جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « competition » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

AbstractAccording to the Chicago School of Sociology, the high social class is always the winner of the competition for the best social roles and geographical situations, and has the power to manipulate the urban space by its class interests. This article presents an alternative interpretation to deconstruct the traditional view of the Chicago School of Sociology about the relations between money, power and residential moves within the city. To do this, the concentric zone model introduced by Burgess is selected as the analytical framework. The present article argues that the upper economic class is not always the fit class for urban competition, nor does it hold the ultimate determinative position in shaping the residential moves within the city. Instead, the lower-income class has the power to determine the location and movement of the upper economic class within the city concerning its class interests. The upper economic class are defeated in competition with the lower-income class to capture the best zone for residential use located next to the C.B.D. The power relations between different social classes should be considered as a network according to which the power is distributed among all social classes, rather than possessed by a specific social class. 

According to the Chicago School of Sociology, the high social class is always the winner of the competition for the best social roles and geographical situation and has the power to manipulate the urban space by its class interests. Criticisms against the Chicago School of Sociology challenge the reactive position of this school towards social inequality in urban spaces. Although they have not legitimated the inter-class competition and the production of unequal urban spaces, these critics, like the Chicago School of Sociology, have implicitly accepted that the upper economic classes are the winners of inter-class competition due to their control over financial and political resources. Despite the insights drawn from these critics, this article argues that the interpretations and explanations presented by both the Chicago School of Sociology and these critics are insufficient. The present article argues that the upper economic class is not always a merit class. This class does not always win inter-individual and inter-class competition, but the lower economic class also has the power to control the patterns of residential moves within the city. The lower economic class can adjust the socio-spatial structure of the city in line with its class interests through collective action. This article presents an alternative interpretation to deconstruct the traditional interpretations presented by the Chicago School of Sociology about the relations between money, power and the patterns of residential moves within the city. 

Methods and Data:

To do this, the concentric zone model introduced by Burgess, a well-known member of the Chicago School of Sociology, is selected as the analytical framework. The socio-spatial structure of the city, according to Burgess's concentric zone model, is expanded in a few concentric circles or zones, each of which has its own specific function and land use pattern. The model divides the city into five concentric zones, including the central business district (C.B.D), transitional zone, labor residential zone, middle-class residential zone, and urban commuting zone. In other words, the city, according to this model, is divided into two large spaces: working and living spaces. C.B.D and the transitional zone constitute working spaces, and the three other zones are devoted to living spaces. The socio-spatial change and expansion of these zones are explained with regard to four ecological stages, i.e., invasion, resistance, entry and dominance. The alternative interpretation presented in this article can apply to other models of the socio-spatial structure of the city, such as Hoyt's sector model and Harris and Ullman's multiple nuclei model. These models have attempted to modify some assumptions underpinned the concentric zone model. For example, the spatial or physical expansion of the city in these models is asymmetry and discontinuous. The urban transportation network has a significant role in determining the direction of urban physical expansion and urban land price in the sector model. The multiple nuclei model adds heavy industries to the concentric zone model and removes the assumption of a mono-centric city. However, these models, like the concentric zone model, are based on social Darwinism and ecological assumptions about human society. 

The present article argues that the upper economic class is not always the fit class for urban inter-class competition, nor does it hold the ultimate determinative position in shaping the socio-spatial structure of the city. Instead, the lower-income class can also determine the location and movement of the upper economic class within the urban space concerning its class interests. The lower-income class, as the concentric zone model shows, occupies the best location for residential land use, i.e., houses in zone 3. Although the quality of houses is low, the land allocated for residential uses has potentially the highest price in this zone because of its proximity to C.B.D. Residential land uses in this zone are divided into small-area houses by the low-income class to correspond to their ability to pay house rent. Low-income class wins the inter-class competition for residing in zone 3 because their population is greater than the high-income class and their tendency to live in small-area houses. This article explains that the upper economic class cannot freely manipulate the urban space according to its class interests, as they are defeated in competition with the lower-income class to capture the best zone, i.e., zone 3 for residential use located next to the C.B.D. 

As this article has argued, the socio-spatial structure of the city should be considered as an interconnected whole. The city is a structured continuum, and its constituent parts, i.e., the social classes, act not based on free will, but in terms of the necessity governing this complex, structured continuum. In addition, the power relations between different social classes should be analyzed as a network according to which the power is distributed among all social classes, rather than possessed by a specific social class.

