جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حقوق داخلی » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

Due to the various characteristics of cultural heritage, any attack on it draws the attention of the international community. This can be seen in the reactions of the United Nations (UN) to the destruction, looting, and trafficking of the cultural heritage of countries such as Iraq, Syria and the other countries committed by terrorist groups. What is important here is the United Nations Security Council's reactions to this issue. It seems that, in terms of securitizing cultural heritage, the procedures taken by the Security Council for the protection of cultural heritage have included requiring internal measures (affecting the domestic law of countries) and referring to the humanitarian aspects of cultural heritage. Paying attention to the Security Council’s performance with regard to cultural heritage can be effective since the Security Council, as the main pillar of the UN, has the primary duty of maintaining international peace and security and its decisions are binding for the UN members as per the UN Charter. To this end, this paper, by adopting a descriptive and analytical approach, tries to examine and explain the procedures of the United Nations Security Council for the protection of cultural heritage. Based on the findings of this paper, we conclude that United Nations Security Council’s resolutions have been effective in protecting cultural heritage.

Today, at the national and international levels, human survival and health is considered as a very important issue. Food security is one of the seven tools of human security in the context of human rights discourse. It currently includes various geographical, economic, political, social, environmental, legal and other dimensions. This research examines food security based on the descriptive and analytical method and considering the importance of the issue of human health security and environmental hazards despite climate changes. The purpose of the current research is to pay attention to the approach of domestic law, Islamic law and international law from the perspective of strengths and weaknesses. Through this description and focusing on the existing hypothesis, there are risks of food security and also the development of poverty due to climate change. The finding of the current research is that the framework of food security should not be affected by the chaotic changes in climate due to environmental hazards.

Continuity of imposing sanctions against Iran and its harmful effects on natural and legal person has brought up the necessity to determine of the scope of liability due to imposing sanctions. Clarifying this issue requires examining the viewpoints of thought governing the limits of the legitimacy of sanctions and then determining the scope of civil liability due to imposing of illegitimate sanctions in domestic and international law. The present research which was written with analytical-descriptive method and using library tools, clarifies foundations of civil responsibility due to imposing sanctions in domestic and international law. Regarding the conceptual difference of civil liability foundations in domestic law and international law, civil liability due to imposing of sanctions in domestic law is subject to the theory of fault and in international law is subject to the theory of risk, but both domestic and international systems have this common point that they consider the act of violation of international law as an objective element, regardless of whether that act is intentional or unintentional. In this way, the imposition of sanctions that enforce or effect it violate international law, will causes responsibility of the sanctioning authority.

The assumption of independence of domestic and international law systems does not impede the relationship between these two systems, and in particular, the ability to apply international law in domestic law or the ability to apply domestic law in international law. In addition, from the perspective of international law, in the event of conflict between these two legal systems, the general rule of superiority of international law over domestic law prevails. This means that a State cannot evade its international obligations by relying on its own domestic laws or invoke these laws to justify acts contrary to international law. In other words, this general rule of customary international law is in fact a connecting point between international law and domestic law. On the basis of an effective interpretation of this rule, it can be considered that States have an obligation not to enact laws contrary to their international obligations and even to accord an un-waivable status to their international obligations in the hierarchy of domestic laws. The ability to apply domestic law by international law, or in other words, “renvoi” to domestic law, has taken many forms and some new dimensions in the opinions of the International Court of Justice and international arbitral awards.

In today's world, with phenomena such as globalization, rapid changes in the international arena, and their effects on human rights and freedoms, the significance of the internationalization of constitutional laws as a link between the public laws of states and international law is growing daily. Initially, constitutions were primarily considered as national documents confined within a country's borders. However, this perspective no longer holds in the era of globalization. constitutional rights, as a subset of public rights, are no exception. Nevertheless, the internationalization of constitutional laws continues to face numerous challenges and raises many controversies. For instance, if a domestic constitution is influenced by international law, it might undergo substantial changes. This process reflects that national constitutions are essentially part of a broader international legal framework. The inclusion of human rights in domestic constitutions, the increase in the convergence between national and international constitutions, and the alignment of the legal systems with the global market all contribute to the internationalization of constitutions. Furthermore, in entities like the European Union, internationalization occurs partially or regionally which forms the legal framework for the member states. Additionally, focusing on shared ideological principles among governments can lead to the transnationalization of certain constitutional principles. This not only serves to hold governments accountable but also allows for a comparative assessment of judicial practices concerning common issues. In general, the internationalization of constitutional laws can be viewed as a tool to curb the political powers of the government and officials within the framework of harmonized and effective legal principles. This article introduces and explores different facets of this process.

