جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مزاحمت خیابانی" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Street harassment is a form of violence that women experience in various societies, hindering their ability to participate fully and freely in public spaces. Unfortunately, this type of persecution is prevalent in Afghanistan as well. Women in urban Afghan communities often face harassment from men based on factors, such as the distance they travel or the time they spend on the streets. Herat, one of the major cities in Afghanistan, has been plagued by street harassment against women and girls for many years. This research aimed to explore the factors that contributed to street harassment in Herat City, highlighting its significance as a pressing issue. The study held particular importance for women as they faced numerous obstacles in attaining their civil liberties with street harassment being a pervasive problem that has long been overlooked. To analyze this issue, the research drew upon Andre Michel's theories of gender stereotypes, Watson's examination of spatialized gender relations, and Ryan's concept of gender deprivation.

A cross-sectional survey was employed as the research method for this study. The statistical population comprised both single and married urban girls residing in Herat Province. The sample size was determined to be 350 individuals, who were selected using the non-probability (quota) sampling method. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the construct validity method and exploratory factor analysis were utilized. The results of the analysis revealed that the factors extracted in this research aligned with the researcher's theoretical expectations. Furthermore, the cases with suitable factor loadings were confirmed both theoretically and experimentally.

The majority of respondents (47.7%) fell within the age range of 16 to 21 years. The sample also consisted of both single individuals (48.6%) and married individuals (44.3%). The analysis revealed that areas with limited urban services experienced a higher average level of street harassment compared to those with more developed urban services. Specifically, individuals, who utilized rickshaws and flan-coach vehicles, reported a higher likelihood of experiencing street harassment with average scores of 3.07 and 2.90, respectively. On the other hand, those who used taxis reported the least amount of inconvenience. Furthermore, the study found that street disturbance was more prevalent on sidewalks (2.46), quiet streets (2.40), shopping centers and markets (2.38), crowded neighborhoods (2.26), and narrow alleys (2.10) compared to other locations. In contrast, playgrounds (1.56) and fields (1.57) experienced the least amounts of disturbance. Additionally, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the variable of social exclusion and street harassment with a correlation coefficient of 0.180 and a confidence level of 99%. Similarly, the analysis revealed a positive and significant correlation between the amount of women's clothing and street harassment with a correlation coefficient of 0.334 and a confidence level of 99%. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlighted the prevalence of street harassment in Herat City and shed light on various factors that contributed to its occurrence. The results emphasized the importance of addressing urban service disparities, promoting safer transportation options and creating inclusive public spaces to mitigate street harassment. Furthermore, the study underscored the need for social inclusion and challenged societal norms regarding women's clothing to combat street harassment effectively. Street harassment is a form of violence predominantly perpetrated by men against women in public spaces, encompassing verbal, physical, visual, and stalking behaviors. This type of violence has detrimental effects on women, including erosion of their sexual identity, feelings of shame and worthlessness, compromised personal security, infringement upon human dignity, pessimism towards the opposite sex, strain within familial relationships, disruption of social interactions, and moral corruption. Consequently, it is crucial to devise solutions in societies where women experience such harassment, ensuring the well-being of this vulnerable group and preventing their alienation from society. Given the diversity of societies, it is important to recognize that a one-size-fits-all solution is not applicable. Instead, solutions should be tailored to the specific cultural context and sensitivities of each society. By taking into account these factors, appropriate and effective measures can be proposed to address street harassment and safeguard the rights and dignity of women.

Street harassment is a form of violence against women.  Research has paid less attention to the issue of street and sexual harassment. Considering the lack of systematic research on the relationship between the levels of one’s religiosity and the odds of committing street harassment, the current study aims to fill this gap. Using the National Survey on Social, Cultural and Moral Status of the Iranian Society, the data of 426 cities are analyzed and compared to answer the research question. Results show that: one, religiosity has a negative effect on the chance of committing harassment; two, social inequality has a reducing effect on the level of harassment; three, the average chance of occurring harassment in Sunni cities is higher than Shiite cities; four, the Iranian and Islamic identity has a negative effect on the chance of committing harassment, while, the Western identity has a positive one; five, there is an association between the frequency of harassment and membership in religious groups.

