جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "entrepreneurial spirit" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

The unprecedented increase in the unemployment rate among university graduates on the one hand and the government's inability to hire them on the other hand, indicate that entrepreneurship should be taken into consideration more seriously. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to investigate the impacts of entrepreneurial spirit on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities identified in social sciences. This research was carried out using a mixed method. Using in-depth interviews with professors and experts of social sciences, 16 entrepreneurial opportunities in social sciences were identified, which, contrary to public opinion, a range of jobs and employment opportunities exist in social sciences and mainly non-governmental sectors that have the ability to become official jobs with the support of the Sociological Association and consultation with the government. Then, a quantitative phase was started in the form of a survey method. The statistical population of the research was determined by sociology PhD students across the country and 121 of them were randomly selected. The research tool is a combination of standard scales and a researcher-made questionnaire, which were determined using construct validity, validity and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha method. The findings of the research show that the entrepreneurial spirit with a coefficient of 0.30 and its dimensions including success-seeking, internal control, risk-taking, creativity and uncertainty tolerance has a significant and positive impact on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. As a result, by identifying work and entrepreneurship opportunities in academic fields and strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit of students as one of the effective factors in exploiting opportunities, it is possible to provide the motivation and necessary conditions for students to get a job.

Entrepreneurship is a process that is located in a changing network of Community Relations, and these Social Relations can limit or facilitate the entrepreneur's relationship with resources and opportunities. Thus, the study, recognition and analysis of entrepreneurial spirit from the sociological approach are of double importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial spirit and cultural values with regard to the mediating role of stereotyped beliefs. The statistical population includes all women entrepreneurs (including women active in technology cores) in the Khuzestan, which according to statistics provided by the affairs of the governorate women are 264 people. Entrepreneurial spirit was theorized according to Parsons' view of the need for success and cultural values as well as stereotyped beliefs as mediating variables based on gender socialization theory and gender schema theory. The sample value was n = 140 according to the sampling error of 0.05 and the confidence level of 0.95 with chi-square statistic for one degree of freedom.Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18 and Amos software The findings show that cultural values influence the four dimensions of power distribution, degree of acceptance of ambiguity, masculinity and individualism on entrepreneurial spirit with regard to variable mediator of stereotyped beliefs. Therefore, in order to strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit, in addition to identifying the entrepreneurial ecological capacities in Khuzestan province, it is necessary to pay attention to the culture of ideation and idea generation, as well as to create structural change, especially in the field of stereotypes.

the main objective of this research is to examine the impact of social capital and its dimensions and the motivation for advancement on the entrepreneurial spirit of students. The statistical population of the study is all TabrizUniversity students at all levels in the academic year of 1395-1396, from whom 382 students were selected through random sampling and the data were collected. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between total social capital, social trust, social norm, social network and motivation for progress with the entrepreneurial spirit of students. In addition, the results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of entrepreneurial spirit and independent variables of research. The result of path analysis also showed that the motive of progress directly influenced the dependent variable by 0.29%. The variable of social trust is 0.14% directly and 0.18 percent have influenced the entrepreneurial spirit through the motive of progress. The social norm variable, as much as 0.15%, has influenced the entrepreneurial spirit of the studied sample. Finally, the social network variable had the most direct effect (0.36%) and indirectly (40.0%) through the variable of the motive of progress on the variable of entrepreneurial spirit.

Introduction

Social Sciences is one of the majors of humanities in most universities in Iran with many students. According to the ruling discourse in Iran, graduates of the humanities expect to be recruited by the government  after graduation. However, according to Article 65 of the Five-Year Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2011-2015), which emphasizes organizing and reduction of manpower and the slow down of the government size, this discourse is not feasible. Given the increasing unemployment of graduates of the social sciences, on the one hand, and the availability of acceptable capacities in the country, on the other hand, the areas for the expansion of employment among graduates of the social sciences can be created by identifying entrepreneurial opportunities and exploiting them. But this has been under less attention. Therefore, the fundamental question of the present research is that, firstly, what entrepreneurial opportunities can be identified in the social sciences of Iran? And secondly, what factors influence the exploitation of these entrepreneurial opportunities? Puhakka (2010) believes that, opportunity recognition is composed of components such as competitive environment for collecting and analyzing information; a pioneering search of opportunities of future values ​​that relate to a brief image of the future and creation of an innovative strategy of opportunity strategy that are related to different economic activities. The exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities is the process of entrepreneurial decision-making, the creation of required entrepreneurial resources, policy and value creation. After finding entrepreneurial opportunities, entrepreneurs need to decide on development opportunities (Yefei, 2013). The exploitation of opportunities is influenced by several factors that some of them are as follows:Entrepreneurial spirit is a set of personality-psychological factors of entrepreneurs. In this regard, Parker (2004) and Davidsson (2006) argue that these features have a great influence on people's decision to start a business (Mueller, 2006). Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research is that, there seems to be a significant relationship between the entrepreneurial spirit and the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences.Cultural capital is defined as symbolic resources or goods that are passed from a generation to another generation among middle and upper classes in order to maintain the base of the class (Bourdieu, 1977; Farkas, 2003). According to Shane (2003), the education and experience of a person that is one of the aspects of cultural capital affects the decision to exploit opportunities. Therefore, the second hypothesis of the research is that, there seems to be a significant relationship between cultural capital and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences.Economic capital represents financial assets of any form that is directly convertible into money (Bourdieu, 1986; Jary & Jary, 1995), and Reynolds and White (1997) believe it to be significant in launching an enterprise. Therefore, the third hypothesis of the research is that, there seems to be a significant relationship between economic capital and the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences.