Research Questions:

What are the opportunities and challenges before the internationalization of constitutional laws?
What sets the ground for the creation and the status of cross-border principles, and what is their impact on national constitutions?

Literature Review:

In delving into the research background on the internationalization of constitutional laws, it is pertinent to consider factors such as governments' accession to documents related to or containing provisions on international human rights and the shifts in the global legal atmosphere. These steps signify changes in the global legal thinking that play a role in shaping the constitutions of nations. The influence of regional organizations like the European Union in instigating changes in the constitutional laws of member states is also noteworthy. These regional interactions can directly affect the constitutional laws of member states in economic, legal, and political aspects. In this context, many articles have examined the intricate interplay between the Constitution, international law, and global governance[1], as well as the potential for the internationalization of constitutions in different countries through adherence to international documents.[2] However, few sources have tackled the existing challenges and the future prospects.

This research is fundamental research, employing a library-based method to collect and review data from documents, books, writings, articles, and foreign sources. In terms of research methodology, this study follows a non-comparative approach wherein it first delves into the factors and the driving forces behind the shift toward internationalization of fundamental laws, the second part focuses on delineating and explaining partial or regional internationalization and the associated challenges, and finally, the third part presents the outlook of this initiative.

This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the role of international human rights in national constitutions and the extent to which governments adhere to these documents. It also seeks to elucidate the impact of changes in global legal thinking on the constitutional frameworks of countries and their alignment with international law. The study investigates the role of regional organizations such as the European Union in promoting and facilitating the internationalization of constitutional laws in specific regions and how they affect the methods for adapting and formulating constitutional laws. In conclusion, the study finds that firstly, despite the debates among legal scholars, transnational principles are not always universally applicable, sometimes they are specific to particular geographical regions or their religious beliefs. furthermore, these principles allow oversight of governments and dual control through the application of binding domestic and international mechanisms. additionally, they enable a comparative examination of the judicial practices across different countries on common issues. In conclusion, the essay provides that the internationalization of constitutional laws can serve as a tool to underpin the restraint of political powers within the framework of harmonious and effective legal principles.

Modern governments always consider themselves agents of public will and protectors of public interests and goals. Public opinion also measures governments based on their attention to public goals. One of the general goals of governments in the field of achieving good governance is to develop infrastructure and increase public welfare, and in this field, most governments try to achieve more success in this field by attracting foreign investment.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Due to the long-term nature of the investment contracts and the period of its exploitation, there may be changes in public opinion, fundamental changes in the structure of governments, revolutions may cause a change in attitude towards public goals and expropriation, confiscation and nationalization of the investor's property.

Ethical Considerations: 

In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

In this regard, there are many issues, one of the most important of which is the role of good governance in determining the legitimacy or not of expropriation in line with public goals. As a result of the investigation, it will be clear that today the principles of good governance have become one of the incentives influencing the continuation of foreign investment.

The emergence of a new disease called Corona in 2019 made the world face a new crisis that affected all aspects of human life. One of the goals of establishing the World Health Organization was the need to fight against epidemics that are beyond the borders of countries. However, the financial and technical opportunities needed to achieve their goals and the cooperation of the member countries were not always at the optimal level and are not. Experience has shown that half of the financial resources include voluntary contributions for specific programs, but the organization refuses to develop a binding legal rule regarding them. Covid-19 are acting according to the guidelines and guidelines of the World Health Organization. It should be noted that despite all the problems and some mistakes, the organization managed this process correctly with the experience gained from previous epidemics. In domestic law, with the occurrence of this crisis, the functions of the government have also changed, which can be discussed in the three areas of prevention, treatment and the creation of new administrative structures to manage and control the disease. The main question that this research seeks to answer is the investigation of the impact of Corona on the functioning of the government in domestic law as well as the international body in charge of health, namely the World Health Organization. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and the library method was used to collect the sources.

