جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "فلسفه فرهنگ" در نشریات گروه "فلسفه و کلام"

Culture is one of the great themes of Bloch and Dawkins’ philosophy. They use ideas of materialism and processtual evolutionism with reduction approach to explain the cultural realm. These common aspects make a comparative/ synthetic study of their philosophy of culture- based on components “Ideas” and “Memes”- possible. The claims of this article are: 1) Bloch's processtual ontology is a proper metaphysics for Dawkins' genetics and theory of culture; 2) Dawkins' genetics explains the relation between the human biological sphere and social/historical structures. This article tries to show that the analysis of the cultural theories in Bloch and Dawkins' thought can provide genuine and profound insight into the fundamental dynamics of society and history and can more clearly explain some philosophical conceptions, for example “alienation” and “social class”. On the other side, two pair's conceptions- mainly “praxis/expanded phenotype” and “mems/plus ultra”- are complementary and can more exactly explain the relation between gene, social structures, and culture. The result of this comparative/synthetic analysis of culture are: 1) A type of philosophical “determinism” that is challenging for some basic Bloch's conceptions: utopia and hope; 2) An example -by adding the Bloch's conception of “teleology” to Dawkins' genetics- of compromising the scientific and philosophical exceptional approach.

The title of the present article describes its main problematic. The text begins with Nietzsche's various uses of culture (cultivation, education, civilization, etc.). From his first serious texts, such as the Birth of Tragedy, to the mystical fragmentations of the last days before insanity, and even to the last unpublished writings of The Will to Power, Nietzsche has always been involved with "culture." This conflict, however, is not a conflict with a concept alongside other concepts, but something beyond it, a confrontation with the density of all forces under a single common name. In this regard, we first look at the positive and negative aspects of culture in Nietzsche's view. Then, through a radical interpretation and internalization of both sides, we will penetrate into the layers of Nietzsche's critical encounter with culture. Finally, we utilize these discussions in order to briefly point to what Nietzsche predicted for today's world: the inevitable Nihilism of our age.

Although “Philosophy of Culture” is commonly taken to refer to a rather new and interdisciplinary branch that has been developed in Germany since late twentieth century, one can trace the first philosophical ideas about culture, in the modern sense of the term, back to Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803). In this context, one of Herder's most important legacies (or lasting contributions) is "cultural pluralism,” which he utilized as a tool against the colonial totalitarianism of Enlightenment. Herder was critical of the commonly held belief in the superiority of European culture over other cultures, and introduced a new definition and understanding of culture that could potentially be used to defend the cultures of other parts of the world, especially Eastern cultures. With the aim of explaining Herder’s concept of "cultural pluralism," the present article will organize and explain this concept under three key sub-headings of "cultural singularity", "internal judgment," and “concept of force.” It will analyze its opposition to "cultural Europeanism" and demonstrate its possibilities for confronting the European-centric concept of totalitarianism. Finally, a brief section will be devoted to the discussion of the charge of relativism against Herder’s "cultural pluralism”.

The paper is to compare between Ibn Khaldun's style of philosophizing and the modern viewpoint of Philosophy of Culture. Speculating on Asabiyyah (group feeling), civilization, and influences of climate on the human being, Ibn Khaldun sets the stage for his contribution to some of the most important categories of the philosophy of culture. He describes how gradually human beings, humans that first home around nature, reach the state of prosperity by way of Asabiyyah and he believes that this way is bound for wars and for the negation of the other. Ibn Khaldun, then, in the course of the discussion, somehow like oppressed utopian, recognizes other cultures and goes beyond the horizon of his own culture and views human being from the higher standpoint of O’mran, a standpoint that is devoid of any specific values, that is Jenseits von Gut und Böse. He rethinks religion so as to pave the way for poly – cultural standpoint.

Though thinking about culture returns to ancient Greece, "culture" as understood today is a modern concept influenced more by the speculations of the German thinkers of the 18th and 19th centuries than ancient Greek thinkers. Despite the ideas of Rousseau, Diderot, Voltaire, Vico, Leibniz, and others, it can be shown that Johann Gottfried von Herder (1764-1803) was the first thinker that provided a metaphysical and philosophical grounding for culture. He portrayed the human being as essentially a cultural being. However, Herder does not have an independent book or treatise specifically about the "philosophy of culture" or even the meaning of culture. Consequently, the present paper tries to analyze how Herder's "philosophy of culture" implicitly emerges from his vast oeuvre by extracting his diverse and diffuse discussions about language, man, history, politics and culture; and, finally, its impact on the subsequent thinkers of this field, especially Hegel. Accordingly, this paper, regardless of its short introduction, has three main parts: First, the theoretical foundations of Herder's thoughts and his sources of inspiration; Second, Herder’s philosophy of culture, extracted from a variety of his works and focusing on his critiques of Enlightenment; and third, examining Herder's influence on subsequent thinkers, focusing on the evolution of the concept of culture.

Philosophy of culture is a relatively young discipline which evolved in the early 20th century, as a reaction against the all-embracing crisis facing human life. Examining culture, as the main aspect of human existence, it aims at developing a theory for man’s cultural life, whit the help of which man can live a better life. In this paper after an introduction to the philosophy of culture and its tasks, I have examined the causes which has led to the growth of this discipline. Then having given a history of philosophy of culture, I have explained the views of two major figures in the field, namely Simmel and Cassirer, on the human culture. Finally I have mentioned some of the achievements and also future prospects of philosophy of culture.

Johann Gottfried von Herder''s thought has a wide range and in order to roam in his views we should deal with the issues such as humanity، history and philosophy of history، anthropology، culture and philosophy of culture as he has proposed. Concerning the conditions of the contemporary world and the importance of such questions as nature of culture، relation between cultures and the future of culture، it seems necessary to read out the works of Herder. The least benefit of reading out Herder''s ideas is that we get familiar with a suitable paradigm for a deep study and analysis of culture and the existing questions around it; a paradigm that is essential for perusing theoretical studies about culture. In this paper Herder''s ideas about culture have been discussed and the point which has been particularly emphasized here is that it is through Herder''s works that culture as a subject for philosophy is put into the mind and «philosophy of culture» is formed. Concerning Herder''s paradigm، this paper proceeds to survey the relation between cultures in the contemporary world. The issue of the relation between cultures is an issue which has been greatly prominent in recent three decades، and it seems that Herder''s insight and treatment is one of the best paradigms to enter into such an issue.

Allameh Tabataba’i’s ‘contingent perception’ comes to thought in the subject of epistemology, though contingent perception should not be limited to this field. It appears that Allameh Tabataba’i has proposed this discussion with a novel perception of humankind and the world and by his presence in the mindset of the modern world. To discover such a perception, one must pay attention to the ‘realm’ of Contingents instead of focusing the mind on contingent perceptions. If we study the sixth article in the book The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism with a consideration toward the thought pattern in the West that has led to philosophical reflections about ‘culture’, the correctness of this understanding is revealed. If we consider the emersion context for the mindset of intellectuals such as Rousseau, Vico and Herder about civilization and culture and follow the approach of these scholars to the field of culture, we can then understand the approach of Allameh Tabataba’i to questions which have been addressed by contingent perceptions. If we read the contingent perceptions theory with this method, and pay attention to the similarities in perceptions and different historical contexts, an opportunity for beginning a new dialogue about ‘culture and its elements’ between Islamic school of thought and those which have generated from European culture. The understanding of this article is that the subject of Contingents, considering its instruments and results, can be proposed as a substitute theory alongside other philosophical theories regarding culture. In other words, Allameh’s theory of Contingents can act as basis for answering questions about in the field of ‘the philosophy of culture’.