جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « هنجارها » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Physical appearance as a form of capital has been the focus of sociologists in recent years because "aesthetic capital," like other forms of capital, can be accumulated and utilized in social exchanges. The general purpose of this research was to collect information about the dimensions and meaning of appearance, and to do so, the questionnaire tool was used. The present research participants included all people between the ages of 15 and 60 in a statistical sample of 384 people in Ahvaz City. In this regard, statistical measures for both the "accumulation" and "utilization " dimensions of "aesthetic capital" were studied based on a parallel survey design using ordinal logistic regression (o-logit model). The findings showed that there are double standards based on specific norms regarding "accumulation" and "utilization " of "aesthetic capital." Furthermore, the existence of double normative standards depends on the "context" of society, in a way that these standards in "accumulation of capital" mean more approval of women's behavior, while the double standard in "utilization of capital" means more approval of men’s behavior. As a result, aesthetic capital, as something that depends on the context, regulates gender norms.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the social resilience of economic organizations against institutional anomie at the level of non-governmental economic organizations (Iranian Home Appliance Industry Association) with an institutional analysis approach. The research was conducted from 1399 to 1400. The type of research method is qualitative and the type of data analysis method is inductive thematic analysis. The data collection technique was episodic interview. The research population includes all members of the association, 21 of whom were purposefully selected. Findings showed the foundations of institutional anomie can be traced at both macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the change of fundamental structures, the establishment of society in a state of transition, and the emergence of new spirits in Iranians led to the creation of the mentioned anomie. At the micro level, the failure to achieve common values and ideals paved the way for anomie, and the inconsistency of actors' cultural tools and rules to achieve a common goal, the quest for transformation, exacerbated that anomie. Contrasting to Merton's theory of anomie, in this study it was found that, it is possible for actors to act simultaneously in the form of two or more of these cultural patterns. Given the simultaneous commitment of the members of that association to the model of "adaptation and conformity" plus "innovation and innovation", the model of "transformational adaptation" can be added to the models mentioned by Merton that Indicates creative resilience

Marriage and its narrated forms in Shahnameh, like many social phenomena, have mythological and social bases that determine their intellectual infrastructure and theoretical basis and explain whether they are norm or anomalies. Marriages narrated in Shahnameh can be classified into two general groups: endogamy and exogamy. In this article, while studying the important types of exogamy in Shahnameh, by searching for their mythological and social foundations, the normality or abnormality of each according to Ferdowsi and some of the characters is examined.  For Iranians, exogamy has mythological and social foundations; Its mythological basis is derived from the mixing of divine forces with demons in the myth of creation and its social basis is rooted in the social customs of the matriarchal era, in which men sought to acquire the originality and rule by bonding with women of other countries. The most important types of exogamy in Shahnameh can be seen in two forms of temporary marriage and polygamy. The former is based on the myth of the union of man with fairies and from a social point of view represents the efforts of other tribes to obtain the lineage and race of the enemy hero to overcome him and his country. In this research, it was found that polygamy in Shahnameh has no mythical basis and its social basis is rooted in the traditions and customs of the patriarchal period that According to it, men have turned to polygamy in order to have more children and more labor. Ferdowsi and several other figures in the Shahnameh have considered the excessive polygamy of kings to be abnormal due to the oppression and harm it inflicts on women.

Population growth in the country has been declining in recent years and forecasts show that in the not too distant future, Iran will face the phenomenon of aging and a little further away with a further decline in population growth and population decline. This in itself can have many negative consequences for the country. To prevent these harmful consequences, it is necessary for social policy makers to implement appropriate programs to get out of this harmful situation in order to maintain the reliability and dynamism of the population. This article believes that the way out of this situation is to revive the Islamic-Iranian way of life based on the principles and values of religion and indigenous culture. Therefore, it has tried to provide a cultural model for increasing fertility, based on religious thought. The finding suggests that a religious model at three levels of beliefs, values and norms by shaping behaviors, can help increase fertility. The research method is descriptive and analytical in the data collection stage and descriptive and analytical in the processing stage

