جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "digital library" در نشریات گروه "کتابداری و مدیریت اطلاعات"

This study aimed to analyze and examine the use of data mining techniques in the recommender system of digital libraries and information centers. By analyzing the behavioral patterns of digital library users and providing detailed suggestions, the data mining approach in this system makes it unnecessary for them to review unrelated data during the search. This not only leads to an increase in users' information requests but also significantly enhances their satisfaction with the provision of digital library services.

The current research was an analytical study of cross-sectional survey type and content analysis. This method collected the required data in four stages, and its output was analyzed using a data mining technique. Using content analysis, as in the first stage, a list of the number of transactions of user requests for books, including user IDs, manuscript titles, manuscript identification code numbers in the digital library system (manuscript database), the organization of libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi were investigated. The data were arranged as a user column and an item (book) row. In the second step, the preprocessed raw data was further transformed into a user-item matrix, which is zero and one. In the third stage, the data output was implemented and executed using data mining technology and the implementation of association rules and FP-Growth  algorithm on RapidMiner software) and confidence (the confidence level in the desired result) were tested. In the fourth stage, the accuracy and correctness of the proposed system plan were presented.

The output of this research revealed that the association rules have a confidence level above 50% and can determine the user's access patterns, which is the best way to access the generated datasets by setting the minimum support level of 2% and the minimum confidence level of 95%, leading to 1081 new rules with conditional algorithms (if-then). If a user selects topics such as (the science of principles, Ijtihad, tradition, etc.) during the search in the digital library software, due to the history of repeated searches by previous users with the same topics by the recommender system, then titles related to the subject of principles of jurisprudence will be suggested. Also, the proof of the correctness of the proposed model showed that the first and last ones created from the new laws had thematic similarities with each other.

This study showed that various data mining techniques with the application of association rules and the implementation of the FP-Growth algorithm have high efficiency and accuracy and are suitable for analyzing the data of digital libraries and information centers to create recommender systems in order to predict user requests and make effective suggestions. One of its practical concepts is to provide a platform to significantly enhance the quality of two-way interaction between librarians and users, thereby providing optimal and beneficial services, and also to create a suitable opportunity to improve the attitude and perspective of managers in order to provide information resources that meet the real needs of users.

This study aims to identify the marketing status of the information services provided by the Central Digital Library of Allameh Tabataba'i University using the 7P marketing mix model. To assess the effectiveness of the marketing strategies, a detailed analysis was conducted following this model, which evaluates the aspects of product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence.

This research is classified as applied research in terms of its purpose. A descriptive method was employed to assess the marketing situation of the Central Digital Library of Allameh Tabatabai University, making it a case study. Data were collected using a survey method with a checklist. The research findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the current marketing strategies employed by the library.

According to the findings and observations made by the researchers in the Central Library of Allameh Tabataba'i University, as well as interviews with the librarians of the Digital Library Department of Allameh Tabataba'i University, the following results were obtained: 58.33% adherence to product marketing principles, 46.15% adherence to location marketing principles, 100% adherence to cost marketing principles, 88.88% adherence to user marketing principles, 55.55% adherence to physical evidence marketing principles, 62.50% adherence to process marketing principles, and 61.53% adherence to marketing promotional activities.

To determine the marketing status of the information services offered by the Central Digital Library of Allameh Tabataba'i University, the researchers conducted an investigation using a checklist based on the 7 principles of the 7P marketing model, which included 82 items. The results indicate that, on average, 61% of the marketing principles were observed in the Digital Library of Allameh Tabataba'i University.

Information literacy involves a range of skills such as recognizing information needs, understanding information production and value, and using information to generate new knowledge ethically. It is essential for individuals to locate, evaluate, and utilize information effectively to become lifelong learners. This research aims to investigate how education influences the information literacy abilities of out-of-school children in accessing digital libraries and databases.

