جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "drought" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Droughts, as extreme climatic events, have profound impacts on rural communities, often triggering significant shifts in migration patterns and challenging the livability of these areas. This study focuses on Bavi City, a region that has experienced the harsh realities of prolonged drought conditions, to analyze the resultant changes in the livability and migration behaviors of its rural households. The study sample includes 347 farmers who are heads of households living in the villages of Bavi city and were selected by systematic random sampling. Using the TOPSIS method, the economic, social, and environmental aspects of the livability level of rural households in Bavi City were calculated and prioritized. The results showed that most of the rural households have a low and medium livability level in all dimensions. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the villages in terms of the livability of rural households in drought conditions. Also, based on the results, the relationship between the variables of age, education, and the number of promotional courses attended in one year with the living conditions of households is significant. In addition, the results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between all dimensions of livability and the number of people who have migrated into their households.

The Qanats of Khorasan were the driving force of two important cultural indicators: knowledge and lifestyle. The knowledge of Qanat included sciences that were based on engineering and geology and were inherited from one generation to the next. On the other hand, around the Qanat, a culture was formed that promoted adaptation to drought, contentment in water consumption, and the benefit of collective work, and it had become the lifestyle of Khorasan people. This culture was alive and dynamic until the beginning of the modern era, but with the entry into the modern era and the decline of the Qanatic civilization, the Qanats of Khorasan were destroyed and its surrounding culture was also destroyed. The present article is limited to the geography of Khorasan in order to deal with more details of the historical developments of the Qanat in one of Iran's Qanat-rich provinces and to obtain a better understanding of the overall issue of the Qanat. The main question is what is the history of Qanat in Khorasan and what kind of culture was it? According to the nature of the subject, descriptive and analytical methods will be used in the evaluation of historical and geographical data.

In recent years, along with population growth and occurrence of climate change and fluctuations, problem of water scarcity in country has been increases and negative social, economic, and environmental consequences of this crisis have affected central regions of country, especially in the ZAYANDEYROOD area. Currently, the ZAYANDEYROOD dryness is one of the most important concerns in Isfahan province, which can lead to social crises. Therefore, present applied research has conducted with the aim of investigation the ZAYANDEYROOD dryness and its social consequences on East of Isfahan farmers by survey research method. Statistical population of research was East of Isfahan farmers (41000 people) that were selected Based on the Cochran formula, 380 people selected by random sampling method. Data analyzed by AMOS and LISREL software using confirmatory factor analysis method. Research findings confirmed the socio-mental effects of ZAYANDEYROOD River dryness on East of Isfahan farmers, and results of confirmatory factor analysisshowed that among six factors considered, factor of social conflict was at highest and social welfare factor was at lowest level. Finally, results showed that ZAYANDEYROOD River dryness has socio effects on variables such as social health, social status, social capital and also, social welfare have significantly decreased among East-Isfahan farmers, and increases the immigration and social conflicts.

The Purpose of this paper was to identify livelihood strategies of agricultural water well operators in South Khorasan province. The statistical population of this research was all well operators (N=41232) and sample size using Cochran formula 237 well operators were estimated. The research tool was check list and questionnaires. Drought data was collected from the website of the Meteorological Organization. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS24 software and meteorological data were analyzed using DIPP software. The results showed that there are three strategies among well operators: direct dependent, indirect dependent and non-dependent on agricultural water. In the first strategy, the operators are more than the other two groups in terms of the average variables of age and history of agricultural activity, and also in terms of the two variables, the share of owned agricultural water and the number of participation in the training class are less than the other two groups. Also, agricultural water well operators with indirect dependent livelihood strategy in terms of average age, water well operation history and agricultural experience are between the other two groups. Also, the results of correlation test showed that there is a positive relationship between agricultural water well operation history, agricultural experiences, participation in training classes, the number of water hours owned by the operator, agricultural water availability, drought severity and drought duration with livelihood diversity index.

Women, as half of human society, have played different roles throughout history, taking advantage of different social and economic status. Like men, they performed various activities in society. Women work alongside men in society and take on important responsibilities. In the past, housewives cared about raising children. Today, however, women must be present in the social, political, cultural, and economic fields as active and creative people. Not so long ago, a rural woman interacted and communicated with family members by attending a family center, and therefore her life was satisfactory for her. Despite the traditional division of labor in the village, she played her roles well and there was no conflict between her roles. With the modernization of societies and the resulting changes, the role of women in the family changed. These changes caused a lot of emotional stress, including depression, lack of self-confidence, dissatisfaction with life, lack of happiness, etc., which threatened the physical and mental health of women. The present study investigates the evolution of the family, social, economic, political, and cultural roles of women in Joshagh village. This study aims to help women understand the concept of happiness. The consequences of changes in the role of women's happiness is another goal of this study.