Academically distinct from other institutions, the National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents (NODET) divides its students into 'Ordinary Elites' and 'Competing Elites,' thereby establishing an internal dich​otomy. This division establishes the foundation for a scholarly, self-motivated competition within the rigorous academic environment of NODET. However, a paradox emerges: despite the fact that every student is classified as gifted, their performance may vary, thereby obscuring the distinction between outstanding and average accomplishments. Compounded by familial expectations, this duality places moderately exceptional students under considerable stress. Unwittingly, the 'Ordinary Elites' shape NODET's ethos by perpetuating a culture of competition.The present investigation utilizes a rigorously planned ethnographic methodology, in which one investigator undertakes the responsibilities of both an instructor, mentor, and former student of NODET. This comprehensive experience offers an exceptional comprehension of the internal operations of the institution, revealing aspects that are hidden from outsiders. This approach sheds light on the challenges encountered by students who perform below expectations in the academic domain of NODET, thereby providing a holistic view of the educational ecosystem.The NODET educational framework fosters an intricate interaction that divides students into distinct tiers of achievement, inciting an internally motivated rivalry that challenges traditional standards. This diversity provokes complex discussions that delve into the fundamental nature of educational elitism. The varied impacts of NODET's competitive culture are graphically illustrated through the subjective experiences of students who traverse the spectrum of academic performance. By conducting this inquiry, the complex structure of NODET's scholarly environment is exposed, providing an intellectually stimulating examination of fostering outstanding abilities in the highly competitive realm of modern education.NODET’s unique environment results in the formation of a distinct subset known as the 'Ordinary Elites.' Although this collective is found in academic institutions across the globe, it manifests itself uniquely within NODET. This research illuminates the intricate nature of NODET's competitive culture, uncovering the significant ramifications it has on the identities of its students. The results emphasize the importance of developing a more nuanced comprehension of educational elitism and call for a reassessment of traditional approaches to nurturing exceptional abilities in the highly competitive educational environment of the twenty-first century.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the content of the main discourses of religious reformers in terms of their approach to society's problems and how they use modern ideas in this field. In this regard, discourses of expediency, debate, and compromise have been discussed, and a fourth discourse titled exchange and competition discourse has also been suggested. The method is qualitative content analysis and the results are the theoretical description of the mentioned discourses and the evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses. The final finding of the article is that although reformist discourses have been very successful in defense of religious teachings, it seems necessary to move from a defensive position to an establishment position for further growth.

The study of the sffectiveness of the neo- middle class on the neo- ideas and the indicators of the good ruling party is one of the most  important topics of the social and political sciences. If competition and participation, common order mangements ( facilitative and  responsive government), empowering of the civic organizatins  and political culture known as key- roles of the middle class over the good ruling party ( rule- governing,  transparency, justice and responsiveness) known as the post- revolution of Iran, the question is: what is the role of the neo- middle class over the idea of the good ruling party?
As the transition of the good governing and its improvement, is under the pledge of the facilitative government and the  social trust among the citizens and the government, the recognition of tne new middle class and the government and their relations together, is a must. The findings of this study shows that the solidity of the good ruling party under the shadow of the facilitative and devoper government is a requirement of the thinking  and instrumental talents.  Focusing on the civic organizations, competition and partnership and how to deal with the  neo-middle class  is with the political culture of the democracy.
The  theoritical frame for the analysis of the topic is the  reconstruction with the descriptive- analytical and historical approaches.

The aim of this study was to investigate the contexts and conditions for the formation of competition among high school students in Quchan. Approach was qualitative and technique was narrative inquiry. Unstructured interviews were used to collect data. The field of research in the academic year 2019-20 was two boys' high schools in Quchan. Twenty-two people were interviewed, including 17 students and 5 teachers. The participating students were selected using the snowball method and based on the criterion of having competitive characteristics. To validate the research findings, triangulation technique and rich description and review of texts rewritten by the interviewees were used. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the findings. Data analysis was performed through open and axial coding. The report of this research was compiled in the form of poetry. Based on the results of this study; factors such as gaining popularity, avoiding humiliation, the ability to compete with parental comparisons, attracting the teacher's attention, and the fear of falling behind competitors were among the factors that intensified negative competition among students. Active and continuous evaluation of teachers in order to improve the quality of teaching, creating a need for learning in students due to creating an inner desire and lack of attention from others, educating and informing parents about the harms of competition; were of the suggestions to face negative competition in this study.

This paper(Analysis of Competition between Radio & TV and Network Media) mainly discusses about competitive integration relationship between network media and traditional media with representative of radio & TV, i.e. firstly analyzes their respective advantages and disadvantages, and points out that new media which mainly include network media and traditional media which mainly include radio & TV shall complement each other’s advantages and have competitive integration to enhance advantages and avoid disadvantages, so that traditional media such as radio & TV etc could realize self-relocation under the situation of new media, achieve faster and more steady development in competition with new media represented by network media, and finally form a new situation of both competitive and integrated development between network media and traditional media in the era of new media.by: Jiong XuQianjiang College, Hangzhou, 310015, ChinaInternational Conference on Education Technology and Economic Management (ICETEM 2015)Key words: era of new media, radio & TV, network media, competition

