جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « debate » در نشریات گروه « علوم قرآن و حدیث »

The life of Imams (as) was full of struggles with ignorance, polytheism and tyranny. The era of Imam Riḍā (as) was not free of this issue and the Abbasid government was considered a clear example of the tāghūt government. Imam Riḍā (as) during the era of Harun al-Rashid and his son, Amin had different ways to fight against that government. This struggle found a new way and method during Ma'mun's time and according to the issue of guardianship, and for this reason, it is considered unique in the history of Imams (as). In this period, Imam (as) was able to implement a combative style and teach his Shiites the way by using the active dialogue method in the form of debate and speech. In this article, using the method of analysis of documents and narratives, it is discussed how Imam Riḍā (as) fought against the Abbasid government by using the dialogue-based method in the form of debate (the best argument) and sermon (Khitābah). For this purpose, an almost comprehensive search has been conducted among the narratives of the debates and sermons of the Imam (as).

debating is one of the conventional methods for pleading religious doctrine. However, some have caused detrimental effects by believing the act of debate to be against the ways of the Ahl-al-Bayt (as) by citing certain narrations surrounding the prohibition of debate and the condemnation of the debaters. On one hand, some believe for debate to be immoral and thus are reluctant to engage in it by referring to the ethically harmful consequences of debating. While on the other hand, there are numerous reasons to believe that debate, in and of itself, is approved by Ahl-al-Bayt (as) by upholding its evident practicality throughout Ahl-al-Bayt’s (as) lives while also researching narrations that encourage the utilization of this method. This study uses the descriptive-analytical method to examine narrative references to Ahl-al-Bayt’s (as) interdiction of debate to argue that the constant citation of these narrations contradicts Quar’anic teachings and remains in conflicts with Hadith convictions. Thus, by proving them to be irrelevant, the following paper offers recently developed realizations of these narrations in an attempt to resolve the created conflicts. Consequently, by the newly founded realizations, the very act of debate is endorsed upon by Ahl-al-Bayt (as) and the hadiths to disagree as such are presumed non-applicable as this research will separately introduce ten major founding aspects that ultimately lead the debate to an ineffective argument.

The debates of Imam Riḍā (as) have always been discussed because of his role model and have been discussed in various researches from different aspects. The number and variety of articles published in this field indicate the importance of this issue. The purpose of this research is meta-analysis of articles on the topics of Razavi debates to present and summarize and categorize the findings of the latest scientific efforts made in relation to the subject and review the components used in these studies. Therefore, this article has identified twenty scientific-research articles in Farhang Razavi Quarterly within the framework of qualitative meta-analysis - which is one of the best efforts of researchers to overcome repetitive research – then this article has analyzed and reviewed the studies on Razavi's debates using all the available examples; because the results of this research, on the one hand, fully introduce all the research done on a topic and prevent rework, and on the other hand, by drawing the strengths and shortcomings of the research, it opens up new research horizons for the researchers. The results of this research show that most of the selected articles include topics that deal with general principles in debates such as methodology, goals, foundations, educational axes of debate, free thinking in debate, etc. The most important components of Razavi's debate studies in the mentioned articles in terms of the general principles of debates include moral, scientific and technical principles. The distribution of studies shows that central, north and northeast, west and then south provinces have been more interested by researchers, which is more dependent on the universities where researchers study.

The ability to speak, debate and explain issues is one of the most important things in organizational leadership. By giving a good speech explaining successful plans and problems and solutions, they encourage the forces, remove the ambiguities, and create friendship and love among the employees. It has been seen in many organizations that dialogue not only does not lead to progress in negotiations, but also strengthens the parties in their false beliefs. The purpose of the debate is not to seek superiority and supremacy and to embarrass the other party, but the purpose is the effect of the word and the influence of speech in the depths of the soul of the other party, and the best way to achieve this goal is the Qur’anic method. The controversy of Ahsan or Mahmoud is a debate to prove the truth and the denial of falsehood, and its fruit is growth and guidance. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the issue of good debate in organizational debates and debates according to Quranic verses and hadiths.

The purpose of this article is to know the communication characteristics of Imam Reza (Peace Be Upon Him) in facing his audience and to explain the communication methods in conducting debates to explain and propagate the religion of Islam, to resolve the differences and different opinions of his time. For this purpose, communication triangle method (Heider communication model) was used. According to this model, the best state of a relationship is when there is a positive relationship between the three sides of the communication triangle, i.e. message first, message and audience. The current research is based on the qualitative method and based on the main question and research topic using the library method. The results showed that Imam Reza Reza (Peace Be Upon Him), despite proving the legitimacy and refutation of the debate party's claims, avoided unethical behavior and was able to deal with the representatives of religions with full frankness, precision, politeness and respect and by using effective communication features. And the various religions that Ma'moun had invited for the debates with sinister purposes, turn them into an arena for defending the religious borders of Islam, Imamate and Shia's rightful beliefs, especially to prove the authority and legitimacy of the Imam for Imamate and Caliphate. Imam Reza's method of debates, having desirable personal and social characteristics, paying attention to interpersonal skills, debating methods and audience awareness in establishing communication were among the findings of these results.