This study utilized a Semi-experimental research design and survey method. Initial theoretical studies were conducted, and five information literacy standards were compared to develop a new pattern. The population consisted of 195 dropouts from two schools - Moshtaq in Kerman and Arslan Boys in Rafsanjan. The sample size of 120 individuals was selected using a simple random method, with 100 students completing the questionnaire. Survey data was analyzed before and after information literacy training over one semester using a checklist with five components and 15 indicators. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha, which yielded a value of 0.851.

The study revealed that digital libraries and databases were available to a favorable extent, with a 2.935 percent availability rate. Prior to training, students showed a 2.125 percent proficiency in locating information in digital resources, which improved to 2.45 percent post-training. Additionally, students demonstrated an average skill level of 2.38 in utilizing full-text databases within digital libraries.

The research underscored the importance of education in enhancing information literacy skills, particularly in the areas of information retrieval and selection, database usage, and critical evaluation of online sources. Recommendations included teaching students how to identify reliable information sources, conduct effective information searches, and utilize various search operators for refining search results.Value: The novelty of the research lies in its examination of the Impact of Education on Information Literacy Skills of Dropout Students in Utilizing Digital Libraries and Databases through a Semi-experimental research design.

The present study aimed to identify the level of user satisfaction with the digital library services of Allameh Tabatabai University during the Corona era.

The research utilized an applied purpose and descriptive survey method. The statistical population consisted of all students of the Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology at Allameh Tabatabai University. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire distributed electronically, with 156 out of 450 respondents answering the questionnaire thoroughly. One-sample t-test was used to test hypotheses, supplemented by additional tests such as t-test for two independent samples, ANOVA, Friedman, Levin, and Tukey. The validity of the questionnaire was established through content validity method with a coefficient above 0.76, and reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's test with a coefficient of 0.726.

Results revealed that user satisfaction with accessing online library services, service interface environment, information retrieval, visual effects, and personal library services of Allameh Tabatabai University's digital library were significantly higher than the standard score of 3. However, satisfaction with accessing domestic and international databases was found to be significantly lower than the standard score.

Overall, user satisfaction with Allameh Tabatabai University's digital library services was deemed to be in a good state during the Corona era.

Value: 

This study provides insights into user satisfaction with digital library services during a pandemic, offering valuable perspectives on delivering digital information services during crises.

The purpose of this study is to propose evaluation criteria for assessing the user interface of national digital libraries for Payam Noor University. Payam Noor University's libraries have long preserved human culture and civilization, playing a significant role in the transmission of this culture through generations. As the main organization for a country's libraries, they must adapt to modern responsibilities to impact the development of libraries and information in the nation. Given the significance of designing a suitable user interface and the role of digital libraries at Payam Noor University, there is a need for research in this area. The study compares the user interface of digital libraries at Payam Noor University or selected digital collections with established criteria, identifying the richest library in terms of user interface within the studied community. The research questions include:1. What is the status of each studied digital library regarding the 10 user interface criteria?2. How well do the studied libraries adhere to the 10 user interface standards?3. What is the best user interface recommendation for the digital library web pages of Payam Noor University libraries?

Methods and Materoal:

The research uses a survey and descriptive method. The Norozi checklist (2018), which comprises 10 main criteria and 114 sub-components, serves as the research tool. A Delphi panel and descriptive survey method evaluate the libraries. Data collection is achieved through direct observation and scoring each component on the desired web page. The statistical population comprises 10 digital libraries affiliated with Payam Noor University in various countries. The final list of libraries was selected from those with English web pages, found through searches in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and the Pacific. The study's statistical population includes 10 digital libraries in America, Australia, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Netherlands, Poland, Japan, India, and Italy. The research used the Delphi method and involved interviews with 10 experts. Some digital libraries with only the home page in English or in a non-English language were excluded. Similarly, certain cases, such as databases masquerading as digital libraries, were excluded as they did not meet the study's definition of a digital library.Descriptive statistical methods have been used to analyze the data of this research. The basis of data analysis was the check list, whose scores are based on yes (1) and no (0). Also, due to the quality of some of the sub-components, it was possible that the studied libraries did not comply with them equally, or in other words, absolute presence or absence could not be applied to them. Regarding these components, in addition to two levels of zero and one, 50% of the average score has also been used. The score obtained by each of the studied libraries in relation to each of the components is multiplied by the average of the coefficients obtained (weighted average) by the components from the Delphi panel. It should be noted that the weighted average of each of the components is given in the relevant tables in front of the sub-components related to each of the ten criteria. In the selection of tools, after reviewing the researches, the research of Norozi (2008) was chosen as the basis and it was adapted for the current research by using other researches. In preparing the desired list, he first extracted the most frequent criteria and components after studying the available texts and sources in this field, and then using the opinions of experts and using the method of list verification. This list was used for the present study because it was more complete and comprehensive in terms of the number of criteria to be evaluated and the components mentioned in the field of user interface of digital libraries.

In the first question, the issue was addressed to what extent is the status of each of the studied digital libraries in terms of the 10 user interface criteria. Out of 10 libraries under review, 8 libraries have managed to get more than 50% points. Digital Library of America with 598/68 points (70.42%), France with 573.56 points (62.09%) and Switzerland with 569.07 points (61.59%) are in the first three positions respectively. have The digital library of Italy is in the last place with 50.366 points (40.14%).In the second question, it was addressed to what extent each of the 10 criteria of the user interface is observed in the studied libraries. From the obtained information, it has been determined that among the 10 investigated standards, the standard of the user interface language has the highest level of compliance among the standards by obtaining 98.35% of the points of the standard. Another criterion that is in the next position is the criterion of simplicity. Compliance with the components of this standard also seems necessary in terms of facilitating the user's communication with the library in question. The criterion that has received the lowest possible score is the user control criterion, which has received only 6.70% of the score of this criterion. Due to the characteristic of digital libraries in eliminating human factors, there is a need for more consideration in this field. To answer this question, the average of all countries in compliance with each criterion is used.In the third question, it was discussed that what is the optimal user interface proposal for the digital library web pages for Payamnoor University libraries. However, by looking at the observed components, it is clear that most of the libraries have been successful in complying with the general criteria and most of the points obtained are related to the compliance with the general criteria that are of interest on the website pages and special attention is paid to the criteria that are in the scope of the duties of digital libraries. is not included due to the definitions. As seen in the previous questions, the standard of interface language has had the highest level of compliance. One of the reasons for observing the components of this standard in all libraries could be the fact that the language of these countries is not English, and for this reason, for the convenience and interaction of the user, we have tried to observe the writing notes related to the pages. Also, observing the writing points and brevity of the sentences is one of the important and main categories in the design of web pages. A successful digital library is a library that, despite the complexity of its system, can provide information to users simply and with the least amount of time. Also, by providing different options and facilities, it makes the user unnecessary to go to the library and provides the maximum amount of information for his community. More than half of the studied digital libraries, in the design of their user interface, have observed the evaluated criteria at a level of more than 50%, which should be taken into consideration by the digital libraries of Payam Noor University.

