پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 55 (تابستان 1403)

After more than a hundred years of archaeological explorations and studies in Iran, for various reasons, the eastern regions have received less or no attention from archaeologists, and there is very limited publication of archaeological activities in this part of Iran. The ancient site of Kalehkoob Aisk is one of the limited prehistoric sites in South Khorasan province and in general in eastern Iran, which has enough cultural deposits for the purpose of providing a chronology and understanding the prehistoric cultural sequence of this region. The excavations carried out at this site led to the identification of previously unknown prehistoric cultures in the region. The most significant achievement of the excavation at this site is the identification of fourth millennium BC cultures with a southwestern and Mesopotamian origin, the evidence of which is found far from the center in this area. These cultural evidence, which can be considered contemporary with the Shush II or New Uruk cultures, include various types of characteristic pottery of this period such as incised edged pottery, coarse ware dishes, tubular vessels, and handle-faced beakers, as well as decorated pottery and delicate wheel-made pottery that are known in southwestern, western, northwestern, southeastern, and central plateau of Iran, but are identified and introduced for the first time in eastern Iran. In the third season of excavations at the Kalehkoob site, the focus was on the investigation of mud-brick architectural remains that were identified in 1398 in trench E at the center of the site. Extensive excavations at this location led to the identification of architectural remains belonging to the fifth millennium BC and the Chalcolithic period. The mud-brick architecture with such antiquity is introduced for the first time. In this phase of research at the Kalehkoob site, four different architectural phases were identified.

The issue of bread and its shortage is one of the main factors of unrest during the Naseri and Mozaffari eras. Mashhad is one of the cities where bread riots occurred twice (in 1942 and 1945). This study focuses on a poetic manuscript about the bread crisis in Mashhad called "The Uprising of the People and the Honor of Modesty" (1942). Initially, the history of the bread crisis during the Qajar period is examined, followed by an analysis of the content of the manuscript, critique, and necessary explanations based on other sources. This research includes three main questions: the manuscript characteristics of the work in question, the most influential factors on bread riots during the Qajar period, and the informational value of the introduced manuscript. The research method involves library research, and the manuscript is reviewed for its manuscript characteristics and manuscript studies. The research findings indicate that this manuscript is the only poetic manuscript about bread riots in Iran. Some of the information it contains about the bread crisis in Mashhad is not found in other sources of this period and includes new information about the formation and spread of protests, the instigators, and the outcomes, making it possible to better analyze the different aspects of this event.

From the beginning of the formation of the shrine of Imam Reza, one of the most important matters related to the shrine has been to provide light and illumination. Due to the sanctity and importance of the sanctuary, those in power, the trustees and the admirers of the Ahl al-Bayt always paid special attention to the lighting fictures of the sanctuary. Accordingly, throughout the history of the formation of the shrine, with the advances that took place in the way of providing lighting, the lighting equipment of the shrine also changed. One of the most important of these changes was the replacement of conventional light sources with electricity. Electric lamps were first produced for Astan Quds Razavi from Europe during the reign of Muzaffar al-Din Shah. The use of electricity in providing lighting for the shrine was so useful that numerous objections could never create a serious obstacle to the use of electricity. Therefore, the custodians of the shrine in different periods tried to strengthen the electricity and its equipments of the shrine as much as possible. This process increased significantly in the Pahlavi period due to the development of the shrine and the need to provide more light sources. The present study, using historical sources and documents, intends to answer the main question, what was the historical course of the formation of the Astan Quds Razavi electric lamp factory? The purpose of this research is to study the process of establishing an electric lamp factory and its effects on the management of the shrine and improving the level of services to pilgrims. The findings show that the entry of electric lights into Astan Quds Razavi was accompanied by various obstacles and reactions. However, despite some obstacles, with the arrival of electricity to the shrine, new measures were taken to improve the management of the shrine and provide better services to pilgrims. The research method in the present study was library and resource matching, especially documentary sources. In this historical research, after collecting the necessary information, information has been organized and analyzed.

During the Qajar period, the region of Qainat had various tribes and nomadic groups that played significant military and economic roles. These tribes were not very populous or large, with the only prominent tribe being the Bahluli tribe scattered across a vast area from Nehbandan to Bakhtiar. Like other residents of the region, the tribes of Qainat paid multiple taxes. The amount of these taxes, the method of determination, and collection have not been researched yet. Therefore, in this current study, an attempt has been made to investigate various taxes of the Qainat tribes, their determination methods, and the problems of collecting each of them based on sources and documents from the Astan Quds Razavi Archives, the National Documents Organization, and library studies using a descriptive-analytical method. This research showed that the amount of taxes paid by the Qainat tribes varied according to their population, with the Bahluli tribe paying the most taxes. Some tribes, such as the Bani Asadi, were exempt from paying taxes, and taxes were collected either directly or through intermediaries. In addition to common tax names in other parts of Iran, in Qainat, taxes called Dasteh-Bili and Astkhane-Puli were collected. The most significant issue for the Qainat tribes was drought and plundering by the Baluchis and Afghans, which made them unable to pay taxes and forced them to flee.