Debate with different scholars and scientists is one of the characteristics of the era of Imam Riḍā (as) that he answered their questions in different ways and citing sources accepted by both parties and proved the legitimacy of Islam or Shiite beliefs. One of the debates of that Imam is related to explaining the supreme virtue of Imam Ali (AS) in the verses of the Quran, in which the Imam, based on the verse of Mubāhilah (Āl-ʿImrān, 61), answered Maʾmūn's questions and forced him to submit to the correct argument. This study has analyzed it with the help of library sources and after reviewing various texts quoted from the debate between Maʾmūn and Imam Riḍā (as) about the verse of Mubahila, and it wants to answer these questions: in what sources is this debate mentioned and what is the most correct narration of it? What are the principles of the Imam in the debate and what theoretical and practical points can be obtained from the analysis of the text of the debate? The findings of the research show that Imam Ali ibn Mūsá al-Riḍā (as) in this debate, considering the continuous verbal evidence (words and words of the verse), continuous non-verbal evidence (historical story of Mubahila) and the use of prophetic narrations on the subject, expressed the greatest Qurʾanic virtue of Imam Ali (as) to be the soul of that Imam as the soul of the Prophet (pbuh) in the verse of Mubahila, and then he answered the doubts.

During the lifetime of Imam Ja'far Sadiq (a.s), theological debates and discussions were carried out quite often on various Islamic topics. Imam confronted with different thoughts of his era e.g. Zanadiqa and Mu'tazila. One of his debates was with Amr Ibn Ubayd Mo'tazili on the topic of imāmah. Thus, the present inquiry seeks to review the debate in the light of Norman Fairclough's interdisciplinary approach to critical discourse analysis. Classifying the debate's subjects based on the conditional context, I analyzed the points that imply aims and functions. The CDA findings reveal that Imam Sadiq's discourse is to clarify and Itnāb. In this debate, the main aim of Amr Ibn Ubayd is to bay'ah to Al-Nafs al-Zakiyyah (the oath of allegiance to the Pure Soul). Imam Sadiq (a.s) did not judge his view individually, but he criticized the origins of Amr Ibn Ubayd's thoughts on governing an Islamic society and indirectly showed they are not qualified to be employed in assigning a leader or caliph. Imam's main ideology is that Islamic governing rules are based on the Quranic verses and prophet's sunna. And these two principles are the prominent scales for choosing someone to be granted the caliphate. During the argument, Imam asked questions about the main features of a caliph by which he would abide, including the knowledge of economics, to practice justice, and effective management

There is an account of the wedding of Imam Jawad and Umm al-Faḍl which, meanwhile, there happenned a debate between the Imam and Yaḥya b. Aktham. This paper aims to investigate the extant versions of the hadith in the Hadith, Tafsir, and historical sources and through the comparison find the main source of the Hadith and the authenticity of the Hadith could be evaluated. Three main sources of this account are 1) the Ali b. Ibrāhīm’s Tafsir, 2) Tuḥaf al-’Uqūl’s narration of Ali b. Ibrāhīm’s monograph on the wedding, which is not extant today, and 3) Shaykh Mufīd’s al-Irshād. The account is narrated in other Hadith books in two types of direct narration or quotation that implies the consensus of Shiite scholars on the event. The affirmation of the historical books in the wedding and the brief report of the event in Sunnite sources are the proof of the authenticity of the account.

In verse 125 of Surah An-Nahl, God asks the Prophet (PBUH) to use three methods to invite people to Islam: Wisdom, good advice and good debate. Some have considered these three methods to be consistent with the three common arguments in logic (argument, rhetoric, and controversy); But there are differences between them. Wisdom in the Qur'an is a strong and unbreakable word that includes the goodness and happiness of human beings, and its realm includes theoretical and practical wisdom; Whether or not logical certainty is useful, but in the argument of the term in logic, there is certainty in a special sense. A good advice is a speech or behavior that encourages others to make a practical commitment to the true religion. Accordingly, the Qur'anic invitation, while having a wisdom, is also an example of invitation with the method of good advice, so it will be different from the common sermon in logic. The purpose of logical argument is to overcome the enemy, but the purpose of "good argument" is to clarify the truth and guide the other side. Another point is the method of using the three Qur'anic methods. The role of the best argument in the call to Islam is secondary to opponents, and there is a connection between wisdom and good advice - in terms of the status of prophethood and prophetic invitation