Digital libraries should be able to improve and accelerate information access methods. The existence of various components of search functionality facilitates this possibility. The existence of different search capabilities is effective in more user interaction. The interaction steps should be in such a way that the loading of the memory is low and short. Due to the fact that the information society is developing rapidly, the time validity of the information may also change rapidly, so one of the important things is to mention the date of updating on the pages of digital libraries. The non-activation of library links is another reason for the library not being up-to-date. Therefore, it is recommended to include the update date on all pages. One of the characteristics of digital libraries is self-service expansion, so appropriate library guidance helps in this goal. Another feature of digital libraries is the elimination of human factors. As a result, it is necessary to have options to ask the librarian. The digital library should be able to provide appropriate guidance to users to enable them to obtain the information they need in the desired formats. The use of a suitable combination of color, font, shading options to distinguish them from nearby options, the use of clear images and symbols, etc., all affect the user's understanding of the system, which has been observed relatively well in the studied libraries. But some options require more attention. Determining mandatory information entry fields allows the user to easily get the desired results, which, based on the findings of this research, has not been observed by any of the libraries. The use of graphics, sound and images is effective on the user's understanding and makes the environment more enjoyable. Personalization, because it identifies the user's needs and successfully solves them, establishes a satisfactory relationship between the user and the system, so in the design of digital libraries, one should be taken into account Users of a computerinformation system may be different in terms of physical and cognitive abilities, personality characteristics and cultural factors, and these differences should be considered in the design of user interface elements and features so that different groups of users can be satisfied with the computer system. None of the mentioned cases have been taken into consideration in the interface design of the studied libraries, which requires more consideration. Error correction criteria, although they are important for the user's interaction with the system and reducing the user's error during work, are very few in the interface design of the libraries. study, have been considered. The method of writing, announcing and designing error messages to attract the user's attention should be taken into account, considering the elimination of human factors.Users turning to the Internet due to the lack of enough time to visit libraries was one of the reasons for creating digital libraries. Digital libraries have facilitated and accelerated users' access to the required information in order to provide various facilities. But what realizes this goal is a suitable architecture and design in creating a digital library. If the needs of users, the type of society and other factors are taken into consideration in the design of digital libraries, it can be said that the library will reach the desired goals. Due to the fact that in the design of digital libraries, the discussion of user interface is very important in order to eliminate human factors, digital libraries should consider the features related to the user interface in their design. Due to the importance of this discussion, the user interface of different digital libraries need to be continuously evaluated. The present research also aimed to investigate this issue by: "Evaluating the user interface on the English web pages of selected national digital libraries based on the criteria found in the texts and sources". Conducting the research needed criteria so that the evaluation could be done through it. After examining the history related to the research in the field of digital library and user interface, it was observed that despite the studies conducted in the field of user interface, these studies were not conducted in a complete and comprehensive manner and different researchers each have only one or a limited number of criteria. had investigated in the field of different information systems. The only comprehensive work done was Norozi's doctoral thesis (2008) and the researcher finally decided to use his model in the current research. Then, all 114 desired components were evaluated by direct observation on the web pages of the libraries under review. By looking at the observed components, it is clear that most of the libraries have been successful in complying with the general criteria and most of the points obtained are related to the compliance with the general criteria and more than half of the national digital libraries under study, in the design of their user interface, have evaluated the criteria. At a level of more than 50%, it is suggested that the digital libraries of Payam Noor University also use these criteria for more success. Based on the findings of the research, in order to improve the user interface of digital libraries, suggestions are provided for Payam Noor libraries:1. In addition to observing the general components of the search, it seems necessary to observe the specific components such as proximity search, related keyword suggestion, marking of the search results, in order to save the user's time. And this should be seen in the libraries of Payam Noor University.2. The existence of the site map facilitates the use of the library for the user.3. Information display criteria should be given more attention in order to make system information accessible.4. Reducing the time spent by the user and attracting and maintaining the user need attention. Users expect the elements on the first page to be important, so the existence of a site map, and access to pages with many visitors, are among the necessities.5. In the design of the user interface of digital libraries, in addition to the criteria that are considered in the design of public websites, special criteria should be given special attention.

The present study states that the success in implementing the knowledge management architecture in the field of electronic services for business in digital libraries requires the evaluation of knowledge management in the digital library. For this purpose, the researchers have studied the implementation of digital library research in the form of digital enterprises to set up a link for electronic business such as culture centers in digital and functional form in public libraries of Tehran. Basically, the application of this work is that by first setting up a link in the digital library at the level of public libraries, it is possible to open the door to electronic business, so that researchers can do research in this field and people seek work and creation in entrepreneurship, and in this way, electronic services can be launched in public libraries and these services can be guided through prioritization and knowledge management architecture, and a model and pattern that has been proposed in this research can be opened. and considered the initiator of this work.

