جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه ": ضمانت اجرا" در نشریات گروه "فقه و حقوق"

The legal status of transactions that contradict negative result conditions (the consequences of negative result conditions) is an issue that has received limited attention in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law. Jurists and legal scholars have proposed four theories regarding the legal status of transactions conflicting with negative result conditions: the invalidity of the conflicting transaction, the non-enforceability of the conflicting transaction, the potential for the conflicting transaction to be annulled, and a distinction between unilateral acts and contracts (invalidity in contracts and non-enforceability regarding the conditional beneficiary in unilateral acts). The authors contend that a distinction should be made between the unilateral waiver of legal effects (unilateral acts) and the waiver of such effects within the framework of a bilateral contract. In the former, because the individual has irrevocably waived the legal effect, the conflicting transaction is invalid; however, in the latter, since the waiver is contingent upon the will of the conditional beneficiary, they may choose to forgo it and restore the legal effect to the conditional obligor. Thus, the conflicting transaction should be considered non-enforceable and subject to the approval of the conditional beneficiary. Finally, a comparison is made between the consequences of negative result conditions and negative action conditions, demonstrating that, despite differences in their content, they share the same legal ruling in the context of conflicting transactionsIn conclusion, a comparative analysis between the guarantee of executing a negative outcome condition and the legal negative condition reveals that despite differences in content, they share a consistent legal ruling in the context of contradictory transactions.Key words: opposite Transactions, sanction, negative result condition, nullity, invalidity,

The check has played a significant role as a commercial document in facilitating monetary transactions. Therefore, establishing the most desirable rules and regulations for this document to strengthen its position in the payment system has always captured the attention of lawmakers from the outset. Numerous regulations have been imposed on checks from the past to the present, with the latest being related to the amended law of 2018. According to the aforementioned law, numerous developments have occurred regarding various issues related to checks, with one of the most significant being the changes introduced in the field of legal enforcement guarantees of checks. Some of these changes are aimed at amending past regulations and making modifications to them, while others stem from legislative innovations in the said law. One of the innovations of lawmakers in this area includes the enforcement of cheque payments through judicial execution without judicial review, as well as the establishment of enforcement guarantees related to the banking system. In general, the establishment of such enforcement guarantees with a non-penal approach and the creation of deprivations of banking services for dishonored cheque issuers themselves indicates a shift in the legislator's approach from repressive policies to replacing a legal and banking approach for the recovery of bounced cheques.

The guarantees of lawful evidence can be explained in two models: "methodical and consequential". In a method model, the mere illegality of obtaining evidence leads to a rejection of its positive value, even if the accused has committed a crime. In American law, which follows this model, the principle of obtaining evidence is referred to as the " exclusionary rule ". Actions of judicial officers such as entrapment and Formal transactions are remedies for criminal liability and the reasons learned in this way can not be cited. Declaring evidence in favor of the accused is known as the "Brady rule" and the accused has the right to object the reasons given for his arrest. Iranian criminal law follows the result model due to the lack of guarantees such as the " The rule of invalidity of reason"; Because in this model, the method of gathering the reasons is not the basis and focus point, but the overall effect of this method on the outcome of the trial is the criterion. Obtaining evidence illegally, although in some cases initially leads to their discrediting, but the same evidence in judicial practice is considered as presumption and one of the ways that judges gain knowledge to achieve outcome of the trial. One of the results of this model is central confession in the Iranian penal system, which has led to pay proper attention to the method of obtaining it, and the other is the lack of provision of appropriate and effective enforcement guarantees for evidence that violates the defense rights of defendant.