Documents, as one of the most important research sources, hold significant importance and value in the studies of a historical period and in some cases are the only evidence of the changes and developments within a human society. The aim of this research is to present new topics in the field of structural analysis of military booklets during the Qajar period, which have been arranged based on various geographical areas, including the Khorasan province. The present study is an analytical archival research that aims to answer the research questions by posing a problem related to the types of military booklets, their content, and organization methods through the examination of ten thousand pages of military documents from the Central Documents of Astan Quds Razavi covering the period of 1268-1292 AH. The research background shows that no research has been conducted in this regard so far. The significance of these booklets lies in the fact that by examining them, comprehensive and novel information regarding the administrative system and military organizations of Iran during the Qajar period can be obtained. The findings indicate that military booklets during the Qajar period included various types such as instructional booklets, payment booklets, income and expenditure statements, regulations and instructions, provincial accounts, personnel lists, and classifications, which were prepared based on administrative principles and writing styles of the time.

In the early 20th century, Iran entered a period of development in all areas, especially in the economy. The rapid establishment of factories led to significant changes in urban spaces and had many consequences. One of the industries that received attention and was a symbol of progress for the Pahlavi government (1921-1941) was the sugar industry, which broke free from Russia's monopoly through relentless efforts. Among them, the Abkooh Sugar Factory, as the largest industrial unit, was established in Mashhad and had a significant impact on its surrounding geography. The aim of this research is not to examine the economic history of the Abkooh Sugar Factory. This article, using documentary and library sources and historical research methods, seeks to highlight the role of this factory in the development in the first 20 years of its establishment in the city of Mashhad, and to assess the primary and secondary outcomes of founding this industrial unit. In the first step, the Abkooh Sugar Factory, by producing maximum sugar and its by-products, heavily restricted sugar imports into the country, ensured production growth and independence, facilitated road construction, and created urban security. On the other hand, in the long run, it exacerbated the issue of water scarcity in the Khorasan region, ultimately leading the mentioned industrial unit to further pollute the environment.

The commercial prosperity and growth of handicraft industries during the Seljuk period in Iran and Rome, and the recognition of the importance of roads in facilitating trade and increasing wealth, led to the establishment and construction of roads. Although the extent of trade in Seljuk Iran was widespread, Eastern Rome (Anatolia) played a significant role in trade through land and sea routes with Iran. Which trade routes are recognizable in the Seljuk territories of Rome and Iran, and which routes were more important during the Seljuk period between these two lands are among the questions raised in this research. The main goal of this article is to recognize the trade routes of transportation between Seljuk Iran and Rome in the fifth and sixth centuries AH based on archaeological evidence and historical written sources. Understanding the cultural interactions, structural characteristics, and architectural styles of caravanserais in these two lands, and identifying their differences and similarities, is another objective. This research was conducted using library and field methods with a historical and archaeological approach. The variables of this research are the East-West international trade routes and Seljuk caravanserais in Iran (15 caravanserais) and Anatolia (17 caravanserais). As a result, several important trade routes between Iran and Anatolia in the Seljuk period were identified. Among them, the Tabriz-Konya route was the main commercial communication route between these two lands. The caravanserais established are mainly located on the Great Khorasan Road. The examination of the architecture of the caravanserais showed that although the Seljuk caravanserais in Iran and Anatolia have similar uses, they are generally different in terms of style and plan, and the roots of the Seljuk caravanserais cannot be traced back to Iran.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the reasons for the change in the nature of the ataloomataloo doll in the process of creating the rain prayer of the people of Roshtkhar. The main question is, has the doll (atalloo, Mataloo) changed in the path of evolutionary creation?  This research is a form of developmental research and from the point of view of descriptive-analytical data analysis, by collecting information in the form of documents,The rain prayer ceremony in Roshtkhar city scary doll called (ataloomatloo), which is not beautiful in appearance and is worthless. According to the evolutionary view, the puppets of Le Matalloo are repeated as the final text and work of art in a vacuum and have not been created in practice. Therefore, with common themes and early pre-texts with intensity and weakness in the historical context, it is prone to the bite of pre-texts and changes over time for various reasons. In the course of this transition, according to the transformation aspect based on developmental critique, while making changes in minor factors, the internal relations and its main identity should not be harmed. it is concluded that Ataloomataloo doll is the goddess Anahita, but under the influence of contexts such as ideological (political, economic), Cultural and religious) influenced by values ​​and norms over time has undergone changes in factors such as image and personality and manner of dress and social status, and identity in internal factors.