This research is based on the purpose of an applied-developmental study and based on the method of data collection, it is a descriptive study of the cross-sectional survey type. Also, in this study, a mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) was used. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire with face validity and with a Likert-type scale. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes 33 experts of digital library managers, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method, which was reached up with 12 interviews. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the theme analysis method and MaxQDA software were used. Then, using gap analysis and performance analysis, the priority of knowledge management architecture in e-business services was discussed. The quantitative statistical population includes 150 digital users and 50 digital library user experts. The sample size was checked with Morgan's table, Cronbach's alpha and Likert's scale were also used for the questionnaire, and Friedman's test was also used for prioritization. Sampling in quantitative section was done randomly. In order to answer the research questions for the qualitative part, it was done through indirect observation, and after answering the interview questions, it was semi-structured. Basically, the user was allowed to do it alone and to some extent with an open hand without having any answer to the relevant questions in a restricted manner.

The research findings show that knowledge management in the digital library is at the initial level of the productivity model in digital libraries. The gap between the performance level and the expected level is wide. But in general, they achieved a meaningful relationship. In the field of electronic services, expectations (importance) are close to perceptions (performance). But in the case of variables such as knowledge management results, knowledge processes, knowledge management architecture, e-business, gaps in requirements and priorities were observed. According to the research obtained in the background section, it needs more understanding and investigation which shows that variables such as electronic business service requirements of digital libraries, the communication chain of knowledge management architecture in digital libraries are needed in this library and should be investigated. It can also be said that the research findings show that knowledge management in the digital library is at the initial level. The gap between the performance level and the expected level is wide. Variables such as electronic business service requirements of digital libraries and communication chain of knowledge management architecture in digital libraries are needed. Basically, the findings of the research include the following:
Level of knowledge management in digital library: beginner
Gap between performance and expectations: large
The need for further investigation in the digital library system: the variables of electronic business service requirements of digital libraries and the communication chain of knowledge management architecture.

The results of the research showed that the requirements of digital libraries have been raised in the form of a knowledge management architecture for electronic business, and in this context, the model of digital libraries to improve the performance of these services has been expressed in the suggestions section which can be used as a digital company to start a business in digital libraries. Basically, this company is the initiator of other businesses as well as research works in any organization and library, which is good enough to give hope for donation and this work. It is a way to advance the goals of this library and electronic business and entrepreneurship in the digital world. Also, in the section of suggestions for improving and promoting this work, the network method is also mentioned, which is the best way to do electronic work in the virtual world. Also, this method can open the way for ontology and information retrieval in the digital world, and in principle, this way can be suggested for better performance in both specialized and public libraries.

With the development of technologies, things are done faster and in less time, as the reduction of time to do work and the speed of response has become an important competitive advantage among organizations. These features and advantages have led to the widespread use of Internet of Things technology among different societies, and at the same time, the field of acceptance and development of information and communication technologies in libraries and information centers has also emerged because libraries, as information service centers, should be able to play a role on par with other organizations. Due to the advancement of information and communication technology, libraries have problems in managing and providing services. The Internet of Things is one of the phenomena that helps librarians to better manage facilities, equipment, and applications. The purpose of the current research was to study the information security in digital libraries on the Internet of Things. This research was of applied type and library (documentary) and survey methods were used to carry it out. For this purpose, a 19-item checklist was used to identify and evaluate the dimensions of the research, and the state of information security in digital libraries was investigated and analyzed in 6 components access level, security and technology, service provision, infrastructure, information protection and information confidentiality. Binomial and one-sample t-tests were used for data analysis in SPSS software. In this research, the libraries that use the Internet of Things technology, the type of libraries, and the services provided by the Internet of Things technologies in the libraries were identified. The findings indicate that the components of the level of access, security, and technology, providing services and infrastructure are in a suitable condition, and the components of information protection and information confidentiality are in an inappropriate condition in terms of the security of the Internet of Things information. The use of the Internet of Things in libraries is increasing, and many libraries use or want to use this technology because it has many advantages for libraries. Also, the use of this technology accelerates and facilitates the transfer from one generation to another of libraries, especially the transfer from a traditional library to a digital library and a smart library with a smarter service. The use of the Internet of Things in digital libraries can lead to providing new and irreplaceable services to the users of these libraries. Meanwhile, security is one of the key challenges of information technology, and Issues related to the Information Security of Digital Library on the Internet of Things are very important, librarians can make decisions by using it carefully.

