جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « income » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Social inequality includes the lack or lack of access of people in human society to equal economic, cultural, educational, health, ethnic, etc. situations and opportunities. Societies suffering from socio-economic inequality are always faced with threats and anomalies, they face social damages and public dissatisfaction in individual and social dimensions. Therefore, the sociological investigation of this phenomenon is essential and considered as the goal of the present research. The research method, in terms of the purpose of the type of applied research, and in terms of the nature of the qualitative research method, has interviewed 20 informants in the named provinces by the phenomenological method and the tool for collecting interview information is unstructured deep, participatory observation and field notes. The research findings show that social inequalities, on one hand, cause poverty and on the other hand, they are the origin of social conflicts and contradictions. Therefore, the most important consequence of social inequalities are the class gap, as the creation of a disturbance in the order and cohesion and social solidarity of a society, which results in a feeling of relative deprivation and a sense of social injustice in people. The themes resulting from the lived experience of socio-economic inequality, which were extracted among the people living in the western provinces of the country, indicate the existence of discrimination and social and economic inequality in these provinces, which the statistics also confirm slow economic inequality leads to a decrease in social participation at the community level. Social inequalities have deepened as a result of global expansion and influence, and with the increase of social inequalities, the phenomenon of underdevelopment has clearly revealed its undesirable side effects.

Artists, especially visual artists (such as calligraphers) tend to be self-employed and are rarely employed by an employer. The self-employed are sometimes by choice and sometimes by circumstances (no other choice); because official and stable job opportunities are not offered to artists. However, since artists sometimes work numerous jobs due to their self-employment, the topic of artists' livelihood is crucial to consider while studying the art market. In contrast to the market for art products and services, the majority of research in cultural economics have examined the artist labor market and its distinctive features. On the contrary, the present paper assesses the effect of selected infrastructures of the calligraphy art market on the artistic income among resident calligraphers in Mashhad (in which all of them are self-employed). Infrastructures (for example, roads, education, etc.) are prerequisites to superstructures (such as manufacturing, agricultural, and mining activities). Infrastructure is defined as a set of physical and institutional facilities that affect the quantitative and qualitative goods and services produced by economic agents. The infrastructures are very wide in terms of number and variety. In general, the infrastructures of art market can be categorized into six pillars: 1) institutional environment, including copyright, instability of laws and regulations of the culture sector and mixing with religion; 2) business environment including distribution system, multiple job-holding, access to external credits, membership in associations, working population, business establishment cost, years of earning degree and education cost; 3) the supply side including the cost of goods sold, profit margin, dependence on external credits, psychic income and pricing mechanism; 4) the demand side including the decrease in using calligraphy, consumer taste, purchasing power, the development of calligraphy software, the desire to buy copies and the share of government orders; 5) market structure including market type, market size and degree of monopoly; 6) access to the market including transaction costs, proximity to decision-making centers, specialized galleries, art fairs and expos. A sample of 33 calligraphers living in Mashhad was selected, and then required data were collected using in-depth interview and a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. One- and two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) methods are used. This method helps determine which of the substructures can explain the difference in income level among calligraphers. It is hard to study every aspect of the economic infrastructures due to their enormous range and diversity. As a result, an index is chosen for each of the six infrastructure areas (institutional environment, business environment, supply side, demand side, market structure, and market access) that were previously described. Therefore, the role of these infrastructures is examined on the difference in the income levels of the calligraphers in Mashhad. Empirical  The findings implicate that four one-way analyses of variance (multiple job-holding, psychic income, decreasing the use of calligraphy, the share of exhibitions and expos), and four two-way variance analyses (the interaction effect of multi-job, and psychic income, the interaction effect of multiple job-holding and market level, the interaction effect of multiple job-holding and the share of exhibitions and expos, the interaction effect of market structure and instability of laws and regulations) significantly explain the difference among income levels of calligraphers.  From these findings, three factors of higher psychic income, activity at the lower level of the market (primary market), and the lower share of exhibitions and expos in the income of calligraphers increase the need (as a result, their desire) to engage in other professions related or unrelated to art. This justifies the reason for accepting the income penalty for remaining in artistic activity. On the other hand, instability in the regulatory system of the culture sector (and more generally, the creative sector) reduces the motivation of artists to enter and develop artistic activity and the possibility of planning around education, skill acquisition, and creation. There are two basic causes for this problem. As a consequence of the proliferation of laws and regulations, there is a growing sense of uncertainty in Iran's cultural sector due to the multiplicity and separation of its primary policy-making organizations. Second, political regimes, through changes in policies and normative frameworks supported by the government, cause a continuous change in the art market. In sum, after recommending the necessary policies to increase the income of artists, as a sufficient condition for the effectiveness of these policies, this research suggests creating an integrated “mega-regulator” in the form of a single ministry for the whole creative sector in Iran.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the sociological relationship between the types of capital and the pattern of electricity consumption with an emphasis on social development.

