as a voluntary social capacity to promote socialresilience in rural areas and their adaptation to water scarcity

South Khorasan large province, located in eastern Iran, although new in terms of political divisions which was established in 2004 as a separate from previous Khorasan large province, but is a region with a long history and has a brilliant culture. The people of South Khorasan have preserved many of the traditions of their predecessors to this day. Perhaps the special geographical conditions of this region, its confinement among desert areas and being far from the centers that have been the center of developments, have caused the culture of this region to change slowly over time. Novruz ceremonies are among the traditions that are still held in the cities and especially in the villages of this province. The most important Novruz ceremonies in most parts of South Khorasan include Chaharshanbesoori, New Year ceremony, visiting and Sizdah Bedar. But in the north of Qaen city, another Novruz ritual called Bibi Gerdi is performed on the 12th of Farvardin. This ceremony that is still held by the people of Baskabad and Kareshk villages of Nimblouk district of South Khorasan province has various functions and can be studied and considered from different angles, which is described in this article. This article is the result of a research that has been done for the first time by one of the authors in order to prepare the registration file of Bibi Gerdi ceremony in the list of intangible heritage of the country. This ceremony has been registered in the fall of 2017 with the number 1457 in the list of intangible heritage of the country.

Russia and English competition in Asia was moderated by the 1907 agreement and Iran was divided into two areas of influence and an impartial area. Russians left Sistan region to rival; however, there were thresta in the impartial area and Qayenat was on the easternmost of impartial area. Although research has been done on the Russian-British relation in Iran and the 1907 agreement, its impact and consequences for the impartial area such as Qayenat have not been addressed. Therefore, this article addressed the consequences of this agreement for Qayenat and Birjand during the period of Cherkasov, Russian consul. This paper tried to answer research questions about the consequences of the 1907 contract in Qayenat and Birjand and the performance of Baron Cherkasov through a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the study indicated that the Russians focused on Qayenat instead of Sistan after the contract of 1907. Cherkasov resided most of his mission in Birjand and tried to transfer the consulate there. He was involved in the conflict between Heshmat al Mulk II and Showkat al-Mulk II actively. Although during his period the medical activities of the Russians were reduced, the bank of Esteghrazi Rus was transferred from Sistan to Birjand. Cherkasov, with the support of Showkat al Mulk II’s opponents, such as Nahkai Khans tried to find new allies in the region, although he was unsuccessful.

History of dedication and trustee appointment for endowments and managing holy places and sacred shrines in Iran goes back to pre-Safavid times. To protect and take care of the endowed properties¡ there is a need for administrators and trustees to superintend such affairs. The duties of a trustee include¡ dealing with property expenses and the proper use based on the will and intentions of the founders and the sustainability of the case of endowment. Seydolhosein Tomb in Arabkhaneh is one of the Shrines to which the Khozeimeh Alam Family (one of the influential families in Qayen area) has dedicated properties. This family has¡ then¡ handed over the trusteeship of these properties to Hardengi Family. The present paper examines the correspondences related to the records of the Hardengi Family and the services they offered to these endowments. The findings reveal people’s beliefs¡ information about the tomb’s repair¡ maintenance expenses and the local authorities’ interest and attention to Mazar Dehek and issues revolving around its trusteeship.