A digital library is a collection of digital objects, such as books, magazines, audio recordings, video recordings, and other documents that are accessible electronically. Public libraries also use digital libraries in their activities to improve the quality of services. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of establishing the status of the digital library in Iran Public Libraries Foundation, based in Kerman city. The present survey research methods a descriptive-analytic, statistical population consisting of 62 members of managers and staff working in 9 the public libraries of Kerman city. Due to the limitation of the size of the community, Sampling has not been done and all the people were considered as statistical samples. Data was collected using a researcher-made checklist with confirmed structural and content validity. The checklist questions were prepared and organized according to the objectives of the research and by the basic questions. The validity of this checklist was confirmed through the opinion of the subject experts and the examination of the dimensions of the research components and compliance with similar texts and research. TOPSIS method has been used to check research hypotheses. As well as for the implementation of information architecture using similarity to ideal option (TOPSIS) among the public libraries of various attributes, including the city of Kerman (the skills of librarians, technical equipment and facilities available in the library, the library's budget situation and telecommunication infrastructure) were studied, so the weight of the rating criteria to the libraries on a five-step were explained. The results showed that the findings showed: Central National Library with a coefficient of 0.590 is close to the ideal coefficient in comparison with other libraries, and Yazdani Far Library is ranked ninth with a coefficient of 0.248. Strengthening digital technology, explaining the nature, function, advantages, and disadvantages of digital libraries, digital protection, and information security, user privacy protection, resource sharing methods, and educational programs are among the important issues in creating digital libraries. According to the results of the research, it was found that public libraries in kerman are not in a favorable situation in terms of telecommunication infrastructure, Therefore, it was suggested to provide the necessary infrastructure for the use of information technology. Teaching the use of related technologies, increasing the speed of the Internet, providing the necessary infrastructure, and providing the necessary equipment are among the suggestions of the research.Originality/value: Creating a digital library is very beneficial in the effective use of information resources. Paying attention to the essential infrastructures and basic components in the digitization of public libraries of Kerman for the use of information technology is one of the benefits of this research.

Digital libraries are trying to increase services to their users by removing the obstacles to and limitations of traditional libraries, such as the mass volume of publications, followed by the increase in the cost of providing printed resources, the lack of library space and the exhaustion of resources by providing resources in electronic formats. Digital library of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi is the biggest and most important digital library in Iran. This library tries to use advanced technology in order to change accessibility of users to the information resources and attract their attention. On the other hand, evaluating user's satisfaction is a good measure of a library's performance. Hence the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the usability of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi digital library through assessing its users' satisfaction.

