جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « philosophy of logic » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

Philosophers, using their unique philosophical terminologies and language, have presented strong proofs for establishing the existence of the Almighty God. On the other hand, arguments for proving the existence of God can also be presented from the verses of the Quran. But is it possible to derive these philosophical proofs from the Quranic verses, and even claim that philosophers have derived their proofs from the revealed source? This research aims to provide an affirmative answer to this question by using the rational principles of logic to derive and elucidate the premises of certain proofs for God's existence in the Quran. The following will be illustrated: (1) rationality of the concepts in this holy book; (2) the inseparability of the Quran and logical reasoning; (3) an aspect of Qur’anic scientific miraculousness. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines two philosophical arguments for establishing God's existence in historical order: the argument of contingency and necessity, and the argument of existential indigence. The philosophers have extracted the first argument from verse 35 of Surah At-Ṭūr and the second argument from verse 15 of Surah Fāṭir.

Ghazali is one of the Islamic scholars with research works in the field of jurisprudence, ethics, theology and philosophy. Despite his alleged opposition to philosophy and philosophical thinking, his works shows, especially in topics related to psychology, that he is a rationalist thinker who has benefited from the methods and approaches of Islamic philosophers. In the present article, using a descriptive-analytical method, we have surveyed Ghazali's views on logic and philosophy and their application in psychology and we have come to the conclusion that, contrary to the opinion of some researchers who have considered Ghazali a strict anti-philosophy theologian, he  should be considered a rationalist theologian who, in all stages of his life, even when he turned to Sufism, remained loyal to rational principles and methods and considered reason to be the most important criterion for the validity of any kind of knowledge. In psychology, he is totally influenced by peripatetic philosophy, and due to his strong attachment to Ibn Sina's philosophical method in psychology, he sometimes borrow words from his books to support his own views. He adheres to logical arguments and considers reason as the criterion for testing the validity of other means of knowledge, that is, tradition, experience and intuition. According to some of Ghazali's theoretical foundations such as the negation of causality between phenomena, it seems that, by replacing causality with the theory of habit of Allah, he has managed to solve some of the requirements of the negation of causality in psychology. But such a theory is not free of ambiguities and problems.

We first look at some controversial issues in mathematical logic. These issues are often confused by non-specialists. The main topics that we will address in this regard are: Tarski's definition of truth, Tarski's theorem on undefinability of truth, Gödel's completeness theorem and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and first and second-order logic. Next, we will introduce some non-classical logics and their place in philosophical logic as well as logic in computer science. In addition, we discuss some philosophical issues related to logic. Among the issues we discuss are the definition of logic, the difference between logic and logical system, and the challenge of monism versus pluralism in the choice of logic. By separating logic from logical systems, we will defend the view that mathematical logic, as part of mathematics, should only be committed to the standards of mathematics. In this regard, any non-classical logic system that meets these standards will have legitimacy.

The separation of ontological issues from ontology is one of the most important issues in epistemology. The rules of logic are responsible for analyzing and explaining the laws of detection Unknown conception and Unknown ratification. In traditional logic, the proposition, as the subject of the logic of assertion, is Logical Secondary intelligible and has a formal and anecdotal truth. Formal logic is responsible for providing the instruments of composition between the theorems. The theorem content, the type of its connection with outside world and its Semantic issues are outside from this domain. It seems that the modal discussions in traditional logic, in some cases, have provided the interference of matter and form and entry of some objective rules into the subjective proposition. Actuality, permanence and faculty are Different from the formal. These are related to the process of objective objects in the external world. Adding these modals to the theorem structure has caused confusion, complexity, discrepancy, and ambiguity in traditional modal logic. In this article, we have demonstrated by analytical way that traditional logic can be criticized for adding modals to the proposition structure and, and for limiting the modal logic in certain modals.

Reflecting on Aristotle's logic and analyzing its metaphysical foundations shows the close connection between logic and metaphysics in his thought. However, by paying close attention to the differences between this logic and Ibn al-Sina's logic, we see that the metaphysical and logical relationship with Ibn Sina has diminished, and as a result, the formal tendency in this logic has become more prominent.

Although the concept of "mode" is not unknown for audiences and scholars of Islamic philosophy, it seems this concept is not well considered. In this article after considering the origin of mode, a comprehensive description on its position and solutions in the field of Islamic logic and philosophy is supplied, especially in transcendent wisdom. The relationship between prestige and credit is also examined as much as possible. Numerous examples have been provided to avoid ambiguity in this regard. Then the capabilities of this discussion and at the same time, the necessary conditions to utilize it have been showed. It is also summarized at the end of this article that observing the issue of mode can pave the way between dogmatism and relativism.

The question about life and living has a history as long as human history and it is a matter that has taken various faces in the evolution of thought history. Today, this question is being pursued more seriously, to the extent that it even became a branch of philosophy of religion in universities. Also, among various contemporary philosophical methods, analytic and linguistic philosophers have analyzed with precision and specificity the various structures of language propositions that are partly based on the attitudes of Wittgenstein's philosophical logic treatise. Therefore, analyzing the logical structure of the question of the meaning of life, and the correctness or inaccuracy of its design in Wittgenstein's thinking is attractive and new or modern; for, on the one hand, in his dual thought, propositions of some sciences such as ethics, philosophy, art, religion, and metaphysics are dumb and meaningless because they are not compatible with rational standards of language, and on the other hand, his faithful and pragmatic beliefs have led to different perceptions of human life and living. Hence, our attempt in the present article is to measure the contradiction and paradoxes in Wittgenstein's thinking in proportion to the important question of the meaning of life, and to review its possible answer.

By appearance of the attributed philosophies, collection of the philosophy of logic seems unavoidable, and the present article is a review of the old logic discussions and an inspection in them to achieve related philosophical questions, questions that Muslim logicians have themselves answered to some of them in the midst of their logical discussions, and some of these questions should be discussed and answered in philosophy of logic. There is no doubt that discussions can be mentioned in the field of philosophy of logic is much more than what is mentioned here. This article has tried to mention questions of philosophy of logic on the basis of old logic, but occasionally, some philosophical questions are mentioned which are not irrelevant to old logic, like…the validity of the table of value depends on the validity of disjunctive and conjunctive.