With the emergence of blockchain platform smart contracts and the amazing features of this technology in the execution of contractual obligations, many experts in this field held that due to the self-executing structure of smart contracts in the implementation of obligations, these contracts will put an end to the violation of obligations in the field of contracts. However, the passage of time indicated that this vision was beyond the current capabilities of smart contracts. In fact, smart contracts may significantly reduce the dispute, though it is unlikely that the dispute will be completely eliminated. Therefore, the importance and role of guaranteeing contract violation executions is also raised in smart contracts. However, it seems that there is no guarantee of contractual execution in the smart contract, such as price reduction or lien. Obviously, based on the principle of immutability governing the blockchain, in order to apply any executive guarantee in the smart contract, that executive guarantee must be coded in the smart contract in advance. Then it will be the turn to apply this execution guarantee. The smart contract basically implements and applies this execution guarantee by itself or by connecting to legal intermediaries and applying their opinions in two ways, namely, direct and indirect ways.

Abstract Criminal procedure has fundamental and predetermined principles to ensure respect for the rights and freedoms of individuals Is involved in the criminal proceedings. These are the principles that form the cornerstone of a proper due process Without them, the basis of the proceedings is shaken, sometimes based on the actions and measures taken at different stages of the process Criminal and sometimes affect the behavior of various actors in the criminal process (officers and judges) in both Case, requirements, prohibitions and frameworks determined by these principles, in case of violation with a guarantee of implementation Will be accompanied. In this context, the legislature has observed the principles in several laws, including the Code of Criminal Procedure Execute the proceedings with a guarantee and accompany their violation with criminal, disciplinary, civil, invalidity and invalidity protection Has done. In the meantime, guaranteeing the implementation of invalidity and invalidity due to its functions is of special importance and status. Has. This article intends to study and critique the guarantee of the implementation of invalidity and invalidity as one of The latest enforcement guarantee for violation of the principles of litigation, to examine the effects of this enforcement guarantee in the legal system Iran and appropriate solutions to comply with the principles of justice in criminal proceedings through Provide this type of performance guarantee. Vocabulary

As a vulnerable group of society, disabled people need special support from the government. Therefore, supporting disabled people requires identifying legal gaps and formulating efficient laws in this field. The way of facing and the quality of service provided by criminal and public institutions to these powerless groups plays an important role in guaranteeing their rights. The purpose of this research is to examine and diagnose the rights of disabled people in the criminal and public institutions of Iran and to identify the appropriate guarantees for the realization of these rights in these institutions. The main question of this research is that what rights do disabled people have in criminal and public institutions and what guarantees can be investigated to realize these rights as best as possible. The findings of this research show that the need to compensate for the damages, the possibility of easy access to the institutions of the criminal justice system, and the need to adopt protective-assistance measures as some of the rights that must be respected are faced with legal shortcomings and gaps, and the necessary guarantees have not been provided for them. Also, in the public institutions of the country, there is not enough easy access for the disabled to administrative places, the right to employment and recreation, as well as the right to enjoy care, health, medical, psychological and rehabilitation services.

In this article, the conditions, effects, and guarantee of anticipating violations before the due date in the International Sale of Goods Convention and the possibility of accepting or not accepting this theory in Iranian law are examined and analyzed.

This research is theoretical and the research method was descriptive and analytical. The method of collecting information is done using books, articles and treatises and international and domestic documents in a library format.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this article, the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Based on the theory of prediction of breach, the possibility and reasonable prediction of breach in the future, which is inferred from the announcement of non-fulfillment of the obligation by the obligor or the circumstances, the obligor has the right to suspend or terminate the contract, as the case may be, or It gives both. The origin of this theory is common law.

Considering that the right of suspension is stipulated in the Convention on the International Sale of Goods, it can be stated that this is a strong reason for the difference between these two entities. Article 238 of Iran's Trade Law can be considered as an example of anticipating violations, of course, with a specific executive guarantee (requirement of appropriate guarantee) and a limited territory.

In the complex, multifaceted, and critical arena of marriage and family institutions, one influential factor in the quality and longevity of family life is the set of explicit or implicit conditions that spouses include in the marriage contract. By agreeing to these conditions and relying on the commitment of the other party not to breach them, couples enter into a shared life. In today’s economic, cultural, and social context, the condition of not having children-whether for a specified period or permanently-and maintaining a two-person family has been incorporated into some marriage contracts and has captured the attention of some young people preparing for marriage. This study, setting aside the reasons why such an idea has arisen among those contemplating marriage and family formation, adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the enforcement of this condition and the rights of the conditional party in cases where the condition is breached by the obligated party. By highlighting the ineffectiveness of general enforcement measures for conditions, this article argues that safeguarding this particular condition within the marriage contract depends on establishing contractual enforcement measures.