The research method is survey research . Statistical sample consists of 450 urban and home Subscribers of Mazandaran province who were selected by systematic cluster sampling.

There is a significant relationship between individuals' cultural capital and consumption pattern, and there is a significant relationship between two indicators of social capital (social trust and social interaction) and consumption pattern. There is no meaningful relation between Social participation and consumption pattern , but there was a significant relationship between economic capital and consumption pattern.

The amount of awareness about energy consumption has increased in urban households of Mazandaran province, but unfortunately, this awareness has not had much effect on the pattern of electricity consumption. In the last few years, according to lifestyle chang , the shape of energy consumption in families has changed. The amount and level of energy consumption, according to the paid bill, indicated high energy consumption.

Existence of weak emotional relationships, job dissatisfaction and unemployment, selective behavior of couples, dissatisfaction with individual needs in the family have all contributed to the formation of men and women who break the covenant. The present study, which is a descriptive-analytical study, has been conducted with the aim of recognizing the effect of social deprivation and its dimensions on couples breaking their covenant in Khorasan Razavi province. The sample size is 379 people and using the Cochran technique and quota sampling method has been adopted. Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis were used to validate the questionnaire. The results of research taken from t-test have shown that social deprivation and its dimensions such as material and immaterial deprivation have a significant relationship with breaking the covenant. The regression values of the structural equation model indicate that the variable of deprivation of social participation has no effect on the couple's breach of contract, because their significance level (p) is greater than 0.05. Also, deprivation of social relations network to the extent of (0.29), educational deprivation to the extent of (0.26), deprivation of leisure time to the extent of (0.47), intellectual deprivation to the extent of (0.17), deprivation of income to Rate (0.51), job deprivation to the extent of (0.30), deprivation of social prestige to the extent of (0.10) is effective. Because their significance level (p) is less than 0.05. In general, deprivation of leisure time has the most and deprivation of social prestige has the least effect on breaking a couple's covenant.

Rural poverty and its impact on degradation of natural resources is one of the major challenges for sustainable development. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between rural poverty and degradation of natural resources in rural communities of Kurdistan Province. The statistical population consisted of 2726 rural households. Based on Cochran formula and adapting to Krejcie and Morgan table, 336 households were selected as the statistical sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity is approved by the experts' opinion and reliability of it is obtained 0.78 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Rural residents' viewpoints in relation to degradation of natural resources were investigated in three sections: factors related to livestock and animal husbandry, cutting and harvesting and land use change. Relative poverty line was used to separate the poor and the non-poor and 66% of total monthly household expenditure was used to calculate it. Data were analyzed using chi-square and paired t-tests. Per capita relative poverty line in the study area was estimated 2465460 Rials in 1398, that 33.9% of studied rural residents were poor. There was a significant relationship between variables such as age, educational level, occupation, household dimension and income with poverty of rural residents. The average rate of destruction of natural resources by poor respondents was significantly higher than non-poor respondents. Therefore, in order to reduce degradation in the study area, it seems necessary to improve the economic condition of residents.

In recent decades, we have witnessed widespread entry of women into the university, into the social arena and their increased demand for entry into the labor market. Since occupation is considered as one of the central categories in the new world and one of the social determinants affecting overall health and women's health in different aspects has the health of the family and ultimately the health of the community, this has led us to To investigate the impact of income on women's general health as the main objective of the study. The statistical population of the study is women (employed) of Zanjan University. For this purpose, 100 female staff of Zanjan University, Weir and Sherborne General Health Questionnaires. In the form of demographic information. The data were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression tests and also the data were analyzed by SPSS software. The information has been used in two ways (library and field) and has been accepted over the period 1976-97. The results show that the income variable has a significant relationship with the general health of women. Using multiple regression, the results show that mental health has a unique and significant role in explaining the increase in earnings of female employees of Zanjan University. Also, physical health cannot explain employee earnings.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social capital and economic factors on women's happiness. The statistical population of this research includes 18-65 year old women in Tehran. Sample size in this study, 384 people were selected using Cochran formula and the samples were selected using multistage cluster sampling method in 22 areas of Tehran. The data gathering tool was a modified standard Oxford Happiness Inverntory (OHI) test. Estimating the effect of variables on women's happiness has been done by using the software Eviews and estimate the cross-sectional regression by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator. The results of regression analysis show that among economic variables, household income has a positive effect on women's happiness and is reliable . Research findings also show that social coherence, social participation, social trust as the variables studied in relation to social capital, have a meaningful and positive relationship with happiness. That is, with the rise of social capital in women, their happiness increases. In addition, studying the effect of education shows that this variable has a significant and inverse relationship with women's happiness. That is, with the increase in the level of education of women, their happiness levels are reduced.

