women

In many cases, what we perceive about the world around us, is due to the experience of reports and images presented by the media. The way women are represented in the media is also related to the ideology, beliefs, and goals of content producers, and different representations that lead to different interpretations by the audience. In this study, the representation of women in Iran and the United States on the Radio Farda website during the years 2020-2021 has been examined. This research uses the content analysis to explore how women's roles are depicted in media content. Based on the results of the research, news websites tend to publish news and events according to their ideology, thereby shaping public opinion. Coverage of news events by these websites is usually biased. This research tries to highlight the media bias while covering women's news is common, and based on the findings, it can be said that Persian-language media abroad (with an emphasis on Radio Farda) try to downplay the positive achievements of women in Iran and somewhat portray them negatively. Meanwhile, this same media presents a completely positive image of the status of women in the American society.

In recent years, due to the rise of modernity trends, one of the most important social issues that has increasingly involved today's societies is the issue of divorce; however, a review of the research background showed that little attention has been paid to the topic of modernity and its impact on the rate of divorce, especially among women. Accordingly, the present study aims to explain the relationship between modernity variables and the rate of divorce among women in Rasht. Study

The present study is quantitative and survey-based. The statistical population is all married women in Rasht and the sample size includes 400 of them, who were selected using stratified random sampling. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and the theoretical framework of the study is Ulrich Beck's theory of individualization.

The results showed that there is a relationship between education, income, modernity, decline in traditional values, freedom of choice, rethinking of gender roles, and the rate of divorce among women, and the intensity and direction of this relationship are moderate and direct. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that independent variables can predict 35% of the changes related to the tendency to divorce. The variables of decline in traditional values, freedom of choice, income, and reflection on gender roles have the greatest power to explain changes in the tendency to divorce of women.

The increasing modernity and its components, especially the decline in traditional values and the increase in freedom of choice in today's societies, and the creation of new ideas in women about their rights and status, have caused the increasing tendency of women to divorce in the city of Rasht, which can lead to the formation of new forms of family such as single mothers, etc., and the society must be prepared to understand, adapt to, and support these new forms in the family institution.

Extra marital relations are one of the most important threats to the establishment of marital relations and family functioning, and one of the major issues of divorce and the most critical issues that threaten families and social health. The aim of the research is to find out the causes of extramarital relationships in women. This research was conducted in a qualitative manner using the qualitative qualitative analysis method. Based on the purposeful sampling method and the theoretical saturation criterion, 34 women participated in the research. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. Analyzing the information obtained from the interviews, there are 3 main topics including individual factors, interpersonal factors and social factors.Interpersonal factors by identifying factors such as personality traits, mental disorders, dysfunctional attitudes, interpersonal factors by identifying themes such as disturbances in love and feeling of belonging to one's spouse, lack of alignment and lack of companionship, low quality of sex and dysfunctional relationships. Social factors by identifying a set of social conditions such as macro changes such as individualism, changing values ​​and promoting alternative values, lack of pure relationship, facilitating technology and virtual media, changing the way women look at being a woman and its responsibilities, weakening of religious principles, They were identified and categorized as the main topics of this research.The findings of the present research can provide a clear picture of the experience of extramarital relationships, so that it can be useful for coping strategies.

Sexual health is defined as a physical, emotional, mental, and social state related to sexuality and sexual matters, and it is not merely the absence of disease, disorder, or dysfunction. Like other human behaviors, sexual behavior is influenced by an individual's knowledge and attitude toward gender and sexual issues. A prerequisite for healthy sexual behavior is having accurate sexual knowledge and an appropriate attitude, as thoughts, attitudes, and values constitute essential components of sexual behavior and serve as key factors affecting sexual responses. This study aimed to examine the evolution of gender stereotypical beliefs over the past five decades and investigate the impact of education on the level of such beliefs among women over the last 50 years. The statistical population consisted of five generations of married women residing in Fars Province between 2021 and 2022. Using convenience sampling, 500 married women from Fars participated by completing demographic and gender stereotype questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation, regression analysis, MANOVA, and ANOVA in SPSS-26. The Pearson correlation coefficient results indicated a negative relationship between women's gender stereotypical beliefs and education. The regression analysis showed that the regression model explained 23% of the variance in gender stereotypical beliefs, with education being a significant predictor. Additionally, MANOVA results demonstrated a downward trend in gender stereotypical beliefs over the past 50 years. The findings suggest a shift in women's perspectives and attitudes toward gender-related taboos. While women's education levels have significantly increased over the past five decades, their sexual knowledge has shown only a minimal rise.

