جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "debate" در نشریات گروه "علوم قرآن و حدیث"

The conduct and practices of the Infallibles, particularly Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha (PBUH), play a fundamental role in shaping the behavioral and verbal models for Shia Muslims. Examining the content of the debates and discourses of the Infallibles has a significant impact on intellectual growth, awareness, and the strengthening of the beliefs of the Muslim community. This can also serve as a basis for attracting people, including fair-minded opponents and audiences. This article, based on three key areas—principles, methods, and the style of the Infallibles’ debates, specifically those of Imam al-Ridha (PBUH)—employs a textual analysis approach. The study demonstrates how the sacred figures, particularly Imam al-Ridha (PBUH), engaged in debates, how they based their arguments on the foundations of Quranic verses and the Prophetic tradition, how they utilized rational reasoning, which of the three methods—proof, good admonition, or the best argument—they most frequently employed, and which rhetorical style they preferred. According to research conducted in the Kitab al-Hujjah section of Al-Kafi, particularly concerning the necessity of following the Divine Proof, Imam al-Ridha’s (PBUH) debates are ranked third after the debates of Imam al-Sadiq (PBUH) and Imam al-Baqir (PBUH).

Hesham ibn Salem is one of the prominent theological figures of the second century in the school of Kufa and one of those who have been authorised in our religious sources. Although many criticisms and answers have been expressed in the sources regarding the theological views of Hisham bin Salem, no source was found in the field of his theological method. Therefore, the researcher is supposed to discover the theological method of Hesham ibn Salem in the process of examining hadiths by considering the hadith sources in a descriptive-analytical way. Based on this, the narrations that could be a clue to find Hesham's theological method were collected and categorized, then through analysis and rational inference, Hisham ibn Salem's theological method was obtained. The results of the research indicate that Hesham ibn Salem's method of proving his theological views was based on the authority of the Qur'an and the authority of the Imams (a). Other manifestations of his verbal method occur in the form of debate, paying attention to dialogue and negotiation, conflict with people, testing and examination, encouraging to gain certainty, accepting criticism, writing refutations, confronting authority, Qadiriya, Mu'tazila.

The researchers have investigated and reported the Imam Baqir’s debates based on their research needs, but they’ve had more of a historical approach to the debates and have less focused on their analysis and impact and reporting on the Imam’s biography. They’ve neglected or not looked for the way of life in the debates and they’ve not paid attention to the Quranic, hadith and Imam’s way of life.The abandonment of the Quran after the Holy Prophet (PBUH), the continuous confrontation of the Orientalists with the Quran and Islam, the Imam Baqir’s reputation among the Shiite orientalists and the Imam’s Quranic, hadith and biographical answers, have forced the authors of the article to search the position of Quran, Hadith and Seerah and the argumentative approaches and citations of Imam’s Quranic, Hadith and Seerah in their debates by using the method of scientific typology.In order to bring the Qur'an to the heart of the society and to respond to the issues involved in the society, the authors have found it necessary and evident to place the motivations and research approaches on the axis of the Qur'an and to refer to the lives of the Imams (a.s.), especially Imam Baqir (a.s.).

Debate is considered as one of the conventional and efficient ways to face opponents which is done with different goals such as winning over the competitor and seeking superiority or explaining the truth and in Islamic culture, it also has an ancient and brilliant background. In the meantime, Imam Riḍā (as) had many debates with the followers of religions and sects for the purpose of clarifying the truth. According to him, the debate for the purpose of seeking truth has special and outstanding components. Based on this, the upcoming research investigates the debates of Imam Riḍā (as) with his opponents using descriptive and analytical method and tries to explain the most important components of the truth-oriented debate from Imam Riḍā's point of view. The findings of his research show that this type of debate from Imam Riḍā's point of view has several important components such as: "Mastering the concepts and foundations of the opponents", "using reason as common ground", "adherence to moral principles and values", "documenting and referring to accepted sources", "attention to Muslim and common principles", "opportunity to comment on the competitor" and it is "prohibition against excommunication". Obviously, paying attention to these components in the debate, it can draw a desirable and Islamic model of religious debate for every age, and promoting this model will play an effective role in defending the teachings of Ahl al-Bayt (as) and dispelling doubts about them.