This study examines the type & strength of the relationship between corruption & human development indicators in communities through data provided by UNDP & transparency international organizations for duration from 2010 to 2012. the research model suggests a two-way relationship between corruption index (CPI) & the human development index (HDI). Corruption as an indirect cause by a negative impact on gross national income & economic growth will limit the amount of human development. Also human development process directly with the new laws & increased government authority & revenue, can increase corruption. The results indicate a significant relationship between human development index (HDI) & corruption (CPI) in a duration from 2010 to 2012. Also the results show that sub human development index (life expectancy, educational attainment & gross national income) as an independent variables has an effect on the corruption index (CPI), & the greatest efect between these three variables belongs to the sub gross national income.

Various studies confirm the contradictory assessment of the position of women in the family, which, in spite of their broad role in various areas of family life, In practice, much of them is ignored. The purpose of this study was to analyze this process based on women's perceptions and experiences. The method of doing research is qualitative and based on the grounded theory. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 14 married women (Includes employed and housewives) in Mashhad. Coding and analyzing the text of the interviews in the form of Strauss and Corbin's three-step approach led to the formulation of a central phenomenon entitled "Women's Performance as a Compensating Agent in the Household Economy". This phenomenon is characterized by a set of underlying conditions such as the experience of attending different social and cultural environments and the model of gender division, the causal conditions such as the pattern and amount of income and savings, interventional conditions such as social conditions Economic paternal family and features of the marriage unit were surrounded. Women have taken strategies against such phenomena, including benevolent costs, essential costs and financial costs, which would have consequences such as the economics of human-family relations and the low-cost transition from economic crisis.

Happiness and vitality are one of the most important human needs and they can play a significant role in coping with problems and confronting pressures and promoting productivity. Considering the role and importance of teachers in the education and community of students, the aim of this article is to investigate the social happiness of Teachers in Tehran and identify the social factors affecting it. The statistical population included teachers from the 20th and 21st regions of Tehran, using a Cochran formula, a sample of 370 of them were selected for study. The research method was a survey and a tool for collecting required data Instrument research has a formal validity. The results of regression analysis and the relationship between variables show that in fact, the underlying factors as well as effective social factors such as alienation, income, religion, dimensions of social capital, life satisfaction, occupation, economic and social status have a significant relationship with the social vitality of the subjects studied.

The aim of this study was to investigate the job and family-work conflict among employed women in governmental institutions of Tabriz. The study population consisted of all married women employed in state institutions of Tabriz. The sample size determined by Cochran formula was 278 and the sampling method used to find respondents was Simple Random method. Measurement tool was Carlson’s et al (2000) multi-dimensional 18-points Questionnaire of work-family conflict.  The data were analyzed by spss19 using Pearson correlation and analysis of variances to test hypothesis. Research results indicate that, total work-family conflict is different due to job type and education of respondents. The average of total work-family conflict between service jobs and under bachelor’s degree is higher than the other respondents. The correlation between work-family conflict and job experience is not significant. On the other hand the correlation between work-family conflict and income is reverse and significant.

Reports and statistical data indicate the critical state of Iran in terms of happiness and its related indexes. On the other hand, a tumultuous lifestyle in a metropolis such as Tehran makes people susceptible to being depressed and unhappy. An increasing speed of life and many social and economic problems threaten the psychological health of people and affect the society in different social, economic and cultural dimensions as a result. This study is a correlational and cross-sectional one, which is performed using a survey method for the active population of Tehran (15-65 years) with a sample of 371 members (multistage cluster sampling). Accordingly, in this study, we seek to answer the question of “how social variables (social capital, social trust, social coherence and Social participation) and economic variables (unemployment and income) affect the active population's happiness in Tehran?”. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical analysis methods, inferential statistics and path analysis method are used. The results indicated that, there was a significant positive correlation between “social coherence, social   participation and social trust” and “happiness”. Also, between “household income and age” and happiness. According to other results, there was no significant relationship between “educational level, employment status, gender and marital status of people” and “happiness”. Altogether, the path analysis model shows “social coherence, social participation, social trust, household income” has a significant positive effect on people's happiness and these variables can make up for 34 percent of the total variance of “happiness” changes. 