Material & Methods

 In this research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used for the research. Accordingly, the qualitative research stage was first started to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences. Population of the qualitative research stage was the relevant experts (including all university professors and entrepreneurs of the social sciences in different universities) who were selected using purposive sampling (Flick, 2006). The research tool for the qualitative section was a deep interview, whose validity was obtained through internal validity based on the selection of appropriate samples and its reliability was guaranteed through accurate guidance of the interview for information gathering (Rao & Perry, 2003). The data from the qualitative approach were analyzed according to Smith's (1995) method in three stages of data generation, information analysis and integration of the items. After extracting entrepreneurial opportunities, the quantitative part of the research began as a survey method. Population of the study was PhD students of sociology from all over the country and 121 subjects were randomly selected as the sample. The research tool for assessing the independent variables of cultural capital, economic capital and entrepreneurial spirit are researcher-made questionnaires, whose validity was confirmed using content validity and construct validity and its reliability was confirmed through internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

Discussion of  Results & Conclusions

In order to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences, after interviewing 10 experts and reaching the theoretical saturation, interviews were recorded. In the first stage, 45 (primary) sub-themes related to various areas of social sciences that were capable of becoming entrepreneurial opportunities were identified. After integrating and clustering the primary themes, 16 main (final) themes that represent entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences were extracted. According to descriptive results, the mean of entrepreneurial spirit and its dimensions, except for the tolerance of ambiguity, was higher than the average value of 3. The mean of the cultural capital and its dimensions, except for the visualized dimension, is below the average value of 3. The average economic capital of respondents including income, housing and real estate and amenities was about 75 million Tomans, and the average income of respondents alone was about 2 million Tomans. The greatest interest and ability of students to exploit the opportunities identified in the social sciences is teaching in schools (public and private) and in universities as a lecturer in social sciences with a mean of 4.35 and 4.36, respectively. Also, the students' least willingness and ability is carrying out studies and social advisers in the field of housing, petroleum industries (training people for exposure to the host society) and insurance with an average of 2.30 and 2.20, respectively. These results also apply to both men and women. In the present research, theoretical model of the research has been developed in the form of a structural equation model to explain the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. According to this model, cultural capital and entrepreneurial spirit have a significant effect on employing entrepreneurial opportunities with a coefficient of .54 and .36, respectively; but economic capital has no significant effect. Also, the correlation coefficient of the structural equation model shows that independent variables can account for .33% of the changes in exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. Given the ruling discourse in Iran that graduates of the social sciences in the undergraduate and postgraduate degrees must be a teacher and they should be appointed as the university professor or in some government departments as administrative staff without the least relevance to the university's specialty at the Ph.D. level, it becomes clear that there are no jobs for graduates of the social sciences in the nongovernmental sector. Regarding the results of the qualitative section of this research and the identification of 16 entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences, it was found that, contrary to the general impression, there is a wide range of occupations and employment opportunities in the social sciences and nongovernmental sector that with support of Iranian Sociological Association and consultation with government as well, have the ability to become formal.According to research findings, entrepreneurial spirit has a significant and positive effect on utilizing entrepreneurial opportunities. Existence of features such as success, internal control, risk-taking, creativity, and tolerance of ambiguity in students leads them toward more entrepreneurial work and activity in their field of study, and the expectation of individuals for government jobs is largely blurred. Also, cultural capital has a significant and positive effect on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Accordingly, individuals who are skilled in the preservation and transmission of scientific concepts and who use modern and up-to-date research methods to respond to new scientific questions and easily provide material, are of more interest and academic ability to benefit from exploiting entrepreneurship opportunities in their field of study. Finally, economic capital has no significant effect on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences. The result of this hypothesis can be explained due to the nature of the entrepreneurial opportunities identified in the social sciences, the allocation of facilities to the owners of the ideas, and the situation of the global economy. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested to all social sciences departments of the universities of the country, to identify and categorize the job and entrepreneurship opportunities of this field by the professors. After the aggregation of the views of all academic departments, the final identified opportunities that are the result of the expert opinions of all professors of the field of social sciences in the country can be published in the form of a pamphlet or book and taught as 1 or 2-units in the final semester. In such a way, each student is guided to one or several opportunities given his interest and academic ability and can manage his future job without any expectations of limited government recruitment.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational climate with the spirit of entrepreneurship among high school students in public and non-profit schools in city of Yazd. To collect the data, organizational climate (OCDQ) Halpyn and Kraft (1963) and entrepreneurial spirit of self-made questionnaire based on the theory Mac Klnd (1963) and Brockhaus (1980) are used. The validity content validity and reliability of the method by means of internal coherence, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.74) is used. The average entrepreneurial spirit and professional students the theoretical and technical branches there are significant differences. According to two independent samples t test result is a significant difference between public schools and non-profit entrepreneurial spirit in both groups was observed. Stepwise regression analysis showed that four variables group spirit, sincerity, interest and consideration, a total of 0.38 percent of the variance criterion (entrepreneurial) explain.