Immigrants' delinquency and the framework of theoretical debates related to it have always been the subject of discussion in various sciences, including law based on the fundamental principles of human rights, international law, and specific components of domestic law. In this article, with a descriptive and analytical view, the approach of criminal response policies towards the crimes of immigrants has been explored with reference to the existing laws, and in the discourse of criminal policy in the field of criminal policy, it is concluded that Iran's criminal laws regarding immigrants have a criminal-oriented and security-oriented approach. While a deep knowledge and understanding of the various aspects of the phenomenon of immigration in the field of criminalization requires the establishment of strategic laws and the determination of pathologically appropriate policies and executive policies with differential policies with regard to the personality component of criminals, the analysis of the situation of immigrants and the attitude towards its social interactions and the consequences of committing a crime while maintaining security It is the territory and protection of the boundaries of the country, which is achieved by developing comprehensive and comprehensive laws in line with human rights attitudes with appropriate responses in coordination with related organizations and institutions in dealing with the delinquency of immigrants.

International investment law protects shareholders’ rights through treaty-based arrangements. That is to say, a great number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) identify shares as one of the types of protected investment as ICSID arbitral tribunals have recognized in several cases. Despite that, it should be considered that these Bilateral Investment Treaties do not, however, define shareholder or share and typically do not state whether shareholders must own a majority of the shares or control a company's administration to qualify for treaty protection. the absence of a general international law definition of shares or shareholders leads to the need to refer to such concepts as they are generally accepted by municipal legal systems and determine shareholders’ rights and obligations by way of renvoi to municipal rules. this process must preserve the integrity of the concept. tribunals and courts cannot modify or deform these concepts. This study examines the manner of interaction between municipal and international law in the field of shareholders' direct and indirect claims.

The attributability of actions to states within the context of investment treaty disputes and to focus on the roles played by international and domestic laws in such attributions have caught the attention of jurists in recent years. The ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, and particularly, article 3 points to the main outcome of this debate, where it does not consider domestic law irrelevant in internationally wrongful acts and stipulates that the issue is subject to international law and it will take into account the relevance of domestic law. Thus, although the characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful is an independent function of international law and such characterization is not affected by the characterization of the same act as lawful by domestic law, it does not mean that domestic law is irrelevant to such description; on the contrary, it may be related in various ways. The present article attempts to examine the challenging junction of domestic and international law with regard to the attributability of actions taken within the framework of investment treaties, specifically by state-owned and para-statal entities that exercise elements of state authority.

Since the emergence of the International Organizations, it was presumed two function for these new entities: International organizations as independent actors and as vehicles for states. In light of these two functions, two point of view about legal nature of the law produced inside IOs raised. According to the first point of view (constituent instruments as constitution) rules of international organizations just like rules of states were internal law of IOs and isolated from international law. According to second point of view (constituent instruments as a contract) rules of organizations were merely part of international law. Each of these two views have totally different effects on areas of characterization of acts, international responsibility and sequence of rules of international organizations. In this article after enumerating gaps and insufficiencies of each of these two views it is argued that adoption of a two-dimensional (internal and international) approach regarding nature of rules of international organizations, while protecting the legal autonomy of international organizations, will help to prevent fragmentation of international law .

The irrational rule (alert) is derived from one of Ali's ('a) judgments, which is mentioned in a narration from Imam Sadiq (AS), "The Height of My Commander Aware," that is, the one who warns against the excusable guarantor. Accordingly, before giving a harmful act, the warner and awareness required to escape the danger, the warner will be exempted from liability if he or she does not care about the arrival of the damage. This jurisprudential rule, which is in fact one of the guilty parties, is proven by rational and convincing reasons that many scholars have investigated. But the basic thrust of this paper is to what extent is the scope and scope of this rule? By reviewing the jurisprudential and legal writings and legal and analytical and descriptive methods and using library tools in order to reveal this scope, we will review the scope of the application of this rule in a variety of domestic and foreign domestic and international obligations.

The right to life, in accordance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is a non derogable right. Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Covenant considers Article 6 (right to life) to be irreparable. Article 6, of course, does not speak of the absolute prohibition of life annulment and preserves it solely for the most serious crimes and observes the conditions. On the other hand, in paragraph 5, he speaks of the absolute ban on the execution of people under the age of 18 and pregnant women. One of the controversies of the Islamic Republic of Iran with these treaties is the discussion about the minimum age of the child for criminal responsibility and specially execution, which the international human rights documents and bodies consider to be 18 years of age. But our jurisprudents have taken to criminal responsibility for age is 9 lunar years for girls and 15 lunar years for boys. This is all the while, unlike Sunnis, who believe that blocking the Ijthad after the four Imams, the Shi'i jurisprudence is characteristic of dynasties, ijtihad, and the high place of tradition and soul. The jurisprudential reasons regarding the issue of maturity and exodus from a childhood are very diverse and the Holy Quran distinguishes between puberty and growth. So that it can avoid conflicts with a human rights instruments and human rights law and consider 18 years old for understanding the consequences of the crime in case of children.