Research data have been made available during five months of continuous living with rural women in Joshagh district. This has been achieved through techniques such as exploratory study, semi-organized interviews, focus group discussions, participatory observation, and direct observation. To do this, first, the available sampling method was taken from women. For this purpose, available people or volunteers were asked to participate in the research. Also, the snowball method contributed to the research in the next step. Finally, the findings of this study were the result of 31 interviews with 37 rural women. Individual and group interviews were analyzed in three analytical stages including open coding, axial coding, and selective or core coding by fundamental theory method.

Based on the results, the concept of happiness includes components such as women's gatherings, attending gatherings of friends, acquaintances, and relatives, attending religious ceremonies and places, women's work, and activities, happiness, lack of stress, worries, restlessness, anxiety, help and cooperation between women, enjoying the blessings of health, both mentally and physically, having a happy and strong spirit, enjoying life, and attending celebrations and joy. These components are strengthened by collective relations, social participation, and social trust between individuals. People’s interaction and communication with each other make people happy and that is why people enjoy being together.The results of the present study show that some of the interactions of rural women in their collective activities in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry have decreased. This decrease in interactions has reduced happiness. In other words, the changing role of women has reduced their traditional cooperation and collective participation. Women's gathering places have been gradually destroyed and no new place has been replaced. Many joyful ceremonies in the village have been forgotten and reduced to only a few religious and non-religious ceremonies throughout the year. This research shows that economic issues, the prevalence of luxury, etc. can be effective in reducing collective interactions. These have reduced women's happiness. First-generation women believed that despite the lack of facilities, women's cooperation created a happy mood. The group brought happiness to themselves and their peers by holding occasional gatherings such as walking the streets or attending religious ceremonies. Second-generation women understand both their mothers’ collective life and their daughters’ individualism. This generation is trying to get rid of everyday worries by using what they have learned, such as carpet weaving and so on. They also try to live happily by participating in partial and limited ceremonies in the village. The third-generation includes young girls who claim that the lack of facilities and equipment in their living space has caused them to lack happiness. Another reason for the lack of happiness can be related to the culture in the village, which does not allow them to move freely with their peers. Individualism is seen in this generation. However, this group tries to use their leisure time (such as meeting friends, traveling, attending religious ceremonies, etc.) to experience happiness with their peers.

Since the beginning of life, disasters have had a negative impact on human life. Nomadic communities are exposed to a variety of natural hazards due to their dependence on nature, especially in terms of livelihood. Meanwhile, drought, with its disturbing nature of the balance of natural systems, seriously challenges migration-based livelihoods, and it is one of the most important risks affecting nomadic life. The approach to disaster management so far has been to deal more with risk management. Therefore, the concept of resilience is a new concept that is mostly used in the face of unknowns and Uncertainties. .The aim of this study to select and validate appropriate indices of resilience in the nomadic areas of Kormanj in drought conditions. The results of this research can be a starting point for compilation of National Indicators of Resilience, assessment of Nomadic Communities, creating and reducing resilience indicators in order to achieve sustainable development and reducing the effects of climate change and drought in nomadic areas. The research method is descriptive analytical using a questionnaire at the level of local experts and specialists. In this research, various criteria and indicators were extracted from theoretical and experimental literature and were subjected to arbitration through a questionnaire by 33 experts and subject specialists. The results showed that out of 62 indicators, 30 indicators were approved by specialists and local experts. Among appropriate indicators with the highest consensus, the following factors can be mentioned: age structure, life expectancy, the amount of damages to livestock, the levels income job, Status of insurance coverage, the support and the effectiveness of the institutional system, Co-operation and coordination of the institutional system, the amount of emergency services, Satisfaction with the living environment .