Choosing an appropriate leadership style can significantly improve employee performance, increase job satisfaction, and strengthen organizational commitment. This study aimed to investigate the role of humble leadership style in enhancing the organizational commitment of women employees in the city of Tabriz. The research was fundamental in nature and employed a descriptive-correlational approach (path analysis). The sample consisted of 150 women employed in private organizations in Tabriz, selected using a convenience sampling method in 2023. Data were collected using the humble leadership style questionnaire by Evans et al. (2013) and the organizational commitment questionnaire by Allen and Meyer (1990). Data analysis revealed that humble leadership style has a positive and significant impact on organizational commitment. These findings highlight the importance of adopting humble leadership style in private organizations, which often face challenges such as high competition, retention of talented human resources, and increased productivity. Humble leadership style can serve as an effective approach to enhancing employee motivation and job commitment, especially for women employees. Given that women in the workplace may encounter additional barriers, fostering their organizational commitment through the humble support and guidance of managers can significantly contribute to improving organizational performance. This approach not only boosts employee motivation but also facilitates the long-term retention and development of human capital.

Can folk knowledge and women in rural communities serve as catalysts, significantly contributing to achievement of sustainable development, or conversely, delay this process? The present study, as a "short report article," aims to examine and clarify the role of women and folk knowledge in sustainable rural development by investigating the economic conditions, employment, and agricultural products in 30 villages of South Khorasan Province. Drawing on Durkheim's theory of the division of labor—offering a distinctive perspective that contrasts with the principles of modernization theory in explaining developmental barriers—this study adopts a qualitative approach. Data were collected through document-based, using content analysis as the primary technique. Findings from studies conducted in these villages reveal a meaningful relationship between folk knowledge and sustainable rural development, as well as the significant role of women. Durkheim’s theoretical classification of societies demonstrates the progression of communities rather than the backwardness of primitive societies as an obstacle to any form of development.

This review article explores the complex relationship between women, lifestyle, and prayer in Islam, with special emphasis on incorporating psychological perspectives. The purpose of this research is to comprehensively examine the mechanisms through which prayer affects the lives of Muslim women and its impact on their lifestyle and overall health during the Coronavirus period. This study is a comprehensive analysis of Persian articles using reliable internal databases and Iran's official news organizations. The present review includes Persian keywords such as "women, lifestyle, prayer, narrative review, psychological perspectives, Islam." The inclusion criteria included clinical, experimental, cross-sectional, review, and hypotheses related to women and the Islamic lifestyle. Exclusion criteria included the presence of duplicate or inappropriate content in the publications that did not match the relevant topic. The findings of this narrative research show the important role that prayer plays in the lives of Muslim women. Prayer acts as a practice that strengthens social bonds and fosters inner peace under challenging circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Prayer facilitates relaxation, introspection, and emotional support, thereby enhancing women's well-being and performance as a strategy for managing stress, anxiety, and resilience while enhancing mindfulness and self-control. In addition, it examines the impact of prayer on women's lives through its impact on daily routines, moral behavior, and social relationships, and provides direction and perspective for personal development.