China has made significant progress in the implementation of international obligations in its domestic legal system over the past thirty years. However, the Chinese constitution and ordinary laws do not lay down general rules on the status of treaties in the domestic legal system. But the substantive obligations of the treaties to which China has acceded largely to domestic law and directly affect the country's economic and social activities. This article examines the various forms and ways in which China implements its international commitments domestically. In line with this, the number of cases in which courts use treaty rules is increasing, indicating China's determination to adhere more fully to its international obligations. In civil and commercial matters, international treaties apply primarily to cases with foreign elements, while in criminal law, China has placed almost all international crimes as criminal offenses under its national criminal law. And over the past thirty years, there has been significant progress in the implementation of international obligations in its domestic legal system. This article illustrates the various forms and ways in which China implements its international obligations at home, given China's position in the international system.

A great number of bilateral investment treaties including the treaties concluded by Iran, specify that in order to enjoy protection provided in the treaties investment should be made in accordance with internal law of host state. It is evident that nature, magnitude of breach and the subject matter of the laws which are likely to be violated by investors are not identical. The question which arise as to the issue in the light of case law of ICSID tribunals and object and purpose of investment treaties is whether hierarchical value and subject matter of internal law and regulation of host state have any impact on the evaluation of an investment legality. Analysis of the case-law developed on the issue shows that subject matter of internal law of host state has no bearing on the issue. On the other hand, nature, magnitude of breach and relevance of the law in accepting and establishment of investment in host state are relevant factors in evaluating legality of investment.

Good and efficient setting of communication between actors in the international community, requires careful examination of these relationships. The relationship between domestic order and international order and domestic legal obligations to obey to the norms and rules of international law of that discussed in law, international relations and politics, have not much legal literature in our country. Study of commitment of domestic law to obey the rules and norms of international law with descriptive- analytical approach is the subject of this article with using related references. Our finds shows: experts tried on documenting the internal legal obligation to obey the norms of international law with introducing various foundations. Domestic legal systems approach (constitutions, precedent and practice) are mainly based on the principle of the sovereignty of nations and the lack of obligation to obey the norms of the international law. While international law (international documents and international judicial procedures) issued order to obey of the norms of international law in many cases. The difference in approach of domestic law and international law leads to supremacy of international law over domestic law and the obligation to obey with the norms of international law with reasons like globalization and internationalization of (public) law, protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens and requirements of international life.

The Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is one of the most significant documents ratified in the field of harmonization of substantive law. Accession to the CISG needs a precise study of its pros and cons. The convention decreases costs, improves legal certainty, modernizes domestic law and increases trade. Simplicity, certainty, fairness, success and uniform interpretation are among those reasons stuck to by the proponents of accession to the CISG. But opponents of the CISG call into question the harmonization coming from the convention and believe that it is a reconciliatory and unworkable document, and because of this, legal certainty is not secured by this Convention and contracting parties often enter a reservation to it in international transactions. However, the general assessment shows that the reasons given by the proponents are stronger and the Convention improves the legal system, decreases costs, boosts trade and economy and consequently brings about public welfare and with regard to these results, accession to the Convention is recommended.

Public law has seen many developments in the contemporary period. This area of law is no longer limited to the boundaries of the nation-state and international developments and events and international law norms and rules have various effects on institutions and structures of domestic public law. Some researchers mentioned these phenomena as globalization in law and public law and others have commented on internationalization of that. This article seeks to answer this question that contemporary public law is which one; globalization or internationalization? with proof of contemporary public law internationalization, instances of this issue been studied in two categories with descriptive- analytical approach: norms include: a- entry of norms with international base in domestic public law, b- commitment of domestic law to acceptance and observance of the international law norms and rules, and institutions include: international and regional institutions. The results shows formation of public international law as the interdisciplinary field in law knowledge.