The Isaac Zai were from Abdali tribes who lived around Kandahar and along with the consolidation of the rule of the Qajar and the strength of Mahmoud Shah، took the power of Lash and Jovin and Shah Pasand Khan could take the power of rebuilding the Lash and Jovin fortresses. Sardar Ahmad Khan Isaac Zai at the same time with Mir Alam Khan، the ruler of Ghaent، culminated the authority of this dynasty to its peak. Although he lost his territory in Qajar and Afghans ware، but later he was able to obtain this region and appeared as the most prominent local government of Sistan. He had the power to compete with Mir Alam Khan and after Herat’s defragmentation resorted the Lash and Jovin to Iran’s territory with the help of Afghans governors and English rulers. In this study we investigated the origin of Isaac Zai and the way of their power seizing in Lash and Jovin، their relation with Qajar court and the influence of Herat affair regarding the location of this dynasty، their relation with Mir Alam Khan the governor of Ghaenat at the time of Herat ware and its consequences، the reasons of the dissolution of Lash and Jowin from Iran’s territory، their fortified positioning regarding the Goldsmith’s arbitration and its effects، the reasons of Iran’s failure in re-unification of Lash and Jovin to Sistan in the time of Sardar Ahamd Khan’s successors and the relation of Isaac Zai with Shaukat Molks. The remained documents and proofs indicates that، although Sardar Mir Alam Khan powered to conquest the Lash and Jovin region and sign peace treaty with Sardar Ahmad Khan Isaac Zai، but the political weakness of Iran against with Afghans and English governor’s avarice caused the separation of this region from Ghaenat district and also after the death of Sardar Ahmad Khan and despite the opportunities of the region’s annexation plan to Iran، its incorporation became not practical.

Mohammad Ibrahim, Shokat Al-Molk II, was not inclined to the interference of central government’s agents after establishing his realm of authority and he supposed the finance officers who were under supervision of Belgium’s servants of treasury, finance ministry and costume, his opponents in his governorship. Therefore, Mirza Ibrahim Khan, the master of Birjand’s finance officer, was killed immediately after his entrance to Birjand that inspired Belgium’s servants’ reaction in Mashhad and Tehran. Mr.Leleux, Jacques-Joseph Mornard and Baron Cherkassof, the Russian Council in Birjand who considered Shokat Al-Molk guilty for this murder, decided to punish the agents of culprits and dismissal of Shokat Al-Molk II. In the opposite side, the Britain with some persons such as Momtahen Al-Saltaneh and Sardar As’ad Bakhtiyari supported Shokat Al-Molk II. The verbal dispute and correspondences began from Birjand and continued to Tehran and Mashhad which was near to Shokat Al-Molk’s dismissal but not only Belgiums were not successful, but also in spite of the fact that Shokat Al-Molk was called to go to Tehran regarding of those related issues, but after his arrival he also gained the rule of Sistan. This article investigates relationship between Shokat Al-Molk and Belgium’s servants and the effective factors during the years 1330-1332 A. H.

Natural and regional peculiarities of South Khorasan have provided a basis for the growth of some medicinal herbs in the deserts of the area. Herbs such as Sweet Asa, Asafetida, Mountain Caraway, and products like these, have been among exporting items of the country in the past for various reasons. Archival documents, especially official correspondence of the era of the first Pahlavi, indicates the attention of the government to planting, harvesting, and exchange of these products. Dispatching of various governmental directives reveals the requirement of proclaiming the stock of these products to the government by merchants, their obligation to have a permit to carry and sell these, serious governmental supervision, and controlling policies of the government on these items. In the present paper, while surveying the documents, the significance of these products and governmental rules about medicinal and industrial herbs and the reasons behind them have been examined.

A significant part of the population of Ghayenat during Quajar era consisted of families; such as Bohluli, Nakhaei, Anani, and Dulakeh; which were among the most important tribal groups of Ghayenat. These families, which had a strong composition, had a significant role in the military structure of the area. Each family of Ghayenat participated in the military affairs with respect to the number of men who had the strength of carrying weapons. Families mostly formed the Partizan forces and proclaimers (Iljar) who were summoned for special situations. Moreover, after the establishment of security force a new responsibility fell on the families and, thus, they played an important role in the security of the area. The warriors of Ghayenat families were at the disposal of the British forces for some time during World WarI. In this paper the way of formation of proclaimers (Iljars) in Ghayenat, the number of their forces, how new forces were prepared, how the salaries and the wages of proclaimers was paid, the role of families in the security forces, military exemptions for families, the policy of distributing weapons among family chiefs, the composition of the family forces in the proclaimers and security forces, and the way of employing of families by strangers are studied.