Comparing Subjective and Objective Dimensions of Body Contouring among Three generations of Women in Arak City Abstract The study of changes occurred in perception and performance of different generations is based on the assumption that, through experiencing different social revolutions, different generations have different experiences of beauty values, norms and performance. Based on this, the present research was carried out to study subjective and objective revolutions of beauty among three generations of women in Arak city. Theoretical framework of the research is developed based on theories by Bourdieu, Giddens, Inglehart, and feminism. The research methods were cross-sectional survey and causal-explanatory. The sample was calculated as 383 from three recent generations of women in Arak city (age groups 19-68) based on Cochran formula; but, to consider sample loss, the questionnaire copies were distributed among 390 women. The results showed “intergenerational distinctions in beauty's objectivity and intergenerational congruence in beauty's subjectivity” based on which we see that even if there are no significant differences among young, middle-aged, and old generations regarding physical self-concept but there are significant differences among these three generations regarding manifestation of and attempt to body contouring which appears as body management. Keywords: women, beauty, medium, inclination towards body contouring, body management, norms, self-concept

The article starts with this notion that in the near future the development of communication hardware and instruments will push humanity to a new phase of bringing religions face to face with each other. Then it is emphasized that each of the three major Abrahamic religions will be given an opportunity to know about each other’s holy books without any mediators. Furthermore, this question is raised about the normative propositions of each of the prophets in the three scriptures, and the kind of existing similarities and differences. A conceptual definition of prophet and norm comes next and reasons have been offered to show that the notion of norm as described in the Holy Books is probably different from the one offered by sociology literature. Finally, to find answers to the questions, an eclectic research method for content analysis was adopted. Then with the help of a suitable software the normative propositions existing in The Old and New Testaments and the Quran were extracted and the research subject was categorized in 7 groups and the similarities and differences were explained as follows: 1- Dos and don’ts in our relation with the prophets in general 2- Dos and don’ts in our relation with Abraham 3- Dos and don’ts in our relation with Moses 4- Dos and don’ts in our relation with Jesus 5- Dos and don’ts in our relation with the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) 6- Dos and don’ts in our relation with other prophets 7- Dos and don’ts in our view of the prophets’ miracles. At the end, with the help of Phi coefficient, the converging seven themes have been extracted and the resulting models have been presented.

The purpose of this study was to determine the cultural barriers of science development in universities from the viewpoint of faculty members in Azad University of Tehran North Branch. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting data, a descriptive survey was used. The statistical population of this research was all faculty members in Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch. 536 people were selected by using Cochran sampling formula. 240 individuals were selected through random stratified sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale that had 54 items. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed based on the content validity of the questionnaires, based on the views of some of the statistical population and the structure by factor analysis method. After validation of the necessary terms, validity was confirmed and on the other hand, the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated at 0.838 by Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done on descriptive and inferential levels including one-sample t-test. The findings of the research showed that from the viewpoint of faculty members of Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, cultural weaknesses of science development in university in all five dimensions of cultural barriers In other words, values, norms, beliefs, organizational norms and informational system were presented below the comparisons of these dimensions at the level (p <0.0001) and higher than the effective level.

The study of subcultures is one of the most important approaches for the identification and investigation of social injuries. The contribution of ethnography to research on narcotics is to focus on social relationships with the centrality of drug use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ethnic subcultures (Arab people of Ahvaz) and the folk norms and recommendations that encourage the use of narcotic drugs.
This was an ethnographic and a qualitative research. Purposive sampling was used and theoretical saturation was used to achieve the sample adequacy. The domain of this research was the subculture of the Arab nation. Three-step coding was used to analyze the research data. The first step was open coding where important concepts were extracted. In the axial coding step, axial codes were drawn out of the conceptualization of important issues.
Causes of the tendency towards beliefs, customs, and traditions were revealed to be parent's false education regarding the relatively high size of Arab's families, misleading cultural propaganda, lack of knowledge, lack of welfare facilities, unemployment, low quality of life, and adherence to ethnic customs in the domain of drug use. In terms of conventional beliefs about narcotic drugs, the findings suggest that the shared understanding and values can act as clear rules for drug users. Knowledge about drug use is transmitted through an interconnected social network, which represents a subculture of narcotic drugs.
It can be argued that the beliefs and norms encouraging drug use have been commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment or reduction of pain associated with diseases of the old world.