Critical discourse, in fact, is considered the formative process of discourse analysis, in which, by going beyond the mere description of linguistic data, attention is paid to the effective processes in the formation of discourse. In this type of discourse analysis, two social and linguistic approaches are discussed. In the social approach, discourse is explained as situational context, and in the linguistic approach, textual context is explained. The debates of Imam Reza (a.s.) are full of political, religious and social themes, which Imam (a.s.) has eloquently expressed in the various conditions of the time, to inform and guide people towards truth and justice. This research has analyzed the linguistic and structural interaction of Razavi’s debates with the atmosphere that dominates the society and the thoughts of the interlocutors. The results of this research indicate that Imam (a.s.) was able to create a close bond between the culture ruling the society and the intellectual deviation of the audience by using styles and words compatible with the atmosphere of the debate. His Holiness (PBUH) used words that had a deep meaning and in order to highlight the concepts in question, they used different linguistic connotations. Sometimes, with the use of questioning, he has somehow questioned the beliefs of the other party and challenged and marginalized his speech.

The life of Imams (as) was full of struggles with ignorance, polytheism and tyranny. The era of Imam Riḍā (as) was not free of this issue and the Abbasid government was considered a clear example of the tāghūt government. Imam Riḍā (as) during the era of Harun al-Rashid and his son, Amin had different ways to fight against that government. This struggle found a new way and method during Ma'mun's time and according to the issue of guardianship, and for this reason, it is considered unique in the history of Imams (as). In this period, Imam (as) was able to implement a combative style and teach his Shiites the way by using the active dialogue method in the form of debate and speech. In this article, using the method of analysis of documents and narratives, it is discussed how Imam Riḍā (as) fought against the Abbasid government by using the dialogue-based method in the form of debate (the best argument) and sermon (Khitābah). For this purpose, an almost comprehensive search has been conducted among the narratives of the debates and sermons of the Imam (as).

debating is one of the conventional methods for pleading religious doctrine. However, some have caused detrimental effects by believing the act of debate to be against the ways of the Ahl-al-Bayt (as) by citing certain narrations surrounding the prohibition of debate and the condemnation of the debaters. On one hand, some believe for debate to be immoral and thus are reluctant to engage in it by referring to the ethically harmful consequences of debating. While on the other hand, there are numerous reasons to believe that debate, in and of itself, is approved by Ahl-al-Bayt (as) by upholding its evident practicality throughout Ahl-al-Bayt’s (as) lives while also researching narrations that encourage the utilization of this method. This study uses the descriptive-analytical method to examine narrative references to Ahl-al-Bayt’s (as) interdiction of debate to argue that the constant citation of these narrations contradicts Quar’anic teachings and remains in conflicts with Hadith convictions. Thus, by proving them to be irrelevant, the following paper offers recently developed realizations of these narrations in an attempt to resolve the created conflicts. Consequently, by the newly founded realizations, the very act of debate is endorsed upon by Ahl-al-Bayt (as) and the hadiths to disagree as such are presumed non-applicable as this research will separately introduce ten major founding aspects that ultimately lead the debate to an ineffective argument.