One of the issues in social history and economy, particularly in local history research, is the situation of roads and trade routes. Roads have an important role in business dealings, scientific and cultural exchange, and civilization prosperity. Various factors have affected the situation of relationship roads during the 13th and 14th Hejri centuries (Qujar and Pahlavi eras), and following this the cities which were situated on the route developed because of these factors. In the present paper, first some generalization is given about the situation of roads and transportation of Persia during the 13th and 14th Hejri centuries; then, the position of Birjand concerning relationship routes is assessed. In this assessment the role of internal factors influential in the flourish and improvement of roads in the region is examined through reference to the measures of local rulers. The effect of external factors, too, is also revealed through their reports and measures; and their direct, and sometimes indirect interference, in the region.

The merchant class, because of their effect on social and economical life of the society and their role in the process of social development, are worth studying and consideration. Merchants, as a social class and because of their interaction and relationship with other social classes including religious preachers and government officials, have had social influence and a variety of functions. Having a capital, too, has been a significant measure for the credit of this class. This factor has been important in presenting merchants as an influential class. In the present paper, first an outlook of the trade situation of 13th and 14th hejri centuries of Birjand has been drawn to study the role and function of merchants. In this outlook merchandise pieces, roads, cities, trade exchanging countries, and other effective factors on the trade of the region have been discussed. Following this, while mentioning the most important characteristics of the merchant class, their economical and non-economical functions have been taken into account.

During the Quajar era, Iran underwent a lot of change regarding its political, economical, and social life due to the policies of the superpowers Russia and Britain and the impact of the Western World. The area of Ghayenat, too, as a faraway land in the south of Khorasan and in the neighborhood of Afganistan and close to the India of Britain was not and exception. For Britain whose principal worry during the 19th century (A. D.) was to prevent the influence development of Russia and (from the beginning of the 20th century A.D.) Germany toward India, it was not possible for Ghayenat area not to have crucial importance. Thus, Ghayenat, because of its especial geographical position, was a domain of rivalry of the two great colonial powers; i.e. Britain and Russia, during the whole period of Quajar. This coincided with the fact that the Iranian government of the period, too, for territorial integrity and the interests of the country and the General Treasury followed its policies in the area. These conditions, which were undoubtedly an unprecedented experience, affected the local changes. According to the findings of the present study Ghayenat faced the significant rivalry of the superpowers Russia and Britain during the final years of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. From political point of view, the everyday increasing of the influence of these powers was associated with the appointment and dismissal of Khozeimeh rulers, which - while decreasing the authority of the central government – was followed by the dependence of the rulers of the area on one of these two powers. Moreover, some of their measures, especially during the World-War I left a lot of destruction behind them in the area. The present study, while discussing the political condition during the period, surveys the effect of the foreign powers on the policy of the area.

In developing countries like Iran, migration from village to town is counted as important issues of social, economical and political problems. Migration either in original place or in destined place, creates the problems such as alternation in composition and structures of population, occupation, unemployment, levels of wages, annual incomes, out breaking of numerous disorders leading from pressure to resources and limited facilities of urban communities, evacuating of villagers and their devastation and etc; and the ending consequence of migration from villages to town is the total destruction of national prosperity and derangement of regional equilibrium and harmony. Then it is necessary with profound and structural examination to identify the effective and radical factors involved in this population phenomenon and scientific solutions for decreasing and obviating of it should be employed. For this reason, the effective factors in rural migration in Shaskuh district of Ghayenat county as a model have been examined. The acquired results show that the important factor of villagers’ migration in this rural district had been related to the economical factor (shortage of income and occupation). Therefore, adopting a definite decision based on the preservation of rural spots and supporting the villagers as a hardworking and vulnerable stratum of society and security keepers of some part of east borders of country is of main necessity. So, the excess labor of agricultural section should be expelled from this section- not from village- and employed in other economical activities. Investments of the government in small industries part and village workhouses and creation of new occupation will be main steps in preventing of rural migration, decreasing inequalities between village and town and developing the social and economical equanimity.