The lives of couples facing emotional divorce have many hidden aspects and are accompanied by countless sufferings. Meanwhile, women's experiences are more complicated, and their suffering is more due to their inferior position. Therefore, the present study aims to narrate women's lived experience of emotional divorce. The method of this research is qualitative and based on a phenomenological strategy. The sampling method is purposive sampling, and the data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with women involved in the emotional divorce phenomenon who were referred to family counseling centers in Bandar Abbas city. Data mining processes have reached eight main categories: turbulent and broken psyche; violent and fearful life; dead bodies; a life devoid of affection; infidelity as a kill shot at the relationship; endless petty sufferings; frozen bodies far from each other; a life devoid of emotion and a Sisyphean life represent the lived experience of women. Eventually, the final category refers to a swampy life: a swamp full of darkness, violence, anxiety, etc., which sinks women more and more into its mouth despite the great struggle to get rid of it

The present research aimed at reviewing a key issue, “in post-revolution Iran, under social changes, Iranian family institution has been faced with important challenges such as early or late marriage, changed childbearing and parenting values and appearance of abnormal families.

descriptive-analytical methods were used for a descriptive research. Library method by referring to the books, papers, documents, and internet websites was used.

Social changes in Iran followed by family changes including extended family changing to nuclear family as the most notable one along with reduced family functions and outsourcing them, breakdown in relationships between generations, conflicts of values, changed power structure, the problem of aging, early or late marriage, changed childbearing and parenting values, and the appearance of families abnormal in Iranian society.These changes have resulted in different challenges including violence against women and children, uncertain conditions of widowed women and their children, financial family issues, raising family disputes and divorce, dangers for mother’s lives, increased illegal and irreligious relations, violence and discrimination against women in workplaces. In response to some issues and their damaging consequences, some post-revolution legal regulations based on interpretations of dynamic Islamic jurisprudence have been changed and reformed, but, some of them remained intact waiting to be reviewed to regulate family members’ interactions and their relationships in accordance with contemporary conditions and circumstances

social changes have resulted in shaping different challenges regarding guardianship and headship in family, financial regulations for families, the relatives, child marriage, custody, abortion, white marriage, and women employment etc. These new challenges have had different damages to and consequences for family nature doubling the necessity of accordant legislation and reforms in laws to control and adapt them

The modernist scholars of the Quran, whether they are considered feminists or not, have engaged in re-reading the Quran and produced new literature on verses about women and family since the latter half of the 20th century. Their main focus is advocating for change regarding Muslim women or women in Islamic societies. Consequently, their studies on the Quran take a critical approach to traditional exegesis. Among these scholars, Amina Wadud, due to the depth of her thought and emphasis on a methodological method, has more influence on the specialized and public arenas. This study analyzes and reviews Amina Wadud's interpretive attitude. Objective The paper aims to enhance the interpretive knowledge of female scholars in the critical field, ensuring that negative critiques and theories deepen positive and interpretive information. This theoretical study was conducted through a documentary method, and data collection was library-based. The findings of this study are consolidated under three headings: foundations, method, and feminine interpretation of several Quranic terms in Wadud's thought. These are explained and reviewed in this paper.  Consequently Amina Wadud, through her critical analysis of exegetical books, utilizing a holistic and Qur'an-centric hermeneutic, feminine theology, and analytical tools and feminist literature, has presented her gendered interpretation of the Qur'an, which has been critiqued on all these grounds.

Illustrating children's book covers plays a significant role in conveying cultural concepts to them. The cultural identity of children can be indirectly reinforced by images that reference specific cultural concepts of a community or a region.This study aims to answer the question of how the cultural identity of girls and women is represented in the cover illustrations of children's stories in Arabic-speaking countries. To gain insight into cultural identity, particularly Arab identity among Arabic-speaking girls and women, it analyzes the statistical population. In this context, 249 cover designs from six Arab countries including Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE were examined for the age group (B). Results show that the UAE is the most wealthy nation in terms of cultural visual representations, while Syria is the least prosperous in this regard. Arab girls' and women's faces are prominent in most images, and the palm tree, a symbol of natural geography, plays a significant role in Arab identity, especially in Iraq publications. Older women on the cover illustrations are often veiled, and the veil is one of the most prominent visual symbols. Nevertheless, in Lebanon and Syria, this symbol is less prominent across all age categories. It appears that a general conclusion can be derived regarding the identity of Arab girls and women on the covers of children's books in Arabic-speaking countries in the present study. This identity is a combination of Arab and Islamic identity, with a particular emphasis on geographical and natural symbols.