This study was an applied research and its methodology was evaluative. Research population consisted of all users of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi digital library (40,000 people) which used the digital library in the year 2021. The sample was selected based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size table through simple random sampling (380 people). The required data was collected by a questionnaire. It included two parts: first part includes demographic information (such as sex, age, education and job experience in digital library of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi) and the second part of questionnaire includes 42 items evaluating usability of the digital library. In order to confirm the validity of the research tool, the comments and viewpoints of some instructors teaching at Imam Reza International University of Mashhad, Iran, were applied. In order to confirm the reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was used. The total alpha coefficient was 96. Also from 380 people which received questionnaires online, 365 people (near 96%) returned them. The gathered data was analyzed through the SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Four criteria were found including "available digital resources", "usage capability", "performance status" and "search and retrieval status" to evaluate the usability of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi digital library. The findings showed that the highest rate of users' satisfaction regarding to the usability of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi digital library is related to search and retrieval functions. Among retrieval attributes understandable keywords, accessibility process, attractiveness, browsing by subject, and tutorial guide achieved the highest level of satisfaction. Also the lowest level of satisfaction related to recall and precision, speed and the level of information distribution. while the lowest satisfaction rate obtained for functionality. The findings revealed that users' satisfaction of usability of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi digital library was more than average level. By the way, showing strengths and weakness point of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi digital library was another result in this research. Among the strengths points, we can refer to different search strategies and feasible user interface provided by digital library that surely facilitates accessibility to the library different sections and various sources of information. In addition, using various colors for attractiveness makes it possible for the users to be able to easily separate various services provided in digital libraries. In addition, using different mobile applications aside with related guide showed that managers and experts of digital library pay more attention to their users and their needs.

By identifying the factors influencing the usability of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi digital library as the results of this research, managers can promote the quality of the library and therefore increase the user’s satisfaction. Also considering the results of this research by librarians may leads to supplying information with various formats, regarding usable strategy to distribute information based on users’ information needs and finally motivating digital library users to reuse the library.

The purpose of the present study is to briefly review the current status of the required spaces for the public libraries in Iran and identify and redefine the architectural needs of these spaces to achieve a new pattern for contemporary libraries.

The study approach is a qualitative study based on the grounded theory method. The data were collected by applying library and field methods, using an analytical review, interviews with users, librarians of four selected libraries, researchers, architecture and their users. By analyzing the interview and data, codes were identified and named. In the axial coding stage, the primary categories and phenomena, including “demographic composition of the audiences”, “form of resources, facilities, and facilities”, “quality of the collection and resources”, “conditions of the library to utilize the services”, “quality of services and facilities, and programs to achieve the establishment of social and spatial justice”, “level of social interactions by knowing the cultural context of the target society”, “relationship with sustainable development”, and “library space including four components of necessary standards, functional planning, customization and configuration, and physical planning” were identified. In the selective coding, given the study objectives, three categories of “standardization”, “socio-cultural dimension” and “physical-environmental model” were selected.

Public libraries have changed rapidly due to technological developments and the communication revolution, and have overshadowed the service and mission, planning and functional design, physical, and even the perceptual and aesthetic aspects of libraries. Convincing and diverse perspectives have been presented on public libraries and their future, their goals, services, and space in the 21st century. They range from doubting their functional existence owing to the nature of new technologies and communications, to their becoming significant due to the nature of preserving the documents of human civilization and the interaction make possibe in society (unlike the new communication technologies that insist on isolation). The diversity of these views emphasizes that it is not possible to present a single form for design, but there is a possibility of some kind of design interaction. The analysis of the libraries under study showed that the architecture of the libraries makes certain functional/behavioral models possible. One of them is the “collection-oriented” model, which aims at emphasizing the traditional role of the library as a place for providing resources. The other is an “interaction-oriented” model, which stresses the socio-cultural role of the public library as a venue for interaction that emphasizes, on the one hand, the preservation, publication and development of knowledge and information, and on the other hand, the connection with society and the improvement of the level of cultural and social interactions.

Originality/value: 

The findings of this study redefine the role of public libraries relying on the relevant components of the library architecture to create and develop a suitable platform for the social capital from this space. By changing the library strategies from the complex-oriented pattern to the interaction-oriented model, and redefinition of the spaces, in addition to preserving, publishing, and presenting various sources of knowledge, contemporary libraries should be the custodians and publishers of collective memory and participate in the relations between people and civil institutions. A good architectural design of library spaces should reflect their intentions and mission in our times. More importantly, the designed space should enable achievement of development goals.