Trade secrets are one of the important issues of industrial and commercial property that play an important role in the industrial development of societies. For this reason, it needs the support of the legislator. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to examine the criminal and civil protection of trade secrets violations in Iranian criminal law.

This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used..

Ethical Considerations: 

In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

The findings imply that the civil guarantee includes compensation for damages and the criminal guarantee for the violation of trade secrets includes a monetary penalty, and in cases such as forgery, it includes imprisonment. In fact, despite the fact that trade secrets are one of the most important branches of industrial property and its support is necessary in order to create a healthy competitive environment that leads to commercial development, However, the laws related to industrial property do not guarantee criminality or trade secrets, and therefore, based on other general laws in the field of intellectual property or criminal laws, such as the Islamic Penal Code or civil liability laws, the protection of trade secrets can be reviewed.

It is necessary to establish more efficient and precise laws that are not ambiguous in order to protect trademarks and trade secrets as important aspects of industrial property rights.

One of the most valuable concepts in today's world is to solve the concern of intellectual property in the real space and especially in the digital space. Because in order to solve the concern of intellectual property, it is necessary to offer up-to-date solutions on the platform of blockchain, so that in their form this space of intellectual property rights becomes a safe and secure area. In order to implement this, today non-fungible tokens are used to acquire the right of ownership of a real or digital asset under the title of a digital document. And blockchain, by creating NFT tokens that are created and moved on the blockchain of digital currencies, has made the artists of the world, including painters, architects, musicians, digital artists, graphic artists, animators and filmmakers, who are mainly created from works of art. They earned their own money. Or sometimes they gave away their intellectual property in order to earn money from works of art. They were always faced with the problem of copying works and the ineffectiveness of copyright laws, as well as the problem of selling fake works and mediation of works of art, to find a special solution. This research seeks to explain the solution to the concern of intellectual property in the real and digital space. Therefore, in this research, we seek to analyze the use of NFT tokens and its impact on intellectual property by taking inspiration from similar materials with a descriptive-analytical method. enactment of appropriate legislation, systematic foundation and creation of desire in governmental and non-governmental institutions to use non-proprietary tokens in further protection of intellectual property rights.

Human dignity and the legitimate freedoms of members of the society are one of the fundamental rights of nations, which the government, as a superior governing body, is responsible for observing. It is important to refer to the history of civilized societies and sacred religious texts that legitimate freedoms have been the concern of rulers and demanded by citizens for many years. The current form of power structure in most societies, which takes place in accordance with the separation of powers, requires the consideration of a large governing body to implement and facilitate the observance of these freedoms for individuals. In the process of criminal proceedings, compliance with some penal principles will guarantee the legitimate freedom of citizens during the proceedings and proceedings of the courts. In this research, by studying and verifying these principles, we will deal with the performance of the judiciary in protecting the basic rights of people in the society. These principles are briefly; The principle of acquittal, the principle of non-retroactivity of criminal laws, the prohibition of torture and the acquisition of illegitimate reasons, and the principles governing the determination of crimes and punishments.

By studying the legal texts and Article 377 of the Civil Code, this point of view is confirmed that the right of imprisonment is recognized as a "primary inherent" right, an absolute and negative right that each of the parties has enjoyed from the beginning and based on it. They can refuse to fulfill their obligations. Also, there is a lien depending on the number of parties; But with a careful study, the theory of "objection and defense" of the right of imprisonment can be put forward. In this description, the lien is a suspended right that cannot be invoked by the resident at first, but only when there is a reasonable and conventional certainty that the other party "doesn't want or can't" adhere to his obligations despite comes It is only for the person who is ready to fulfill the contractual obligations. In this description, there is only one lien and the lien is not multiplied by the number of parties. This research, which was completed in a library method and in a descriptive-analytical way, after stating the flaws of the first theory, presents a new description of the lien.