Today, women's economic participation is deemed an important and fundamental topic worldwide. Many countries strive to increase women's economic participation by legislating and formulating executive policies. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the existing policies and strategic documents related to women's participation in the economic sphere as well as various economic domains, including employment, entrepreneurship, investment, etc., in Iran.The research employs a qualitative method, and the collected data are coded using thematic analysis, from which concepts and themes are extracted. The statistical population includes all the top national documents in the Iranian system, including 25 documents that make reference to women and their economic participation.The research findings can be categorized into two overarching themes. The first one, "Women's Participation under Inclusive Laws and Policies" is further divided into two organizing themes, "Protection of Human Rights" and " Promotion of Social Justice". The second one, "Women's Participation in Laws and Policies Specific to Them" embraces three organizing themes, i.e., "Providing Opportunities for Women's Economic Participation", "Supporting the Sustained Participation and Strengthening Women's Status" and "Eliminating Barriers to Economic Participation".Overall, the findings suggest that although existing laws and policies pay special attention to women and address the issue of women's economic participation in some regulations and programs, there are ample challenges and obstacles to the practical implementation of these laws and policies. Consequently, women's economic participation remains a contentious issue.

The surge of social movements in Europe and the United States during the 1960s and 1970s, alongside the transformation of social realities and emergence of social movements as a distinct phenomenon, has prompted social scientists to explore and analyze this field. Among various social movements, the women’s movement has been a leading advocate for changing existing social structures. In recent years, Iran has developed into a "movement society" characterized by widespread social movements, with women increasingly taking on prominent roles. This trend was particularly evident during the protests of 2022. The participation of women in these protests, especially in conservative and traditionally structured cities like Yazd, holds significant research value. The experiences of women, who have been arrested or imprisoned during these protests, reveal the multifaceted and complex dimensions of their motivations, beliefs, and consequences of their actions. Imprisonment as one outcome of these protests reflects social and political pressures while also providing a context for a deeper analysis of the mindset and perceptions of protesting women. During their time in prison, these women have reassessed their beliefs, values, and future aspirations. Analyzing these experiences offers valuable insights into the underlying causes and mechanisms of this movement and the role of women within it. Therefore, this study focused on these women as the primary subjects of analysis.

This study utilized thematic analysis, a versatile qualitative research method designed to identify patterns and themes within the data. Thematic analysis facilitates summarization, organization, and interpretation of data, making it a fundamental technique in qualitative research.Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with 8 female participants, who had taken part in the 2022 protests. These participants were aged between 28 and 43 years. The inclusion criteria required direct experience in street protests and a history of receiving a prison sentence or temporary detention, underscoring their resilience and commitment to their protest identities. The interviews were conducted after the participants had been released from prison or detention centers. Given the depth and complexity of the subject matter, in-depth interviews were chosen as the most suitable qualitative research method, owing to their flexibility and capability to capture detailed narratives. To enhance the credibility of the data, the researchers established effective communication and allocated ample time for each interview, with sessions lasting approximately 2 hours.

Following the completion of interviews, data recording, and thematic analysis, the study identified 294 initial codes, 51 concepts, 16 primary themes, and ultimately 7 overarching themes: Belief in Women’s Activism, Persistent Challenges, Acquired Capital from Protest Action, Alternative Building amid Distrust, Protest Strategies, Political and Cultural Imperatives, and Decline of Hope in Society. These themes culminated in the study’s core concept: “Women-Centered Activism through Street Presence”. The findings indicated that this movement centered on cultural and social change had empowered women to redefine their social identities. The belief in women's empowerment and their active participation in society reflected a significant shift in societal attitudes, highlighting the need to re-evaluate and address gender inequalities while positioning women as agents of social transformation. The persistent challenges faced by women in a patriarchal society, including legal and social inequalities, had fostered a sense of solidarity and collective identity, driving resistance for social change. This phenomenon aligned with broader efforts of social movements to challenge dominant cultural norms. Widespread distrust of the political system and the demand for fundamental change had acted as powerful catalysts for organizing protests. This distrust coupled with the pursuit of new alternatives resonated with Alberto Melucci’s theory of new social movements, which posited that the gap between formal systems and civil society had contributed to the emergence of such movements. Women had employed non-violent protest methods, utilizing social media networks and cultural symbols (such as removing the hijab), which had significantly influenced both the continuity of movement and public perceptions. These creative and strategic approaches to protest had yielded substantial social and cultural outcomes. One notable achievement of this movement had been the relaxation of hijab restrictions and an enhancement of women's self-confidence, reflecting the relative success of the protests. According to Alain Touraine’s theory of new social movements, such movements reshape historical trajectories and drive major structural transformations—a perspective that aligned with the study’s findings. By adopting the characteristics of new social movements, such as emphasizing individual and collective identity and leveraging modern strategies, this movement serves as a model for future socio-political transformations.