The debates of Imam Riḍā (as) have always been discussed because of his role model and have been discussed in various researches from different aspects. The number and variety of articles published in this field indicate the importance of this issue. The purpose of this research is meta-analysis of articles on the topics of Razavi debates to present and summarize and categorize the findings of the latest scientific efforts made in relation to the subject and review the components used in these studies. Therefore, this article has identified twenty scientific-research articles in Farhang Razavi Quarterly within the framework of qualitative meta-analysis - which is one of the best efforts of researchers to overcome repetitive research – then this article has analyzed and reviewed the studies on Razavi's debates using all the available examples; because the results of this research, on the one hand, fully introduce all the research done on a topic and prevent rework, and on the other hand, by drawing the strengths and shortcomings of the research, it opens up new research horizons for the researchers. The results of this research show that most of the selected articles include topics that deal with general principles in debates such as methodology, goals, foundations, educational axes of debate, free thinking in debate, etc. The most important components of Razavi's debate studies in the mentioned articles in terms of the general principles of debates include moral, scientific and technical principles. The distribution of studies shows that central, north and northeast, west and then south provinces have been more interested by researchers, which is more dependent on the universities where researchers study.

The ability to speak, debate and explain issues is one of the most important things in organizational leadership. By giving a good speech explaining successful plans and problems and solutions, they encourage the forces, remove the ambiguities, and create friendship and love among the employees. It has been seen in many organizations that dialogue not only does not lead to progress in negotiations, but also strengthens the parties in their false beliefs. The purpose of the debate is not to seek superiority and supremacy and to embarrass the other party, but the purpose is the effect of the word and the influence of speech in the depths of the soul of the other party, and the best way to achieve this goal is the Qur’anic method. The controversy of Ahsan or Mahmoud is a debate to prove the truth and the denial of falsehood, and its fruit is growth and guidance. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the issue of good debate in organizational debates and debates according to Quranic verses and hadiths.

The purpose of this article is to know the communication characteristics of Imam Reza (Peace Be Upon Him) in facing his audience and to explain the communication methods in conducting debates to explain and propagate the religion of Islam, to resolve the differences and different opinions of his time. For this purpose, communication triangle method (Heider communication model) was used. According to this model, the best state of a relationship is when there is a positive relationship between the three sides of the communication triangle, i.e. message first, message and audience. The current research is based on the qualitative method and based on the main question and research topic using the library method. The results showed that Imam Reza Reza (Peace Be Upon Him), despite proving the legitimacy and refutation of the debate party's claims, avoided unethical behavior and was able to deal with the representatives of religions with full frankness, precision, politeness and respect and by using effective communication features. And the various religions that Ma'moun had invited for the debates with sinister purposes, turn them into an arena for defending the religious borders of Islam, Imamate and Shia's rightful beliefs, especially to prove the authority and legitimacy of the Imam for Imamate and Caliphate. Imam Reza's method of debates, having desirable personal and social characteristics, paying attention to interpersonal skills, debating methods and audience awareness in establishing communication were among the findings of these results.

Debate with different scholars and scientists is one of the characteristics of the era of Imam Riḍā (as) that he answered their questions in different ways and citing sources accepted by both parties and proved the legitimacy of Islam or Shiite beliefs. One of the debates of that Imam is related to explaining the supreme virtue of Imam Ali (AS) in the verses of the Quran, in which the Imam, based on the verse of Mubāhilah (Āl-ʿImrān, 61), answered Maʾmūn's questions and forced him to submit to the correct argument. This study has analyzed it with the help of library sources and after reviewing various texts quoted from the debate between Maʾmūn and Imam Riḍā (as) about the verse of Mubahila, and it wants to answer these questions: in what sources is this debate mentioned and what is the most correct narration of it? What are the principles of the Imam in the debate and what theoretical and practical points can be obtained from the analysis of the text of the debate? The findings of the research show that Imam Ali ibn Mūsá al-Riḍā (as) in this debate, considering the continuous verbal evidence (words and words of the verse), continuous non-verbal evidence (historical story of Mubahila) and the use of prophetic narrations on the subject, expressed the greatest Qurʾanic virtue of Imam Ali (as) to be the soul of that Imam as the soul of the Prophet (pbuh) in the verse of Mubahila, and then he answered the doubts.