According to the position of great technical and vocational training organization in the country, it seems that this organization is located in a position that can be provided through a range of technical and vocational training and plays a fundamental role in the development of entrepreneurial effect and spirit of young people. The present study investigated the role of entrepreneurship education in increasing the spirit of entrepreneurship teaching. In this study, in fact, comparison and cross-sectional correlation schemes studied. The population consists of young taught people (18-30 years). It was used Cochrane method by using sample size of 203 people because of the increased reliability and validity of the study, sample size of n = 203 increased to 219. To analyze the data SPPS software were used and the results obtained represent the entrepreneurial spirit so that it can be a positive function of entrepreneurial training in order to boost morale Entrepreneurship and thereby reduce unemployment of youth entrepreneurs. Hence in order to enhance the role of technical and vocational education in the development of entrepreneurship, the authors offers technical and vocational centers, universities and schools must apply successful trainees to present Entrepreneurial education and activate the entrepreneurial council offices.

The presents study seeks to investigate the use of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by the students in universities of west of Iran with a focus on web 2.0 environment and its relation with components of entrepreneurial spirit.

The population of the study consisted of all male and female undergraduate students in associate, bachelor, master, and Ph.D. level in state, Payam- Noor, Azad, and Medical Universities (provinces of Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Lorestan, and Kurdistan) in spring 90-89. Using multi-stage random sampling method, a sample of 450 students including 284 female and 163 male students were selected. In this study, the dependent variables were entrepreneurial spirit and its 9 components including the spirit of risk-taking, internal locus of control, need for achievement, clarity of thought (creativity), the spirit of pragmatism, tolerance of ambiguity, visionary, challenging spirit, spirit of opportunism, and the independent variables consisted of the use of computers, Internet, and web 2.0 environments, which in this study included: news sharing databases (newsgroups), photo sharing databases, video and clip sharing databases, wikis, blogs, online discussion groups, social networks, and micro blogs such as Twitter and forums.

The results of the research indicate a significant relationship between the use of web 2, computer, internet among the students in universities of west of Iran and the rate of risk taking attitude, mental health, challenging attitude and opportunity searching spirit. But there is no significant relationship between the use of web 2, computer, internet among the students in universities of west of Iran and the rate of inner self control center, the need to succeed, ambiguity tolerance, pragmatically attitude and dream making.

The internal focus is personality & psycho cognitive Trait and also ordinary the function is from situations that a person at beginning of borne has impressed under environment, family, genetics and also education.These factors show at two picture as the internal & external control focuses that accompany it. The persons that have internal control focus(ICF), so they have up trust to selfness. They do not have any attribution to others for all their losses & successfulnesses. They emphasis that their selfness are the responsibiler, but the other persons that have external control focus (ECF)emphasis which the others are the biggest factor for their un successfulnesses & losses.

The importance of rural entrepreneurship and its role in the improvement and development of countries، particularly growing countries، has attracted more attention. Hence، the purpose of current theoretical and empirical study is to investigate the relationship between social participation and entrepreneurial spirit of rural women. Population is women resided in Shirvan village in the area of Borojerd city. Sample was 118 entrepreneur women selected as by a convenience sampling plan. Questionnaire was self-administrated one that its reliability and validity were confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha and expert comments. To analyze data، Kendal correlation was employed. Results revealed that formal social participation is positively associated with entrepreneurial spirit (including dimensions of risk-taking and creativity). Furthermore، the study indicated that informal social participation (including dimensions of collaborative، welfare، religious) is positively related to entrepreneurial spirit (risk-taking and creativity). The study provides managerial implications for policy makers to enhance entrepreneurial spirit in the rural regions.