The betrayal of the spouse is a factor in the fragmentation of the family structure and also eliminating the positive function of this structure is important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons for marital betrayal of men from the perspective of their spouses. In this article, using structural interpretation model, we tried to identify the structural relationship between the reasons for marital betrayal and their impact and impact levels. The results of the leveling of the variables indicate that the psychological reasons are at the highest level and the role that determines the issue. In the next level, factors are economic and environmental factors, on the third level are emotional factors and in the second level there are past events. At the lowest and most affected level, sexual reasons, abuse, abnormal marriage, and the absence of a spouse. MICMAC analysis showed that factors such as psychological reasons, past events, environmental reasons, and economic reasons are independent factors and factors such as emotional reasons, sexual and physical reasons, abnormal marriages, misconduct and lack of presence of the spouse were classified as related factors. None of the agents were identified as interpersonal or autonomous agents.

Women's football fandom is an overlooked topic in social science researches as women are typically ignored in sociological studies on football. The general public perception is that women are not genuine or authentic supporters of this sport, which is often considered a male-dominated and male-owned. The challenges for Iranian female football fans are even more pronounced due to their exclusion from the public discourse surrounding the football fandom. They lack a dedicated space for independent action and face restrictions on entering stadiums. For years, Iranian female fans have employed various forms of action and resistance to be more than silent and invisible supporters. This article relies on a thematic analysis of qualitative data from thirty interviews with Iranian female football fans to identify the motivations behind their entry into the football arena. It also examines how they express their fandom and challenges in this process. The findings reveal that women's exclusion from stadiums drives them to alternative methods of displaying their fandom. Throughout this journey, Iranian female football fans encounter numerous gendered and discriminatory stereotypes that manifest differently at various stages.

One of the critical areas of Islamic civilization is women's rights. Women's rights have been recognized in Islamic civilization before and more than any other civilization, and this way of asserting rights has become a model for many current human rights charters. Therefore, the process of socialization in the Islamic world based on sharing women in various issues has a long history, and accordingly, the purpose of this research is to analyze the process of civilized society in the Islamic world based on women's rights. The research method of this research is qualitative and documents in which the researcher examines and analyzes authentic research documents such as verses and narrations as the basis of civilization in Islam and based on the use of the verses of the Holy Quran, narrations and hadiths as well as interpretations related to this Verses and narrations, results and interpretations are provided. The findings of this study have shown that Islamic civilization, as one of the oldest and most reliable approaches, has always had a positive view of women's rights in various fields. Documentary review of women's rights in Islamic Sharia shows that Islamic civilization is the source of women's rights and based on the approaches governing this civilization which is based on Quran and Sharia, Islam gives political, social, economic and scientific rights to women and reciprocally these rights cause civilized society in has become Islam