Securing livelihoods and reducing the risk of migration caused by the impact of external shocks on arid ecosystems is one of the essential requirements for ensuring human sustainability. Therefore, the approach to improve the resilience of rural livelihoods against drought is of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study based on descriptive- analytical methodology, examines the effects of drought on the livelihoods resilience of villagers. The research method is applied and based on library and field studies (through a researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population includes 2168 households in Barakouh, Mazhan and Khosf rural districts of Khosf county. Based on Cochran formula with error of 0.07, 214 questionnaires were randomly distributed and completed by the villagers and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The findings of the study indicated that the most impacted drought between livelihoods capitals occurred in two dimensions of institutional capital and natural capital with average of 2.83 and 2.76. There is also a significant relationship between the two variables; affecting the resilience of livelihoods capitals from drought and its perception by residents and people's residential background. The results of ANOVA test showed no difference between group and within groups with a history of residence in drought susceptibility except for the two dimensions of economic and natural capital. The results of the Tukey test showed that in the two dimensions of financial and natural capital, a different mean of drought impacts can be observed based on residential history. 

The nomadic livelihood patterns are directly related to the conditions of their living environment, and so the main issue of the present article was how the situation of these patterns is in drought conditions between the Sistani and Balochistan tribes. Understanding this subject requires first identifying the patterns in the region; therefore, according to the findings of this study -that have been done with a combined methodological approach, using of various techniques including survey, observation, discussion, library studies, etc- it is now possible to name at least six major livelihood patterns in this region and among its tribes: 1) Livelihood pattern of ranch; 2) Livelihood pattern of farming; 3) Livelihood pattern based on local industries and by-products sales; 4) livelihood pattern of labor-based; 5) Livelihood pattern based on service activities; 6) livelihood pattern based on receiving government support. The results of the study show that the current livestock and agriculture among the semi-inhabitants of the region is practically a marginal and declining activity. Local industries, mainly produced by nomadic women, are often responsive to their own needs, but they are forced to sell a part of it to help the family, which of course has no significant income; the production of other by-products, such as the mat, which is directly dependent on environmental facilities, is also scarce. Subsequent droughts have brought nomads into activities that are not commensurate with their cultural identity and personality, and they do so in spite of their inner desire and satisfaction; these include laboring and other services such as grocery shopping, and so on. In addition, the nomads now find it very difficult to survive without government support, and they see every help from the support agencies as the savior of their lives.

Drought and water scarcity is an objective reality in the country, with the increase in population and consequently the need to provide for population demand, increase arable land and expand industries, increasing its importance and problematic nature day by day. In this regard, unfortunately, The water conditions in Zayandehrud watershed, which besides providing resources for the agricultural and industrial sectors of Isfahan province, is also in poor condition. Therefore, in recent years, due to the increase in water consumption in the drinking, industrial and agricultural sectors and in some successive droughts, we have witnessed water scarcity in the central plateau of Iran, especially in the east of Isfahan city. Zayandehrood catchment, located in Isfahan province, is facing a water supply crisis due to drought, and the Zayandehrood River is facing water shortage in the long run. Is. Water crisis in this basin In addition to the natural crisis of water supply for the major uses of Isfahan province, agricultural and industrial, and drinking water of a part of Yazd province, has had important social consequences. The bitter events that culminated in March 2013 have doubled the need for more scientific and practical attention to solve the water problem in general in the country in general, and in this region of great importance in various dimensions. This paper attempts to propose solutions to optimally manage similar potential crises in the future by examining the social aspects of this crisis and examining the natural and human factors in its occurrence and severity.

The purpose of this article is to examine and measure the amount of social capital and its relation to social resilience. The research is a survey and its validity is content-based and its reliability has been calculated through the Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population consists of all the households’ heads of villages in sub-district Badr of Ravansar, whose number is 3996 people according to the census of 2015. The sample size was 285 people determined by the Cochran formula. Participants have been selected randomly by a multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using SPSS software. Statistical methods, including the comparison of averages, single-sample t-test, Pearson correlation tests and multiple regression, were used for analyzing data. The results of this research show that the social resilience (3.16 out of 5 scores being equal to 63.34%) and the social capital of rural households (3.31 out of 5 scores being equal to 66.22%) are above moderate and good. There is a positive and significant relationship between the level of social capital and its subcategories, including networks of relationships, social participation, trust, norms of mutual trade, and social resilience of sample villages. The result of regression analysis shows that the social capital variables explain totally 52% of the variance of social resilience.

Given that agriculture is the most important economic activity of villagers and the largest share of water consumption is in this sector, water scarcity in it can lead to serious crises such as political, economic, social and environmental tensions. And ... in the lives of humans, including rural villagers. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to analyze the social tensions caused by water scarcity among rural farmers in the Miyanjam rural. The method used is descriptive-analytical. The main tool for collecting data is a library method - documentary and field study using a questionnaire. For data processing and analysis of social tension, SPSS software was used and the PROMETHEE software was used to rank the villages. One-sample T test was used to study the variables of social tension due to water scarcity due to normal indices. Considering that the upper limit (1.1969) and the lower limit (0.3279) of indicators are positive and the mean of society in these indices is more than the test case, the results indicate that the mentioned indices in the studied villages in the middle position to the top. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (0.395) was used to investigate the relationship between two variables of drought and social tension, which showed that as social dysfunctions increase, social tensions increase. The results of the Prometheus software show that the villages of Amghan and Kalateh Marvi have the highest net inflow due to social tension.