Street harassment, which is one of the most common current problems in society and also a banned forms of sexual discrimination against women, makes the public community insecure and undesirable environment for women social activity. This study with the help of qualitative method and grounded theory seeks to identify the reasons and bases of women's street harassment experience. The Yasouj city was considered to conduct this study, in this way, 18 girls of Yasouj university students were selected using Snowball sampling and theoretical saturation method and interviewed in a semi - structured scheme in this study. The data were analyzed using three coding schemes e.g. open axial, and selective. The validity of analysis was determined using two methods i.e. researchers and review of non-participating experts in the research. The findings indicate that the social background condition is patriarchy-dominant that one involve in. Lack of dressing regulations, cosmetic administrations and breaking taboo cause condition to Interrogate taboo-breaking women. The core category of this research is “from traumatic experience to desensitization”. Thus, the experience of girls from street harassment can be explained on a continuum manner i.e., some of them had traumatic experience with destructive fears and for others it has been commonplace and trivial. The general conclusion is that the existence of street harassment which could be seen as a sign of gender discrimination and laws inefficiency in society, apart from having negative psychological consequences for the individual, could led to marginalize women and the reproducing of hegemonic patriarchy.

Verbal harassment is a form of street harassment in particular and a form of violence ‎against women in general in which the women in different societies, including Iran, ‎experience in different ways and endanger their psychological, mental and objective ‎security. Its adverse effects on women's social activity and the induction of an ‎environment saturated with insecurity make it necessary for them to study women's ‎experience in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons ‎and contexts of street harassment, coping strategies and the consequences of this type of ‎harassment of female students in urban spaces using the research method of grounded ‎theory using semi-structured interview technique and the data obtained. Using the features ‎of Maxqda quality data analysis software, the 2018 version has been analyzed. In the open ‎coding stage, 298 meaningful statements and 97 basic concepts were obtained. In the ‎axial coding stage, 45 subcategories and 20 axial categories were identified by combining ‎the concepts, and by understanding the implications of the concepts and categories, the ‎core category was explored. The results of the study indicate "learned inability" and the ‎habituation of the role of "passive victim" for girls, which helps to strengthen the contexts ‎and conditions full of components of patriarchal culture. The overall output of the ‎research should be analyzed under the core category of research, namely, "the ritualization ‎of women's repression and silence", which cultivates forms of deviant subculture.‎

One of the major gaps in research on the subject of sexual harassment is that there is very little information about the characteristics of sexual intruders. Sexual harassment is a conceptualized form of harassment based on gender, which has significant effects on victims. Women constitute about half of the population and face significant stress and sexual harassment on a daily basis in their lives. These lead to many psychological and sociological problems. This research provides an in-depth study of the main causes of sexual harassment that are primarily enacted by men.This research has been carried out with the quantitative method using a survey technique. The statistical population includes the males between 18 to 30 years old in Sanandaj city. Quota sampling approach was used to collect the data. In this method, the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups based on age. Then, a subset of each segment was selected based on a specified proportion and the filled questionnaires were finally analyzed and discussed. The descriptive results from a variety of harassments including technique verbal, visual, stalking, and physical harassment shows that only 18 out of 380 people did not commit any of these harassments. Moreover, The results of the multivariate analysis (logistic regression and path analysis) indicate that among the variables included in the analysis, variables related to the individual in the analysis such as age, being Traditional, being religious, gender, and the rate of cultural consumption affect sexual harassment.

 Sexual harassment is a form of sexual violence and discrimination against women that increases social insecurity and fear of women in a society and so, reduces the individual liberties and social participation of women. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the abnormal phenomenon in the society that commonly referred as ‘street harassment’. The starting point of this study is to distinguish between two types of street harassment, namely verbal and physical harassment, emphasizing the similarity of physical harassment with the phenomenon of ‘Sexual Rape’ and more damaging effects of such harassment on insecurity and relaxation about people in the society, especially women. In this study, we attempted to obtain a fairly accurate description of ‘physical street harassments’ using the ethnographic approach.  

