جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اتان کلبرگ" در نشریات گروه "علوم قرآن و حدیث"

The very special place of martyrdom and its seeking in Islam has been the cause of researchers' paying attention to this topic; the topic of martyrdom in Islam has also attracted the attention of orientalists. Ethan Kohlberg is one of the Islamists who has focused on martyrdom in his researches. He believes that the concepts of martyr and martyrs existed before Islam, and that the martyrdom mentioned in the Qur’an is the same fighting in the way of God that was adapted from the religion of Christianity. Kohlberg, citing the wars of Muslims during the lifetime of the Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) and after his passing away, concludes that martyrdom in Islam is different from its Quranic concept and is considered a type of suicide. He also believes that the prohibition of suicide is not explicitly stated in the Qur’an. By referring to the argumentations of historical traditions, he presents suicide as allowed commandment. In this research after an overview introduction of martyrdom and suicide concepts in Islamic verses and traditions, in its content review, expressions and description of citations of this orientalist concerning martyrdom and his point of view about martyrdom-seeking, suicide sentence in Islam and the fact that martyrdom-seeking is actually a suicide attempt itself will be analyzed and in accuracy of his point of view will be clearly illustrated.

The issue of the succession of the Holy Prophet is one of the most important and distinguishing aspects of Shiite Islam compared to other Islamic sects. This paper employs a descriptive-analytical method with a critical approach to examine the Quranic approach of Wilferd Madelung on the issue of the succession of the Holy Prophet (with a focus on the interpretive and narrative sources of both sects). Madelung initiated this movement in his book “Succession to Mohammad,” which was published in 1997 and soon became a significant reference in this discussion. In the introduction to his book titled “Familial Relationships and Prophetic Families in the Quran,” he extensively examines the role and importance of the Prophet's progeny in confirming, establishing, and continuing their mission and guidance. He demonstrates that, according to the Quran, the successors of the prophets are chosen from among their families and appointed by them, and the Holy Prophet had no intention other than this. Despite the relatively recent and delayed studies in Shi'a studies and Shi'a research activities, addressing the issue of Imamate (leadership) is of greater necessity compared to other raised issues. The study of opinions and views of interpreters from both sects regarding the interpretation of the verse of “Wilayah” (guardianship) indicates that they generally have two main perspectives based on Verse 55 of Surah Al-Ma'idah: 1. Most Sunni interpreters understand the term “wali” in the verse to mean friend and supporter, and based on this, they consider guardianship in the verse as absolute and inclusive of all believers. 2. Shi'a scholars do not merely understand the term “wali” to mean love and support, and they perceive such a meaning to conflict with other verses. They believe that in addition to love, this term encompasses social and political authority, and support is one of its outcomes. Based on the meaning of “wali” in the verse and the excessive (mutawatir) narrations, which attribute the revelation of the verse to the guardianship of Imam Ali, Shi'a interpreters consider the noble verse as Quranic evidence of the guardianship and Imamate of Imam Ali.

Ithna 'Ashariyah is considered one of the largest sects of non-Sunni Muslims and have been known as Shiites since the time of the Prophet (p.b.u.h.). The importance of this sect has attracted the attention of Ethan Kohlberg, the orientalist studying Shi'a, and he has focused his studies on this sect. In his first article entitled “The Uses of the Term Ithna 'Ashariyah”, Kohlberg equates the Ithna 'Ashariyah sect with the Harbiyah sect, citing Abu Tamam’s Kitab al-Shajarah. Harbiyah were the followers of Abdullah ibn Harb Kandy, who considered Abdullah as the Imam after Abu Hashim, the son of Muhammad Hanafiyah. After a while, his followers realized that his claim to Imamate was false and turned away from him. In the present article, first, Ithna 'Ashariyah sect is introduced, using both Shiite and Sunni sources; then the falsehood of Ethan Kohlberg’s claim in identifying Ithna 'Ashariyah sect with Harbiyah sect is clarified by providing a report on these two sects from the books of nations and the works that had been written before Abu Tamam’s Kitab al-Shajarah.

Etan Kohlberg, the Shi‘a study researcher in Hebru University has an article titled “Abu Turab” in which he studies the title of Imam Ali (A.S.) given by prophet (A.S). He in this article argues that the title Abu Turab was given to Imam Ali (A.S.) not out of honoring him rather, prophet wanted to diminish Ali. Nevertheless, Shi‘a scholars during the history have changed the origin of issuing this title from blame to admiration. Therefore, they have forged many hadith regarding this title. The present Article first present a Persian translation of Kohlberg’s paper then critically studies the main points of the writer. This article argues that first of all Kohlberg has not present the complete origins of this title and secondly the admiration origins are not restricted in Shi‘a sources. The methodology of this article is historical and analytical. We have referred in this article to abundant historical and hadith sources.