In Ahl Al-Bayt (A.S)'s school, debates and arguments, which were managed during the history by them, were employed to explain religious studies while facing with the opponents of Islam. Meanwhile, considering the educational style of Imam Reza (A.S) while debating with the followers of other different religions and schools of thought reflects the scientific position of Imam Reza, introduces him as a perfect human personality, can be a model to compile a document on how to do an accurate and ethics-driven debate, and can be a step towards the educating of humans during the history. The current descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer this main question: What are the main pivots of Imam Reza's educational style while debating with the followers of other religions and schools of thought? Based on the findings of the study, following educational goals, emphasizing key principles of Islam, referring to sacred texts, being dominant on different languages and accents, carrying out best debates, maintaining the human dignity, observing fairness and justice in debates and so on are the main pivots of Imam Reza's educational style while debating with the followers of other religions and schools of thought.

The problem of “monotheism”—and skepticisms concerning it—has been one of the most important questions throughout the human history, and Messengers of God exerted tremendous efforts to respond to, and account for, the problem. In the present research, by deploying the method of content analysis, we try to rediscover how the creator as well as the oneness of God are proved in Imām al-Ṣādiq’s debate with Ibn Abī-l-‘Awjā’.
Ibn Abī-l-‘Awjā’ was a well-known disbeliever and materialist in the period of Imām al-Ṣādiq, and they had a number of serious debates concerning a variety of religious matters. The novelty of our research is the deployment of the method of content analysis with a qualitative approach as an interdisciplinary method for the extraction, classification, and categorization of the findings of the research. The findings show that Imām al-Ṣādiq exploited a variety of methods and principles in his account of the problem of monotheism, which are based on rational rules as well as sensory-experiential rules. Obviously, the extraction of Imām al-Ṣādiq’s scholarly encounter with skeptics can provide a right pattern for today’s debates and argumentations with opponents.

The Holy Quran is the primary base for moral education and preaching. The Holy Quran has ordered the Prophet and the believers, along with the teaching of wisdom, reason and sermon, to follow best practices in their disputes and debates. This article intends to clarify the concept of best practices in disputes and describes its criteria based on the Quran and Hadith. In the Quran, in a protean verbal conflict or dispute has been used with different meanings including conflict in speech, biased argument, stubborn defense of the void idea, and debate used to convince the enemy. In Koranic usage, dispute and controversy refers to two methods of conflict is spoken words that can be either good or bad, only the best of which is recommended in the Holy Quran. What can be understood from the related verses of the Quran is that only the best forms of disputes used by the Moslems against unbelievers are recommendable. This best practice is one which follows a divine goal, uses best techniques, and followed the accepted etiquette. Even though the divine content and form of dispute has been mentioned in the Holy Quran, it can be understood that the main criteria are the standards of argumentation and the adherence to morally acceptable ways. The contents and their truth in a dispute become the second most important aspect based on the verses reviewed.

The debate is a dialogue for common understanding and is one of the ffecivemthods­ to explain and educate celestial teachings. It was used by Prophets and Imams(PBUH) while facing with controversial opinions. Because of the political-cultural situation and dictation ov votes happened at the time of Imam Reza, he performed debates with scientists and elders of several sects to prevent distortion of Islam. He avoided the damages of debate and continued dialogue to clarify the facts, a method that approached considerable results. The aim of this study was the damage assessment of debate based onImam Reza,s debate schemes. The research has identified the damages of debate based on Imam Reza,s debates using descriptive – analytical methods and extensive literature review. The results showedthe debate damages would be divided to two major types: the scientific damages (e.g. fallacy in the argument, relying on the non-shared principles, lacking of order and structure in argument, etc) and moral damages (e.g. violation of fairness, prejudice and emulate, personality assessments, etc).The results demonstrated he continued his debates using the rules and avoiding the damages, tried to guide and enlighten the audience and always won all of debates.

Propagation has a prominent place in Islam. In addition to the Holy Quran, the way of Imams lives is also considered as a backrest of monotheism front and filled with methods, call experiences and promotion of divine religion. In this way and with considering the fact that Ahl –Albait narrations addresses all people during all periods, this research studies the most important instruments, grounds and propagation technics in Razavi culture with a descriptive – analytical approach and with referring to several valid narrative sources. In this research we concluded that Imam Reza used the vicegerent lever and participating in debate meetings the most, to promote the Islamic culture. One of the most prominent features of Razavi propagation paradigm was paying attention to audience's talent and wisdom level. Regulating the massages proportional to their situation and understanding and recommended this to his propagandists. In addition to propagating ideological Shia and trying for Islamic wakefulness in cultural part, his propagation concentrated on training cultural elites, confronting cultural clash between Islamic world and west and also promoting Islamic life style.