In this research, we used various techniques, including field observations and in-depth and semi-in-depth interviews with different stakeholder groups for collecting data, and analyzed this data using the qualitative content analysis method. In other words, this study has been carried out by the ethnography method in which collecting data from 45 interviews and 44 field observations have been analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. The mentioned sample size for observations and interviews determined based on theoretical saturation. Interviews were conducted with several groups including victims of physical street harassment (women), local informants stationed in the study fields, the social control agents in the area, as well as street harassers themselves. Also, field observations have been take place by visiting places in Tehran that is prone to such harassment and an abundance of these behaviors such as Galobandak intersection, Baazar and markets in this area, metro stations of 15 Khordad, Imam Khomeini and Darvazeh Shemiran. 

Overall findings of this ethnographic study may be summarized in five sentences: 1) the phenomenon of street harassment is an arena in which a series of individual actors interact, 2) entering this arena has certain rituals, 3) actions of the actors in this arena take place in specific spatial territories, and they use a specific time calendar for their actions, 4) interactions between actors in this arena follows certain rules of behavior, and finally, 5) the actors have shared experiences in the field that distinguish them from other social actors. According to the results, physical harassers were subjected to two types of ‘Opportunists’ and ‘Hard Cores’, and victims are categorized into five types, including ‘aggressor protestor’, ‘respectable protestor’, ‘conservative protestor’, ‘passive protester’, and ‘incurious victim’ (actors' faces). Physical harassers enter a realm of interactions through a process, from searching for a way to satisfy instincts to becoming a hard core harasser (membership rituals), in which their ‘sexual acts’ and ‘gender behaviors’ in public places confronted with responses from victims as ‘Apparent Reaction’, ‘Implicit Reaction’, ‘Escape from Position’, ‘Passivity’ and ‘Incuriosity’ (Rules of Action). In this context, the utility of space and time has a different meaning and is defined on the basis of mixing and crowding (Utility of Time and Place). The shared experiences of the actors work as a linking and identifying factor in the field (Shared Experiences). So, we found five very important issues concerning street harassment, namely: 'actors', 'membership rituals', 'Rules of Action', 'Utility of Time and Place', and 'Shared Experiences'. Now if we go a little further and look at the above five categories at a higher level of abstraction, we will come to a more general concept which is the central theme of the ethnographic study: the ‘Subculture of Sexual Harassment’. The categories discovered in this research suggest that we are dealing with a deviant subculture that is created, nurtured and constantly reproducing itself under the skin of the city. Thus, the findings of this study as a whole suggested that street physical harassment have a culture of its own, with elements, rules, meanings, and behaviors embedded within the same culture and is reproduced in the same space by its actors. Membership in this subculture gives specific behavioral and attitudinal features to its actors and distinguishes them from other social actors, and it is these shared behavioral characteristics that sustain life of the subculture. These findings, although inductively based on the extraction of partial concepts and categories from the field data, have tangible links with sociological theories. Theoretical concepts such as Stigma, Labeling, Secondary Deviation, Urban Defenseless Spaces, Relative Deprivation, and Flaneur have provided a theoretical and conceptual support for the findings of the study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between urban disorder and the victimization experience of women in Yazd. In order to explain the issue, the views of everyday activities, lifestyles, social pathology, and Ekblom's crime conditions were employed. In terms of its purpose this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as a descriptive-analytic study. The research data were collected through a survey method and from a sample of 336 individuals among 15-60 year-old women living in Yazd using proportional cluster sampling method and the Cochran formula. Findings and The results of this study indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between urban disorder in social and physical dimensions and victimization, and the relationship between awareness and knowledge and victimization is inverse and significant. Also, variables such as age, transportation status and living place had a direct and weak relationship with victimization. The results of regression analysis showed that the variables in the model could explain up to 43% of the changes in the dependent variable; form all the variables entered in the regression model, three variables of urban disorder, awareness and knowledge, and age were significant, and urban disorder had the most explanatory effect and knowledge in the second and ages is in the third rank of effect; and the variables of the status of living place and transportation have no significant effect.