Iranian markets confluence of religion and the worlds of people. Iranian markets as the economic heart of the city, and schools and mosques have been as the cultural and ideological bases. Uniting these two elements, the economy and culture (ideology), has created many political and social changes in the contemporary history of Iran. The findings showed that the merchants in their economic activities were very faithful to his covenant. Failure to adhere to the norms of the contract leads to the exclusion of individual from the network of social and economic relations were on the market. Social cohesion, the result of accepting and internalizing the values and norms of a society. In the present study we investigated the relationship between mosque and market and its role in social cohesion and Followed by reduce the social problem and transaction costs of socioeconomics’ market.
Material & This study is cross sectional; therefore, the data was collected in one short time. The designs of this study to answer the first question, different methods were used. Because of Tehran Bazaar social dimension is not known as other markets. So as to understand a complex social phenomenon was unknown, it seemed Case Study Research appropriate study. In this study, a standardized questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population based on information about the units in Tehran. According to the important criteria, such as the importance of Guilds, the ratio of people per Guild and type of occupational activity sample size in this study was determined. Quota sampling as a non-probability sampling technique was used. In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. Accordingly, data based on 200 questionnaires that distributed among the participants were gathered.
Discussion of Results This study shows the social cohesion in Tehran marketplace. The findings and assess the relationship between the variables of the research has shown that by increasing the level of social trust, economy ethic increased and transaction costs reduced Also, by increasing social cohesion and values, ethics of economic is raised. If the network of economic relations is too nested, the borders are so tight that enter and leave the New forces doesn’t easy and Increases the possibility of duplicate links. These finding provide the following insights for future research: Combined approach is the best way for such research, a deep understanding of market behavior needs to interaction with them and in the design of policies and laws to reduce transaction costs and improve economic performance must relationship it with non-formal institutions was recognized.
Increase in lying and fraud unhealthy competition and, cheating in current market of Tehran, increase social costs of economic exchanges and reduced the amount and bulk of economic exchange. Where hypocrisy and deceit are as the dominant social relations, there are no any social trust. And contributing members of society instead of pluralism and Synergies will be looking for selfish individualism.

Nowadays, the media as one of the main instruments of transferring and promoting of cultural and social values has an important role in the behavior of children and teenagers and in changing their social behavior. One of the issues which has attracted the attention of scholars and caused to writings of these scholars is the issue of “the relationship of media with the children and teenagers”. The general goal of this study is investigating the role of television in strengthening the values of children's and Teenagers’ literature in Zanjan. The sample group of this study were 384 children and teenagers (174 female and 210 male)in the range of 7 to 12 years old. The sample size was determined according to the infinite sample of 384 personns and the sampling was done randomly. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire which was designed by the researcher. Validity of the questionnaire was verified by using the formal methods. And the reliability to test the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.91. To analyze the collected data, it is used from SPSS software and suitable descriptive and inferential statistical methods and descriptive and inferential statistics were also presented. The findings of this study show that there is a meaningful relationship between watching TV and its informational and educational role and its role in recognizing the cultural identity and purchasing behavior (like books that are transferring the Iranian culture, Iranian goods like the toys that have Iranian identity and …) of the children and teenagers.

Background and Today, by propounding community-policing concept and social security, the efficacy of police organization arises from communication and mutual action with society. Accordingly, the authorities of social and security sciences believed that police organization needs social capital. This capital like a cement which apply for keeping consensus and solidarity of societies and plays an important role in providing security and social order, because social capital in individual, average and macro scales considers as an appropriated tool for preventing from breakage and social insecurity in most riskful today's societies and focused as an effective mechanism by police organization for crime-prevention and fighting with crimes. The research method was qualitative which on the basis of library study and documentation. The authors have tried to survey on the effect of social capital on community-policing efficacy. The results indicate that the main components of social capital such as social participation, normatively and social trust caused to performance improvement and efficacy of community-policing for providing social security.

The present article aims to examine the lived experiences of students’ parents with regard to the Internet cultural harms inflicted on their siblings. The research employs a qualitative and phenomenological approach to reach its objectives. The participants in the study were mothers and fathers of high school female students from Somirom city. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview and analyzed through the 7-phased Colaizzi approach. The findings indicate that the parents’ understanding of the possible Internet cultural harms could be divided into three categories: The value-related Internet possible harms which include religious and ethical values; the norm-related Internet possible harms which include dress code, communications, family economy and traditions; and finally national identity-related Internet possible harms.In sum, Somirom parents viewed the Internet content as conflicting with their society culture. They thought using unethical content of the Internet has a negative effect on their national identity, personal identity and religious and ethical values of their siblings.