Certainly one of the most difficult fields of historical research is narrating local history. Those who are familiar with the history of a distanced place like Ghayenat know that besides the injustice it suffers from nature it has also been faced with injustice from historians to the point that no local history is available about it. The attempts of Abdul Hossain Fanoodi whodesired to narrate the local history of this region in the last years of Qajar dunasty was also left unfinished due to his sudden death. Anyhow, the writer tries to narrate even a part of the history of this region through relyingon reliable sources, especially first hand material. There were many reasons behind choosing the Qajar dynasty era. In addition to the fact that Ghayenat was kept obsolete during this era in contemporary research, the importance of this era due to its coincidence with different developments in terms of society and economy was also an important element which led to its selection. It should be mentioned that this article is only part of the vast subject covered by the writer in his dissertation under the title of “Ghayenat during the Qajar Era”2.

The spiritual value of each region is in debt to its scholars and thinkers; the name of a country which does not have wise and thoughtful people will disappear in the course of history. Therefore it is our responsibility to remind everyone of Southern Khorasani great poets and writers and through this achieve our real position in Iran’s culture. That is why the writer of this article has celebrated the release of Sheikh Abdul Hossain Fanoodi’s poetry by Dr. Mahmoud Rafiee and has tried to introduce the personality and contextual meaning of the poems of this great poet to its audience. The poems are discussed verbally and contextually. In the verbal section, poems are divided into eight categories based on their form and in the contextual part poems are divided into four categories of love, eulogy, lamentations and social lyrics. In each section descriptions based on his poems are provided so to reveal his thoughts and let the reader get familiarized with his brilliant and progressive thoughts. In addition the influence of other poets on Fanoodi is also explored. In the end to evaluate his capacity as a poet, the literary terms of his poems are discussed; allegories, quotations of verses of Quaran, Hadith, and religious poems are mainly focused on.

The press and documentary archive of the central Astan Ghods Razavi library is enriched with valuable collections regarding historical incidents. One of these interesting collections is the military collection, which geographically encompasses the whole country. Among these documents there is a unique document named the manual on Khorasan in which the military budget of the province of Khorasan including Ghayenat in the year 1282 AH is indicated. One of the outstanding facts about this document is that it includes a complete chart of the whole structure of the Ghayenat Infantry in that year. This chart is adjusted according to the military hierarchy from the highest ranks to the lowest ones; and is the only document which refers to the structure of the Ghayenat infantry. This article tries to analyze parts of this document which include information on Ghayenat, and while introducing the structure of this infantry tries to include some complimentary information like the amount of wages, the type of uniform, the arms and combat gears as well. Therefore the article takes advantage of documents related to that year and years close to that, it also makes use of published material as well. This article could help researchers to better understand the military condition of Ghayenat.

Political situation of Qaenat caused the appearance of foreigners in this region. Ministry of Foreign Affairs established a representative office in Birjand from 1317 to the end of Qadjaria period to have the region under the control. This office had done lots of things during about two decades of its affairs, though always disfavored by the local governors who tied to make troubles to them. This paper is aimed to consider the whole appearance and duties of this representative, on one hand, and its consequences, on the other hand.

In recent decades. the compilation and description of dialects. as a part of cultural heritage. has drawn the lovers of this valuable heritage and researcher's attention to itself. In this writing. the writer who is the speaker of Zirkooh. has compiled some authentic vocabularies of this dialect.Apparent. these vocabulanes are not registered anywhere. The author has tried to mention some lexical characteristics of this dialect. Also. he has written some vocabularies in order to remove the ambiguities of literary texts.