Sexual harassment as a form of harassment based on sex, which is conceptualized significant effects on victims. One of MlmvsTryn these effects create insecurity for women in business and academic environments, public places and other social-sector. Women form half the population, on a daily basis AstrsHa and problems faced due to sexual harassment dumped into the psychological and sociological lead to many complications in throughput. The present study Revolving subject, sensing components affecting the nuisance factor of the boys. The theoretical framework of this study Ahyr four-factor theory and Advnvhyv (quoted from chipboard et al., 2014) on sexual harassment is a combination of many key components from single-factor theories a priori.
The study was nonexperimental descriptive was conducted with survey techniques. The population is son in 18 to 30 years of Sanandaj. Sample size selected Cochran's formula and multistage cluster sampling method is determined. The data collection tool has been integrated and standardized questionnaires that had good validity and reliability.
In general, based on the descriptive results obtained from verbal sexual harassment that includes 3 types of harassment, non-verbal and physical, committed a total of 380 people, only 18 people HychGvnh trouble NshdhAnd indicating that the poor conditions and Jnsyt the sample is ZdhY. BhDst results from the multivariate analysis (logistic regression and path analysis) of parents variables showed that

There has been violence against females since a long time ago in different communities irrespective of social status, religion and race. Street harassment is a form of violence against females by strangers outside of the family in public places. It is one of the obvious aspects of sexual harassment in the public in which women are sexually humiliated. This type of violence leads to various negative consequences for both victim women (such as increasing physical and mental disorders) and society (deprivation of women’s aptitudes and capabilities). Regarding to the fact that most of researches in this field have investigated on the domestic violence which implemented by males (husbands) the street harassment has been neglected. In spite of the slump of the academic circle in the past decades, street harassment has been highly considered in recent years. Although many researchers in different countries of the world recognized the importance of this problem and therefore it is now the subject matter of numerous studies. In spite of high prevalence of street harassments in our country, a few studies has been conducted in this regard yet. However, the findings of some studies in several cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, Kerman, Gorgan, Shiraz and Sanandaj point out that the street harassment is been spread in Iran. The objective of this research is social analysis of the street harassments toward females as well as their passive reactions to it.
The study is done by implementing quantitative method by using survey. Statistical population of the study is 6399 of the female students of Mazandaran University which 362 students have been chosen by stratified random sampling method. Data has been collected through self-administered questionnaire and data were analyzed by SPSS software.
The rates of victims of street harassments as well as the passive reaction to these harassments were considered as dependent variables. These variables measured with an investigator-made scale based on 22 and 18 questions, respectively. The reliability coefficient for two above mentioned scales were 0.890 and 0.760 which are indicating high internal consistency of these scales. Furthermore, acceptance of gender roles stereotypes, acceptance of patriarchal values, and social learning of passive reaction has been treated as independent variables. To analyze the collected data, SPSS has been applied.
Findings: The findings of the study indicated that the respondents mainly were young girls (average age 22.1 years old), residents of dormitories, unmarried, and undergraduate students. These respondents mainly belong to low and medium socio-economic status families. Furthermore, 97.4 percent of respondents experienced one type of street harassments during last yare, while 14.1 percent of them reported daily street harassments. Patterns of harassment show that harassers were mainly young men (under 29 years old) which harassed their victims mostly in the places such as streets, parks and markets at the time of between evening and night.
According to the findings of the study, the street harassment is happening in the different times and places irrespective of the age of the victim women. Moreover, acceptance of patriarchal values may cause to more passive reactions by victims. These findings are in line with radical feminist theory which emphasize on the process of female monitoring by male. Radical feminist theorists aim to analyze the men violence against women, and try to unveil the fact that patriarchal values conceal men violence against women, hide it, or inculpate women for being under violence. In this theory point of view perpetration of violence against women and women's passive reaction toward sexual taunts shows that women are suppressed in a patriarchal system.
Furthermore, the rate of “acceptance of sexual role's stereotypes” by young girls and women in this study had no impact on the passive reaction toward the street harassments. According to Pearson's correlation test there is a significant and positive relationship between the “acceptance of sexual role's stereotypes” and passive reaction to the street harassments. But, the results of multiple regression analysis show that as acceptance of gender role's stereotypes increase, the rate of passive reaction to the street harassments will not increase and people who act based on their sexual role’s stereotypes do not have more passive reaction in comparison with the other respondents because those females, who are affected by masculine hegemony in society, have passive reaction toward the street harassments. It seems that believing in the sexual role’s stereotypes or not, could not overcome the patriarchal structure.
In addition, it has been concluded that the social learning of passive reaction to street harassment from family, friends and peers, is effective on the passive reaction of females to street harassments. This might be, to some extent, due to complexity of human behaviors especially in regard to sexual affaires. In the other words, female reactions to street harassment might be under the influence of many factors which cant be reduced to factors like observation and imitation. Seemingly, between the learning process- as a first step- and the incidence of behavior -as the final stage-, numerous factors and conditions might intervene as moderate and mediate factors. It seems that in this study, the girls who learnt passive reaction to street harassment from their families and friends mentally, may behave differently depending on the time and place of harassment.