The purpose of this study is to identify revenue sources of municipalities, to categorize earnings into sustainable and unsustainable earnings, as well as to identify new sources of income for municipalities and finally, with regard to existing revenues, how managers behave. Therefore, the study population in this research Municipality of Tehran. The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and according to the research components in terms of descriptive-analytical implementation Which in fact analyzes the content of each income source of the municipality of Tehran. The method and type of research implementation, with an interview by experts and financial staff of the municipalities, is a point of view. According to the presented document, the interview is analyzed and analyzed. Hence, the achievement of new methods of providing sustainable and safe incomes and without adverse economic, social and political consequences will have a very effective role in satisfying the urban community, accelerating the development and development of urban areas and, ultimately, the optimal management of cities.

Due to the increasing crime statistics students and to prevent their growing tendency towards delinquency and deviation from the norms of society, in this study, the existing social policies on children of divorce and the failure to implement just some of them in crime adolescents in so that the recognition of social policies on children of divorce, theoretical texts and has studied law. With regard to the consequences of divorce and the negative effects of divorce on mental-emotional health of family members, especially students, so that there is a lot of research that the relationship between family factors and other delinquent behavior have been approved. Considering that the aim of this study was to investigate the causes of crime and ways to deal with students in secondary schools in the city-is vertical, its findings could Department of Education for the province and useful decision-making centers , so the purpose of this research is descriptive survey method is the nature. The population of the study consisted of all high school students to the number 42505 answer 2 of Vice City. The study sample consisted of 205 persons of high school students in the academic year 94-93 2.drantkhab us sample size table is used. Is stratified random sampling method. Data obtained from the sample through frequency tables, percentages and central indices (mean) and dispersion sizes (variance and standard deviation) describing the research. rejected and confirmed the normality test practice this test of Kolmogorov - Smirnov is a nonparametric method was used. The results show that the causes of crime, divorce and addiction students and parents with family income level and gender differences are also associated with poor educational and criminal friends and significant correlation with the lack of social control.

The focus of this paper is to investigate economic analysis of the relationship between marriage benefits to age at marriage and its duration. Economic theory helps to understand that family formation has some benefits that emerge in various aspects. One of the benefits of marriage –such that is observed in literature of family– can be the increase of the income of couples after family formation. Accordingly, it is expected that age and duration of marriage affect individual's income that these effects are studied in current essay. Two samples are used to test hypotheses that include 415 married men and 409 married women. Data have gathered from Tehran by questionnaire. Results show that age at marriage and duration of living in spousal relation has positive and negative effect on income respectively. These findings imply that education is important factor which causes this reality. Education can postpone marriage and also increase the income in lifetime.

Climate change and its consequences will change human life enormously during coming decades. This has caused the international community to place high priority to conduct evaluation, in order to formulate the necessary control strategies as part of its top actions. Iran is ranked the ninth-largest emitter of GHG emissions in 2015 and, during Paris negotiation, Iran pledged 4% emissions cut by 2030 relative to BAU, and furthermore, if enjoying full technical and financial supports from international community, this could increase to 12%. In the light of this decision, the present research work pays attention to the analyses of Iran’s GHG emissions sectorial trends during recent decades. Evaluations indicate that the pattern is uptrend and power plants, residential-commercial buildings, and transportation are the greatest emitter sectors. Analysis of driving forces influencing the long-term emissions (1971-2012) show that factors such as population, GDPcapita, energy intensity, and carbon intensity are the most effective driving forces with impact coefficients .94, .004, -0.035, and -0.694, respectively. Evaluation of development-revenue patterns from GHG emissions perspective confirms that a large amount of fuels would have to be consumed in industrial sectors with the least economic efficiency. In addition, small industrial units (with less than 10 employees), despite high energy consumption, cannot compete with large industries in revenue production. A closer examination, from justice and equitable distribution of facilities, driving forces, and responsibilities, among provinces in Iran revealed an unbalanced and far from justice existing structure. International reduction goals are not achievable unless adequate identification of current circumstances with a broad view to find solution to existing problems and such analyses and models, as developed in this research, can be used for better understanding of needs and parameters for the development of a model based on equity and sustainability.

Family is the most important social institution that is undergoing transformation in the process of modernization of societies. Variables and components affect this institutional transformation, one of which is stratification and social classes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social stratification on family values in Semnan city. The research method is survey and the statistical population of the citizens of Semnan city. 401 of them were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of data analysis using correlation coefficient and statistical tests are indicative of confirmation of research hypotheses. According to research findings, there is a direct relationship between age, income level and family values, as well as an inverse relationship between education and family values. On the other hand, the adherence of married people and men to family values is higher than that of women. Therefore, the adoption of major macroeconomic measures aimed at promoting economic empowerment, facilitating marriage and the fundamental transformation in the educational and cultural system are among the actions that community custodians can do to rely on them to preserve family values and strengthen their community.