In Mamun’s house and in the debate with Merv’s scholars, Imam Reza (A.S) used 34 verses of Holy Quran to refer to the superiority of his descendant over his nation, and he took benefit of these verses in different ways during the debate. The methods he employed in the debate include interpretation of Holy Quran by the use of Holy Quran, referring to the context of revelation of verses, Jari and Tatbigh (the flowing and comparable nature of verses), stating instances of the verses and brief interpretations of verses. Imam Reza (A.S) cleared many obscurities of verses about Ahl al-Bayt (P.B.U.T.) using the approach of interpreting Holy Quran by the use of Holy Quran, proved the capability of Ahl al-Bayt in being the successors of Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H.) by referring to the context of revelation of verses, and attributed some verses to Imam Ali (A.S) through Jari and Tatbigh approach. Also, using the approach of instances of verses, he recognized Ahl al-Bayt as instances of Dhawi al-Qurba (literally meaning close relatives) mentioned in Holy Quran. Finally, by briefly interpreting such verses as “And warn [O Mohammad] your closest Kindred”, he considered the verse as an honor for the family of the Prophet. In this paper, descriptive- analytic research methodology is employed.

The subject of the common debates among Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.), Christian scholars, and Jewish scholars in Marv was “the divinity of the Jesus”. In one of these debates, Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) argued against this issue. He presented direct arguments against the divinity of the Jesus and indirect arguments to prove the prophethood of the Jesus Christ and Muhammad (P.B.U.H.). Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) utilized semantic and linguistic proofs to influence and persuade the audiences and to neutralize their arguments, as well. The use of emphasis, cohesive devices, and special verbs plays a significant
role in highlighting the speech, whereas ignoring, understating, and using expressions without connotations are effective in marginalizing some concepts. Some of his proofs are textual and specifically linguistic. Some of them are contextual and were influenced by the setting, the point of view, and the beliefs of the audiences. The current study, using descriptive and analytical approaches, examines the debate of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) and Catholicos about the prophethood of Muhammad (P.B.U.H.). This study uses the ideological square of Van Dijk as a methodology which is centered on highlighting and marginalizing.

The debate is one of the logical and methodical techniques in the scientific and theological discussions that always has been taken into consideration of Islamic scholars and theologians. One of its outstanding examples in the last century is the ten meetings of debate among a group of religious scholars in the city "Peshawar" that have been held as sincerely and without prejudice. The main axis of these debates is explaining the true position of Imamate and Guardianship also resolving doubts about it. The description of these discussions has been written by eloquent story of "Sultan al-Waizin Shirazi" namely the "Dai" in the book "Peshawar Nights". Investigating in this book and analysis of components of its debates can lead to a suitable pattern of the method in the field of theological debate. Actually "Dai" according to the teachings of the Quran and the tradition of Ahl al-Bayt (AS), plays a major role in defending the boundaries of guardianship and often debates axiomatic method and by basics of the Quran and traditions and sometimes controversial manner or in the form of sermon. But his opponents that often played the role of the question designer are composed of a group such as "Hafez", "Sheikh" and "Nawab" that their method is often polemical and also is not empty of fallacies

Throughout the history, one of the widely used methods by Imams or their students for the religious teachings when they were faced by Islam’s opponents was debate. Debate is not merely used to silent the other side, nor is it used to force Muslims to religious and cultural arguments between different sects of Islam. However, debate is the foundation of Islamic unity and a method to achieve common grounds and truth. The study was based on a descriptive-analytical method and was written in a tactful manner to answer the following general question that “what are the factors which cause the harms of debate, their consequences, and factors for avoiding such harms?” The results indicated that the most important factors for such problems are selfishness, ethnic prejudice, arrogance, ignorance, and so on. Also, their most important consequences are hypocrisy, deprivation from Imam’s help, and so forth. These practical principles can be used as a framework and guideline in order to prepare a proper debate avoiding its possible harm.

Belief in God is the most common question of human mind, and the most fundamental nessesity of faith. In Islamic sources are given some reasons for the existence of God and also philosophers have discussed several arguments.Imam Reza also has approved God`s existence in Marve`s debates with Omran Saby, Soleiman Marvazi, one of the Catholics, and a Zandigh man. In this article we have shown that Imam has referred to order, contingency, motion, probability and necessity, and truthfulness arguments. Even some of his reasons are able to be watched as different arguments