Today, social scientists have focused on cultural issues as one of the most important subjects of their studies, although they offer different definitions on culture.
Over the years of living on earth, people of the world have shaped a variety of cultures based on the existing needs of the time and these cultures have transferred from one generation to the next. One of the main characteristics of all culture is their development on the basis of education and their transferability, so that they have changed or transferred by human migrations around the world.
Now, in the twenty-first century, and in the era of the small world, people seek to achieve a better life, education, employment, and appropriate revenues, and to live in a better world in order to do business and trade, and even having fun, so they travel or migrate to different parts of the world and transfer their cultures as well.
In the light of these studies, cultures have regained their status and importance in social issues, and have been even considered and emphasized as an important development factor.
This paper has briefly studied the cultures formation factors (symbols, language, values, and norms), cultural shocks, culture transfers by migrations, cultural conflicts, high culture versus popular culture, subcultures, and finally the important topic of multiculturalism.

Religion has been one of major culture-making pillars of societies throughout history. Among these, Mahdaviat culture as one of the most important Shiite principles can be elaborated in the socio-cultural arena of Islamic-Shiite societies, this is in fact a progressive Shiite belief and a comprehensive religious doctrine that has a high potential for guiding contemporary humanity. Today, the newly-emerged western schools such as liberal-democracy, globalization, global village, post-modernism, and the end of history are trying to organize the world's political, economic and cultural affairs in accordance with their own colonial objectives and exploit both material and spiritual possessions of the world in that direction. Mahdaviat culture has the potential to neutralize these and instead lead mankind towards perfection and bliss under the banner of monotheism and equality, thus actualizing the inviolable divine promises. The article has therefore attempted to elaborate both the theoretical and practical aspects of Mahdaviat culture by relying on its pertinent beliefs, values, norms and symbols in accordance with the recognized scientific principles of culture.

Islamic movement is the major axis in national unity, which was based on «Ashura» school of thought by Imam Khomeini. Therefore, Islamic movement is a pivotal movement which forms unity. On the other hand, performance of cultural-human capitals in more proper realization of social-regional security and in religious beliefs, and playing role in human resources is proportionate with the type and level of organizational and social beliefs. Therefore, position of religion and formation of human resources' belief should be determined in it. It is noteworthy that our security is based on our religion and relies on a divine system. On the contrary, a lot of efforts are made to isolate Iran. Hence, determination of national unity strategy and Islamic coherence to combat the movements of enemies is pretty essential. Therefore, it is essential to change tactic against the new socio-political movement in the 21 century and outset of the third millennium. Enemies have aimed their attacks at Iran's nation and Islam world as the main center of the capability, and adopting a strategy to divide people in national and religious terms is of importance to them. In line with this, it is stressed that national contribution to social security is the ground to reinforce national unity and Islamic coherence. Police forces have managed to take some measures in this regard and have acted very well.The measures taken by police are: security policies, prevention, reduction of conflict in national and regional level, development of citizens’ security living in suburbs, decisive confrontation with superstition, and with fanatic cultural extremism such as hitting dagger over head in religious ceremonies, and meaningful guidance of public thought. In the author's point of view, police able to establish and develop security is a police which pays attention to its own human resources, and makes peopletrust in it, and can improve public satisfaction and make people cooperate in social activities.

This research aims at a meta–analysis of the researches conducted about social values and norms. Thirty nine (39) instances of research were selected and analyzed. In so doing, the research is divided in two main parts: first is assessment of the researches in terms of theoretical framework and methodology. In this assessment, various sections of research consisting of introduction (%57), the empirical and theoretical foundations of research (%54), methodology(%59), results (%58), and solutions (%22) is assessed as good from the arbitrators’ points of view. Residuals percent is assessed medium and weak. The second part consists of classification and summation of researches which is done in two manners. First, the most important variables (age, education, gender, socioeconomic position, family, religion, social control) effecting individual observance of the social values and norms were studied. Following that, implicit solutions by several researches for people observance of social values and norms were categorized on the basis of socio-cultural institutions which are being addressed (family, mass media, educational and religion institutions, economic and supportive institutions, and ruler and controller institutions).