This research has been written with the aim of investigating the abuse of contract law in the contract implementation stage. The enforcement of the rights arising from the contract must be done in its normal form, and deviating from the normal form of exercising the contractual right is considered a fault and leads to the abuse of the contractual right. No matter how much effort is made to prevent the abuse of the contractual right and to provide legal solutions and measures to guarantee strong and heavy performances, the recurrence of the abuse of the contractual right is inevitable, because it depends on the attitude of the rightful owner. He has the right to exercise his right. If he wants to abuse the right created by the contract concluded with others and exceed the scope of the right, the abuse of the contractual right will undoubtedly occur and there will be no escape from it. Contracts such as (Contracts with Imposition Conditions () Contracts with Obligation) (Contracts Affected by Changing Conditions) (Supplementary Contracts) and (Consumer Contracts) that are potentially abusive in private law. The existence of performance guarantees such as "modification of the contract", "termination of the contract", "compensation" and "invalidation of the contract" in the contract and laws is a key factor in preventing the abuse of contractual rights during the contract implementation phase.

The purpose of this article is to examine the laws governing the trademarks and trade secrets of start-ups and the consequences of their violation in Iranian law. 

This paper is descriptive and analytical using library method.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this paper, the originality of the text, honesty, and trustworthiness are respected.

the laws governing trademarks and trade secrets of startups include legal and criminal laws, and the consequences of violating them include civil guarantees including compensation for damages and criminal guarantees including fines, and in cases such as forgery, imprisonment. The important point is that the lack of any explicit protection of trademarks and trade secrets of start-ups should be noted in Iranian law. Despite the fact that trade secrets are one of the most important sub-branches of industrial property and its support is necessary in order to create a healthy competitive environment that leads to the development of start-ups, but the laws related to industrial property have neglected this important matter and have not made any reference to this matter.

Despite the fact that trade secrets are one of the most important sub-branches of industrial property and its support is necessary in order to create a healthy competitive environment that leads to the development of startups, but the laws related to industrial property have neglected this important matter and have not made any reference to this matter. In order to protect trademarks and trade secrets as important aspects of industrial property rights, it is necessary to establish more efficient and precise laws that are not ambiguous.

When someone exercises his right of action and the proceedings begin, any interruption and obstruction in this work has a negative effect and is prohibited. Despite this, the reasons for recuse the judge, which is rooted in the two principles of the impartiality of the judge and the independence of the court, in some way create an obstacle in the process of proceedings, so the incorrect implementation of that can affect the right to action by sending the case to other judges or courts in which the litigants to be felt upset about the proceedings that he does not consider himself recused. These recuse causes, which are contained in the law, if they are implemented in accordance with that principles, there will be a kind of balance in the implementation of the principles, which will not interfere with litigation, nor invalidate the proceedings and the judgment. With this definition, not including a direction in the form of recuse to the judge does not prevent it from being presented as a defense in the process of complaining about the reviewing of the decision, which is a new point of view in this article. Also, the six unification decisions of the Supreme Court, which have been issued regarding the clarification of hard cases of recuse and the effect of refusal to adjudication, although it has been able to solve the ambiguities of the laws to a large extent, it does not answer all the questions surrounding these aspects and shortcomings remain. Some unification decisions of the Supreme Court, while important, do not have a solution regarding the implementation of the principles of neutrality and independence, and others have been issued due to the misuse of the judge's recuse, while comparative studies can provide useful approaches to reform laws and regulations.

Management of sustainable development is one of the important issues of development, which has not been discussed much in the shadow of the concept of sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to examine sustainable development management in countries from the perspective of international law with an analysis of economic jurisprudence.

This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used.