The main purpose of this qualitative study carried out in a phenomenological manner was to pro- environmental analysis of the water and drought crisis scenario based on the theory of planned behavior of Ajzen from the view point of farmers in Ilam County. The theory of planned behavior was used to analyze Behavioral pattern. The study used a combination of psychology, anthropology sciences and technical knowledge of agriculture. The studied population of current research was framers who have faced with the most droughts in recent years and irrigation experts of office of jihad Agriculture of Ilam Township and crisis management experts of Ilam Governorship. Subjects were identified through snowball method. The data were collected using in-depth interviews and direct observation and were analyzed based on the clabzi pattern. The results showed that farmers employ indigenous ways such as changing crop patterns, feed store, changing the time of planting, livelihood diversification, restoration of waterways for the adaptation to drought and grazing dry farms, buying water from neighbors, reduce livestock, cut down the trees in order to cope with drought. The results of the experts population indicated that experts are doing actions in three phases before the crisis (integrated management of water resources and institutional capacity building), during the crisis (targeted support and planning system) and after the crisis (agricultural development and sustainable livelihoods).

The present study aimed at introducing water as a problem and its destructive consequences on Iranian society, recognizing the reasons behind the water problem and offering solutions to control it. It was a descriptive analytical study supported by reliable experimental data and statistics. The results showed that Iran is suffering three water problems: water pollution, water shortage and drying of lakes and lagoons. Water problems have many threateningly natural, sanitary, political and socio-economic consequences for sustainable development of Iranian society. The theoretical framework of the study is based on sustainable development theory. The main reason for the current water problems in Iran arose out of a model of classic economy which does not follow the environmental principles of sustainable development. The other factors include climate chang, construction dams, industrialization, urbanization, population growth and Traditional agriculture with low productivity. The key solution for resolving the water problem is the Following the principles of environmental sustainability in industrial development plans. The other solutions are promotion of public culture, refining the harvest and consumption patterns of water in all sectors of the economy, especially agriculture, Optimizing water resource management, Increase the economic value of water,giving constitutional guarantee to environmental programs, and using modern technologies.

This study aims to explore the systematic concept of drought in agricultural community and it also tries to show how farmers understand, interpret and evaluate this phenomenon and its consequences. In addition to their own interpretation of this phenomenon, what reasons do they have for it and how do they react to it based on these reasons and interpretations. It's a qualitative study and the strategy of grounded theory has been used to do research and to analyze data and to offer the final theory. After the basic concepts and the main categories based on them in the open coding had been discovered, the categories were connected according to their properties in axial coding. The findings include 5 categories: «tragic experience», «predisposed and defective grounded conditions», «draught as multifactorial phenomenon», «multilateral risk», «personal coping strategies», and basic category as «life-world at risk» that contains all main categories. Therefore, the activists in agriculture experience a risky life-world that they couldnt basically solve the problem by personal actions with a temporary result and they think future is indeterminate, full of fears and hopes. They think an enabling and totalitarian state can organize this crisis in addition to apocalyptic hopes.

The research is about water management of drinkable water crisis which is reflected in mass media (Iran and Jame Jam). Also the important goal is to raise public awareness through mass media. Analyzing is the method which is used in this research according to its nature and subject. The above mentioned subject, water .crisis is the issue that statically pointed out in Iran and Jame Jam newspapers during 3 months period in summer 2015. The software SPSS, resulting T tests and comparing were used for taking samples randomly in order to analyze them. Theories of the research refers to the essence of this crisis, also the difference functions of the two papers.

This is a model and map for studying Iranian plants which is provided as a result of long time researching of author and his fifteen interested, diligent and shrewd students. In this article the vegetative area of this plants in a quarter of Iran’s territory and the subculture of its picking and consumption especially in drought and famine periods are documented. The historically and linguistically meaningless name of Joghasem is explored and obtained up to more than its fifty synonyms in different provinces of Tehran, western and eastern Azarbayjans, Kermanshah, Ilam, and some parts of Zanjan, Isfahan, Hamedan and Markazi provinces. The article also ethnographically studies some samples of oral literatures, beliefs and norms which are related to this plant. By such small but deep field research, it provides some archaeological speculation. This field research also brings a new analysis about superstition. Before this, the dominant conception was that superstition is as the result of weak brains and the prevalence of related beliefs and behaviors. By this study it is clear now that most likely, at least some part of what is mentioned today as superstition is the result of advanced mind of the men of wisdom and society to control child, illiterates and fools of the age.