One of the most significant factors affecting the consequences of married men’s temporary marriage (mutʿah) on the family is how the permanent wife reacts to her husband’s temporary marriage. This study aims to investigate women’s reactions when faced with their husband’s temporary marriage. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, interviews were conducted with 24 women who had experienced their husband’s temporary marriage, and the interviews were analyzed. The findings reveal that women’s reactions include: Disclosure – informing the husband about their awareness, investigating the nature of the relationship, contacting the temporary wife, and confronting the husband. Resilience – remaining silent and patient, accepting and adapting, and deciding to continue the marriage. Revenge-seeking – engaging in confrontational behaviors and pursuing legal action against the husband. Motherhood Focus – striving for children’s well-being and having more children to increase intimacy and sustain the marriage. Well-being Enhancement – improving marital relations and personal development. Women’s reactions can be categorized into problem-focused coping (resilience, motherhood focus, and well-being enhancement) and emotion-focused coping (disclosure and revenge-seeking). Key factors influencing these reactions include prior consent and awareness, emotional and sexual intimacy, having children, and economic support. Given the significant role of women’s coping strategies in shaping the outcomes of their husband’s temporary marriage, it is recommended that women facing this issue receive training on appropriate coping strategies.

The Prophet of Islam elevated the status of women during his governance. Although, with his passing and the rise of the three caliphs, this status declined and deviated from the prophetic path. With the beginning of Imam Ali’s ruling, the situation of women transformed, and they were granted an active role in society. From the outset, Imam Ali sought to revive women’s true status by reforming past innovations. Women welcomed the policies of the Alawi government and supported his efforts, although in some cases, certain women’s actions inflicted serious harm on the state. This study, using library sources and a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the interaction between women and the Alawi government from a historical and political point of view, addressing the question: How did governance and women interact during the caliphate of Imam Ali? The findings revealed that from the beginning of Imam Ali’s rule, women played an influential role in crises, particularly in the imposed wars. The Alawi government supported women and was committed to justice for them, just as it was for men. The Caliph was as accessible to women as he was to men, and they regarded him and the Alawi government as a safe refuge for restoring and enhancing their status. This supportive and dignifying approach fostered positive interaction between women and the Alawi government.

The purpose of this research was to develop a model for the development of a sport enterprise that would be beneficial to women in the Tehran province. The Grounded Theory (GT) method was employed to conduct this qualitative study. The research population consisted of all elites and specialists in the field of employment, entrepreneurship and sports businesses, among whom 18 individuals were selected using theoretical and snowball sampling methods. Semi-structured interviews were implemented as part of the data capture tool until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the final model of the research, which was formed based on coding and data analysis, the causal factors (need for self-actualization, clear vision, development of women’s productivity, income generation, appropriateness of sports businesses and achieving standards) shows the need to pay attention to the central phenomenon (self-employment and improvement of the business environment and strategies of self-employment and improvement of the business environment policy and planning, entrepreneurship education, legal support, encouragement of entrepreneurship, promotion of entrepreneurship and development of entrepreneurship ecosystem) in terms of intervening factors (legal-lawful obstacles, inappropriate business, insufficient financial support, insufficient support for entrepreneurship) and existing contexts (cultural limitations, social limitations, individual limitations, insufficient sports participation, talented manpower and capital advantage), which it will lead to consequences (development inevitably, economic development, women’s sports participation, improvement of women’s sports performance and women’s health). The findings of this study can serve as a model for the implementation of measures and programs to advance the careers of women in sports by policymakers, planners, experts, and sports managers.

This Research was a descriptive and analytical study that was conducted with the aim of understanding the active constructions of the joint life of men and women from family transformations in the transition process of their joint life. The The design of the study..was qualitative and implemented with the help of grounded theory strategy. Based on this method, the researcher collected the required data by referring directly to the participants and analyzed it during the coding process. The statistical population was selected from all the married employees of the Azad universities of Tehran. The required samples were selected Through the purposeful and accessible sampling. Finally, according to the logic of theoretical saturation, the final sample was determined to be 17 people. The data collection tool was a qualitative interview with open and semi-structured questions. Strauss and Corbin's open, central and selective reasoning was used for data analysis. The analysis of the data showed that the causes of family transformations in the transition process of their joint lives were stated by the couples to be the displacement of the values ​​of the couple and the family and positive and negative external impulses that occur the unpredictability and situation- variables However, interv such as the quality of privacy within the family were added to the cause. In facing these impulses, couples used different strategies such as future-oriented understanding of the situation, interactive participation, and child-oriented time management.