Ethical considerations: 

In the present paper, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

The findings indicate that in economic jurisprudence, it is possible to achieve important principles and rules that indicate the management of sustainable development. The principle of not causing harm in the development process, observing the principle of maintaining balance and balance, the principle of responsibility and non-corruption in the land, and paying attention to human dignity are among the most important of these rules and principles. In international law, sustainable development management has been emphasized in various international conventions and documents, including the Rio Convention. In international development law, compliance with human rights standards, protection of social values and compliance with environmental standards in the development process are the three basic principles that govern sustainable development management. In the principle of compliance with environmental standards in the development process, there are important principles such as the principle of responsibility and compensation, the principle of caution and the principle of cooperation and information in environmental risks.

. The results showed What is important is to guarantee the implementation of the rules and principles governing sustainable development management. Without a guarantee of implementation, the rules governing the management of sustainable development in international law will remain only as recommendations.

The undeniable effect of a fair trial on guaranteeing the defense rights of the accused and the objective realization of the principle of acquittal makes the necessity of predicting the guarantee of execution against the violation of its standards even more obvious. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, the comparative typology of this guarantee of executions in the criminal justice system of Iran and France has been addressed by separating the proceedings. The findings of the research show that the violation of legality in connection with the place where the accused is observed and the lack of understanding of his rights at the stage of crime discovery, the violation of the lawfulness of temporary detention and the lack of separation between the prosecuting authority and the investigating authority at the stage of criminal prosecution, are violations of the right of the accused. of the lawyer and his right to remain silent during the preliminary investigation stage and the violation of the public nature of the criminal proceedings, as well as the principle of equality of the parties during the investigation and sentencing stage, is one of the most important manifestations of the violation of fair proceedings. It seems that in French criminal law, the legislator has paid more attention to the diversity and proportionality of sanction for the violation of fair proceedings. In the criminal law of Iran, despite the attention of the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 1392 to the standards and principles of fair proceedings, the necessary support of the said principles and standards has not been implemented through the provision of the guarantee of proportionate and deterrent legal sanction.

Transverse theory of performance guarantee as a famous theory based on reasoning and logic along with the longitudinal theory of performance guarantee has been accepted by some legal systems and international documents that the right to terminate the contract arises with the possibility of coercion of the obligee and the basis of its occurrence is It can be any violation or breach of contractual obligations by the obligor. In other words, the violation of the obligation is considered in the general sense, and the refusal to fulfill the obligation in the general sense (i.e. refusal in any form) can also be considered a violation, which creates the right of termination for the obligor. According to the opinions and evidence of some jurists, refusing to fulfill the obligation even in the case of imprisonment of the transaction as a pledge can cause the termination of the contract. This research has been done by library method and descriptive-analytical method by explaining the transverse theory of guarantee of execution in different legal systems, international documents and legal doctrine and analyzing and criticizing the influence of the right of arrest inferred from Article 377. The law examines and studies the existence of performance guarantee in the transverse theory.

Identifying the consumers’ right to have access to information has a significant effect onorganizing their behavior and making an informed choice in goods consumption. With thecomplexity of the structure of the goods and the difference in the information level of themanufacturing and supplying specialists compared to the consumer, a kind of informationasymmetry has been created that endangers social peace and tranquility and creates tension in therelations between the two social groups: the supplier and the producer on the one hand and theconsumer on the other hand. Therefore, to prevent problems arising from the asymmetry ofinformation, the task of providing information to the consumer is assigned to the suppliers ofgoods. In addition to the will of the parties and their agreement regarding the obligation toprovide information explicitly and implicitly, the importance of the law as one of the sources ofthis obligation should not be overlooked. The issue of the obligation to provide information inlegal sources can be the act of providing necessary information or the act of refraining fromproviding false information, depending on the case. In Iranian law, the traces of acceptance ofboth aspects of this obligation can be observed in both general and special regulations. In thecommon law legal system, the lack of guidance and warning is considered a type of productdefect. However, since the discussion of the obligation to inform and the duty of producers andsellers regarding guidance and warning is important and comprehensive, it is investigatedseparately from the discussion of defect option under an independent heading.