Our country for the reason of resting on dry strap of geographical latitudes in northern hemisphere suffered continuously from famine, dryness and droughty. Although about two third of the country’s geographical arena situated on the dry zones, but in two recent decades, the dryness and famine has influenced all of the country so that this problem turned as one of the important concerns of politicians and planners which the oppositional effects of this problem can be seen very clearly in two recent decades in different seasons of developmental programs of the country. The provision and drawings of contrasting methods with famine and dryness and its direct and indirect economical and sociological effects demands the recognition of dearth influences in various geographical arenas. This research has been investigated the restricted area of geographical boundary of the east of country in South Khorasan as a region of case study of influence weighting of sociological effects of drought in rural spaces. This present research for the reason of its applicability aim, from the view of its nature and methodology is descriptive-analytic and from the view of data collection is documentary-survey one. The statistical community of research contains from 153 villages of Shoosf district of Nehbandan city which among them the numbers of 38 villages has been selected as a sample community and the labor of inquiry making has been accomplished from among 262 selected ones in this village. For the analysis of the required data, the statistical software of SPSS and EXCEL and for the reason of data processing method, the single sample T test has been used. The findings of research indicated that the dryness from social dimension causes the increase of immigration, illegal activities, poverty and the more dependency of villagers to the patronizing organizations. For this reason in opposition to drought consequences the harmonious methods with regional conditions from the environmental, economic and social aspects should be assumed

It goes without saying that food is quite significant which is felt by biologists, psychologists and more importantly by people. However, some societies including Iranians have always witnessed various incidents for thousand years due to its specific geographical and historical condition, shortage of food and even water on the one hand, and many natural disasters and attacks by alien tribes on the other hand. Therefore, they have so much and sometimes unique experience in issues related to food security, management and storage. The said experiences unfortunately keep being forgotten. In most Iranian regions, there are mountains with water and no soil or deserts with soil and no water. Moreover, plants grow and agricultural, garden, and animal products are produced only in some months of the year. On the other hand, dangerous pests such as locust, age, color, natural disasters such as drought, untimely cold weather, flood, hail, and worst of all social insecurities including attacks on Iran which is a record-holder in this regard have all led to collection of experience in such special conditions so as to be used in such unlucky days of shortage or drought. Iranians have innovated various solutions to the extent that they have been able to store the most perishable foods such as milk for one week to two years. This is also true for vegetable, meat and fresh fruits. The present paper is the preliminary stage of a great work about traditional methods of food storage and traditional ways of fighting drought which have been applied by our ancestors for thousands of years. The paper aims at recording the latest experiences of old villagers and stories they have heard or applied about drought and different methods of combating it, food storage techniques and diet management at times of shortage before its too late. One of the findings is drawing of the preliminary graph of food classification in Iranian culture.

Ethnobotany is a young and extradisciplinary branch of anthropology specifically in the field of traditional knowledge and technology. The field of traditional knowledge and technology is a product of thousands years of human experience in relation to himself, others (society), and the nature in the context of history and local, regional, and global culture. A small part of this experience has been written in the age of writing, but the main part, due to various reasons, has remained unwritten and confined to the sphere of oral history. Indeed, the tacit knowledge of this experience has been an unconscious and inapprehensible one. Ethnobotany describes the relationship between humans and plants. Plant ethology is an emerging sub-branch of ethnobotany that is the intersection of different scientific fields, especially social sciences. As an interdisciplinary field, it also interacts with other areas of human knowledge such as philosophy and art. Plant ethology is not only concerned with the behaviors of plants, but also with how plants arerepresented and reflected in the rhetorical space of poets, writings of humans, folklore, and cultural space.Jo Ghassem is a wonderful plant that grows in a few certain parts of Iran, including Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Ilam, Central Province, and some areas of Isfahan. It has saved the lives of many residents of these regions as well as some parts of Iraq and Turkey being at risk of drought and famine. The present research is an ethnographical study on Jo Ghassem, and the author aims to share the results of his comprehensive studies on wildflowers in Iran as well as his cognitive perceptions of this small but humble plant.