During the lifetime of Imam Ja'far Sadiq (a.s), theological debates and discussions were carried out quite often on various Islamic topics. Imam confronted with different thoughts of his era e.g. Zanadiqa and Mu'tazila. One of his debates was with Amr Ibn Ubayd Mo'tazili on the topic of imāmah. Thus, the present inquiry seeks to review the debate in the light of Norman Fairclough's interdisciplinary approach to critical discourse analysis. Classifying the debate's subjects based on the conditional context, I analyzed the points that imply aims and functions. The CDA findings reveal that Imam Sadiq's discourse is to clarify and Itnāb. In this debate, the main aim of Amr Ibn Ubayd is to bay'ah to Al-Nafs al-Zakiyyah (the oath of allegiance to the Pure Soul). Imam Sadiq (a.s) did not judge his view individually, but he criticized the origins of Amr Ibn Ubayd's thoughts on governing an Islamic society and indirectly showed they are not qualified to be employed in assigning a leader or caliph. Imam's main ideology is that Islamic governing rules are based on the Quranic verses and prophet's sunna. And these two principles are the prominent scales for choosing someone to be granted the caliphate. During the argument, Imam asked questions about the main features of a caliph by which he would abide, including the knowledge of economics, to practice justice, and effective management

There is an account of the wedding of Imam Jawad and Umm al-Faḍl which, meanwhile, there happenned a debate between the Imam and Yaḥya b. Aktham. This paper aims to investigate the extant versions of the hadith in the Hadith, Tafsir, and historical sources and through the comparison find the main source of the Hadith and the authenticity of the Hadith could be evaluated. Three main sources of this account are 1) the Ali b. Ibrāhīm’s Tafsir, 2) Tuḥaf al-’Uqūl’s narration of Ali b. Ibrāhīm’s monograph on the wedding, which is not extant today, and 3) Shaykh Mufīd’s al-Irshād. The account is narrated in other Hadith books in two types of direct narration or quotation that implies the consensus of Shiite scholars on the event. The affirmation of the historical books in the wedding and the brief report of the event in Sunnite sources are the proof of the authenticity of the account.

In verse 125 of Surah An-Nahl, God asks the Prophet (PBUH) to use three methods to invite people to Islam: Wisdom, good advice and good debate. Some have considered these three methods to be consistent with the three common arguments in logic (argument, rhetoric, and controversy); But there are differences between them. Wisdom in the Qur'an is a strong and unbreakable word that includes the goodness and happiness of human beings, and its realm includes theoretical and practical wisdom; Whether or not logical certainty is useful, but in the argument of the term in logic, there is certainty in a special sense. A good advice is a speech or behavior that encourages others to make a practical commitment to the true religion. Accordingly, the Qur'anic invitation, while having a wisdom, is also an example of invitation with the method of good advice, so it will be different from the common sermon in logic. The purpose of logical argument is to overcome the enemy, but the purpose of "good argument" is to clarify the truth and guide the other side. Another point is the method of using the three Qur'anic methods. The role of the best argument in the call to Islam is secondary to opponents, and there is a connection between wisdom and good advice - in terms of the status of prophethood and prophetic invitation

In Ahl Al-Bayt (A.S)'s school, debates and arguments, which were managed during the history by them, were employed to explain religious studies while facing with the opponents of Islam. Meanwhile, considering the educational style of Imam Reza (A.S) while debating with the followers of other different religions and schools of thought reflects the scientific position of Imam Reza, introduces him as a perfect human personality, can be a model to compile a document on how to do an accurate and ethics-driven debate, and can be a step towards the educating of humans during the history. The current descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer this main question: What are the main pivots of Imam Reza's educational style while debating with the followers of other religions and schools of thought? Based on the findings of the study, following educational goals, emphasizing key principles of Islam, referring to sacred texts, being dominant on different languages and accents, carrying out best debates, maintaining the human dignity, observing fairness and justice in debates and so on are the main pivots of Imam Reza's educational style while debating with the followers of other religions and schools of thought.