The purpose of this study was to examine sociological factors affecting the level of street harassment in the city of Kermanshah. The research used descriptive and survey method. Required data collected by a questionnaire was analyzed by SPSS software. The population included all girls and women aged between 15 and 49 years old in Kermanshah that in date of study (2015) and by statistic of 2011 all of them included 20325. Cluster random sampling contributed to choose the sample size. The result of correlation coefficient shows that there is meaningful relationship between the social disorganization and religion, influence of friends and the relative deprivation. The result of comparing averages indicates that socioeconomic status, material status and being accompanied with others in the street have a significant effect on street harassment. The result of multivariate regression shows that four variables including the relative deprivation (Beta=.36), influence of friends (Beta=.27), the religion (Beta= .19), and social disorganization (Beta=.17), in order of importance in explaining the dependent variable were entered and all together explained 57% of internal changes in dependent variable.

The purpose of this study was to examine sociological factors affecting the level of street harassment in the city of Kermanshah. Descriptive and survey method was conducted in the research. SPSS software analyzed the required data collected through a questionnaire. The population size consisted of 20325 individuals including all girls and women aged15 to 49 in Kermanshah according to the statistical information of 2010. Cluster random sampling was used. The result of correlation coefficient showed that there was a meaningful relationship between the religion and influence of friends. However, the result of comparing average indicated that socioeconomic status, material status and presence on the street had significant effect on street harassment. The result of multivariate regression showed that 4 variables including the relative deprivation (Beta=.36), influence of friends (Beta.27), the religion (Beta= -.19), and social disorganization (Beta=.17), in order of importance in explaining the dependent variable were entered and all together explained 57% of internal changes in dependent variable.

Street harassment is a form of forbidden discrimination against women which turns public places into an unsafe and undesirable environment for their social activities. Women's silence while facing these kinds of harassments is considered as a reason for the prevalence of such acts in the society. So studying the women's experiences of street harassment and their responses to harassment seems to be essential.The present study on the female students of Shiraz University has been conducted using exploratory "qualitative-quantitative" design. The research problem was explored through depth interviews, in order to familiarize the researchers with the participant's mental meaning, experiences and point of views, in the qualitative part of this study. Afterward, the results of the qualitative part (N = 369) were used to develop the theoretical framework, and the quantitative instrument, the questionnaire.According to the qualitative interviews results, a classification of different kinds of street harassment in public places was made, including 4 main categories: visual, verbal, following and touching harassments. The participants of the qualitative part had experienced verbal and visual harassments more frequently than the other kinds, and this finding was very similar to the quantitative results. According to the respondents of the quantitative part, the visual harassment is the most frequent, followed by verbal, touching and following harassments. Additionally, in case of the respondent's reactions to street harassment, the quantitative results showed that most of the respondents (about %70) respond to the harassment passively. It means most of them preferred to stay silent while confronting a kind of harassment, and this finding agrees with qualitative results, too.