Obviously, development is the outcome of culture, and the consideration of a developed society is impossible if its culture does not support development. Culture plays an important role in companies' competitiveness and productivity through shaping the organizational behavior pattern and norms. On the other hand, the level of country or region development depends on the competitiveness of its companies, especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural reasons of small share of Iranian SMEs in the market and their low competitiveness and productivity. Therefore, relationship between the productivity of active SMEs in Yazd textile industry and their employers’ culture was explored using Edgar Shine's "clinical approach" (2004) and Sariolghalam theory (2003). Pearson correlation test showed that there is not a statistically significant relationship between the productivity of these SMEs and their employers' culture. However, employers' interviews revealed that Lack of economic stability, prevalent smuggling of textile products, promotion of anti-employer mentality and misguided policies have an adverse effect on the behavior of customers and suppliers and render it impossible for the employer to make forecasts and calculations for running and developing the business.

Traditional games are example of folklore culture where shows engagement and participation among the group as well.Based on this principles, radio games shows, can be modeled and derived from folklore games.Radio game shows, has its own specific figure in time, structure and istory. Accordingly, we need to deconstruct folklore games in term of   utilization in radio game shows.In some of the items used in the radio contest,we have witnessed variation of structures which adapted and shaped from traditional games.Among this shows,021 radio show fromRadio Tehran station and do-be-do game show from Radio javan station,which inspired from traditional drama games for finding and guessing proverbs and Zue for the show start up, are remarkable.Most of the traditional games are visual-motion based, and cannot be used in radio contest in  their current from so their strauctures should be fundamentally modified for radio shows.Some of this tradional verbal games are convention models for radio game shows in their current model such as BLLandALphabet game.Minsterlesy, Crambo and et. This research is trying to axplore the capabilities of traditional games in production of radio  game shows by studying and analyzing  examples of Radio game shows in Voice Of Islamic of Iran radio station and interoduction of  some traditional games and native – folkore analysis in the field of verbal- motion Game shows, and also categorization and analysis of interviews with producers of radio contest

Supporting local social media against foreigns’ along with blocking international social media are two main strategies of Islamic Republic of Iran in dealing with social media, which success in both of these strategies is questionable. This article is conducted based on ground research method or grounded theory, using focus group and content analysis of the interview to collect data. The research provided some suggestions for local social media to compete, besides identifying involved barriers. From the users’ perspective, local social media owners and policy-makers consider some reasons, including the regulation and special conditions for income generation as well as the lack of ethic diversity, of why foreign social media attract more users having some superiories such as network size and social capital attraction.

This article studies the impact of globalization، as the independent variable، on the international system، as the dependent variable. The author believes that globalization، due to its rapid development and transformational processes، has caused the international system to remain in a transitional state، especially after disintegration of the bipolar system. This is firstly due to the change in the nature of power، although there is still fluctuation between the fourth face of power i. e. power of dialog or soft power، on one hand، and the intelligent power on the other. Secondly، types and numbers of players have changed in a way that in addition to big international powers، regional powers are playing their roles and also alongside governments، international civil institutions، international NGO’s، international intergovernmental organizations، informal multilateral institutions، political parties، media، ethnic groups، syndicates، multinational companies، international public figures and public opinion have come to stage and this has made the international system as multidimensional. So، considering the attrition in the sovereignty of states، along with the fading of borders، we are witnessing a change in the form and function of governments in interacting and competing with transnational and subnational players. Thirdly، the nature of interaction among players has changed in a way that the dominating atmosphere is competition- cooperation (coopetition) among them within “moderate international system” and the increasing importance of virtual networks in “hyper transparency” atmosphere، has given priority to processes rather than structures. Furthermore، horizontal and “bottom-up” processes are influential in global decision makings. Therefore، given the transformational and process oriented nature of the international system and due to interconnection of role players and complexity of their relations in the asymmetric world of interdependence، there is no firmly fixed and established order. Due to the impacts of globalization، the international system is still in a transitional، transitive and fluid state.

The theory of good governance is a new paradigm in economic development which has been considered by the mid of 1990s¡ The experience of transition economies in Eastern Europe and former Soviet :::::union::::: as well as financial crisis in the world economy during two recent decades make clear the necessity of a new paradigm for development policy. After reviewing these experiences¡ this article focuses on the difference between good governance and structural adjustment policy.
This research attempts to review the literature of good governance theories and presents the evolution of economic development paradigm.
Finding & The political and economic competition and accountability are main strategies for improving governance. A better governance demands social and economic as well as local and national polices which discussed in this article.

The Islamic approach towards organizational clash” studies various standpoints about clash. Analyzing and comparing the word clash with contradiction and competition, the article presents a clear definition of them and approximates them to the Islamic sources. Refering to the glorious revelation, Quran and hadith, the present article outlines the Islam’s view towards the first understanding of this term, namely difference of opinion; and stresses how this could integrate growth and creativity. Investigating the view of Islam about the second understanding of clash and the type of its appropriate management, the article proposes a new research project.