The problem of “monotheism”—and skepticisms concerning it—has been one of the most important questions throughout the human history, and Messengers of God exerted tremendous efforts to respond to, and account for, the problem. In the present research, by deploying the method of content analysis, we try to rediscover how the creator as well as the oneness of God are proved in Imām al-Ṣādiq’s debate with Ibn Abī-l-‘Awjā’.
Ibn Abī-l-‘Awjā’ was a well-known disbeliever and materialist in the period of Imām al-Ṣādiq, and they had a number of serious debates concerning a variety of religious matters. The novelty of our research is the deployment of the method of content analysis with a qualitative approach as an interdisciplinary method for the extraction, classification, and categorization of the findings of the research. The findings show that Imām al-Ṣādiq exploited a variety of methods and principles in his account of the problem of monotheism, which are based on rational rules as well as sensory-experiential rules. Obviously, the extraction of Imām al-Ṣādiq’s scholarly encounter with skeptics can provide a right pattern for today’s debates and argumentations with opponents.

The Holy Quran is the primary base for moral education and preaching. The Holy Quran has ordered the Prophet and the believers, along with the teaching of wisdom, reason and sermon, to follow best practices in their disputes and debates. This article intends to clarify the concept of best practices in disputes and describes its criteria based on the Quran and Hadith. In the Quran, in a protean verbal conflict or dispute has been used with different meanings including conflict in speech, biased argument, stubborn defense of the void idea, and debate used to convince the enemy. In Koranic usage, dispute and controversy refers to two methods of conflict is spoken words that can be either good or bad, only the best of which is recommended in the Holy Quran. What can be understood from the related verses of the Quran is that only the best forms of disputes used by the Moslems against unbelievers are recommendable. This best practice is one which follows a divine goal, uses best techniques, and followed the accepted etiquette. Even though the divine content and form of dispute has been mentioned in the Holy Quran, it can be understood that the main criteria are the standards of argumentation and the adherence to morally acceptable ways. The contents and their truth in a dispute become the second most important aspect based on the verses reviewed.

The debate is a dialogue for common understanding and is one of the ffecivemthods­ to explain and educate celestial teachings. It was used by Prophets and Imams(PBUH) while facing with controversial opinions. Because of the political-cultural situation and dictation ov votes happened at the time of Imam Reza, he performed debates with scientists and elders of several sects to prevent distortion of Islam. He avoided the damages of debate and continued dialogue to clarify the facts, a method that approached considerable results. The aim of this study was the damage assessment of debate based onImam Reza,s debate schemes. The research has identified the damages of debate based on Imam Reza,s debates using descriptive – analytical methods and extensive literature review. The results showedthe debate damages would be divided to two major types: the scientific damages (e.g. fallacy in the argument, relying on the non-shared principles, lacking of order and structure in argument, etc) and moral damages (e.g. violation of fairness, prejudice and emulate, personality assessments, etc).The results demonstrated he continued his debates using the rules and avoiding the damages, tried to guide and enlighten the audience and always won all of debates.

Propagation has a prominent place in Islam. In addition to the Holy Quran, the way of Imams lives is also considered as a backrest of monotheism front and filled with methods, call experiences and promotion of divine religion. In this way and with considering the fact that Ahl –Albait narrations addresses all people during all periods, this research studies the most important instruments, grounds and propagation technics in Razavi culture with a descriptive – analytical approach and with referring to several valid narrative sources. In this research we concluded that Imam Reza used the vicegerent lever and participating in debate meetings the most, to promote the Islamic culture. One of the most prominent features of Razavi propagation paradigm was paying attention to audience's talent and wisdom level. Regulating the massages proportional to their situation and understanding and recommended this to his propagandists. In addition to propagating ideological Shia and trying for Islamic wakefulness in cultural part, his propagation concentrated on training cultural elites, confronting cultural clash between Islamic world and west and also promoting Islamic life style.