Awareness of users' perceptions and interpretations of the information labels of the user interface of digital library of the NLAI. The present study was an applied research with a mixed method. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, interview, and observation. Through a exploratory method, participants were asked to spend considerable time and in-depth to examine the categories, elements, and labels used in the digital library website and to determine their understanding of the website labels in the online questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale. Then, the semi-structured interview technique was used to study users' perceptions and interpretations of the labels assigned to the elements on the website. The study population included users of the digital library of the NLAI, which was selected in two groups of novice users (clients) and advanced users (librarians) of 20 people (10 novice users and 10 advanced users). In order to validate the research results, Methodological angulation was used to increase the reliability of the research data. During this method, the researcher used several methods to collect data (using interviews with observation, exploratory study, and questionnaire), as well as all research strategies and steps with the necessary documentation at the time of data collection were recorded. Finally, after collecting the data, the researcher used the Member checking method. During this quality control process, the researcher asked the 7 participants to read the notes and the results of the data and express their opinion on the accuracy of the findings. Cronbach's alpha test (0.85) was used to ensure the reliability of the data collection tool and the possible problems of the questionnaire. SPSS software was used to analyze the research data. Content analysis and Excel software were used to analyze the interview data. The results showed that the final average of comprehensibility of labels and terms used in the website is over 50% and indicates a good understanding of the terms and labels used in the website to represent information categories, but some labels need to be changed and updated. Some terms are not very understandable from the users' point of view and need to be revised, such as: "review", "quick look", "typical classification", "source registration", "legal considerations", "main site", "texts", "Periodical" and "Collection". The friendliness and user-friendliness of the words on the website, and the ban on the use of specialized, complex, and ambiguous words were among the demands of the users. New terms and labels were suggested by users. The use of specialized library terminology on the website, intangible and abstract words and lack of sufficient explanations about labels, lack of a comprehensive guide, going into more detail, complications on the website, and inconsistency in the use of words for similar concepts are some of the problems that cause the user does not have a good browsing experience.

Risk assessment according to ISO 31000 standard is a systematic and logical process that includes identification, analysis and measurement. The risk identification process involves determining the type and source of potential risks. Risk analysis involves determining the estimated level of risks in terms of indices such as the probability and potential consequences of the risk. The measurement involves comparing the estimated levels of risks with respect to the analysis criteria and eventually the risk ranking. The present study aims to assess (identify, analyze and measure) the risks of professional expertise of human resources at digital libraries according to ISO 31000 standard. The present research is an applied nature and to implement it, survey and analytic methods have been applied with Shannon Entropy to weight risks and fuzzy TOPSIS to evaluate them. Primarily the most important risks were identified using the relevant resources and the results of previous researches, a process which led to the formulation of a questionnaire consisting of 38 items. First the demographic characteristics were described and the central statistical indices (mean and median) as well as the dispersion index (standard deviation) were examined. Next, using the weighted average index to the criteria defined by Shannon's entropy method and their application in TOPSIS software, positive and negative ideal options were determined. In the risk assessment stage, risks were prioritized by comparing the distance of each one from the positive and negative ideal options. The content validity and reliability equals 0.955 according to Cronbach's alpha test. 18 professional expertise risks were identified. Risk of having the necessary knowledge about semantic web languages and tools with the minimum distance from the positive ideal point by the value (0.0103) and the maximum distance from the negative ideal point by the value (0.104), and the maximum coefficient close to (0.9103) ranked first. It means that this risk has the closest distance to the ideal positive point and is the most important.Risk of employees' ability to provide digital reference services ranked 18th with the minimum distance from the negative ideal (0.0114) and the maximum distance from the positive ideal (0/1043), and the minimum proximity coefficient (0.0982). That is, it has the maximum distance from the positive ideal option and is the least important. Among the 18 risks of professional expertise of human resources at digital libraries identified, the risk of "having the necessary knowledge about semantic web languages ​​and tools" is the first priority. This reveals that the human resources of academic digital libraries are not in a good position in terms of up-to-date knowledge and modern information technologies and the semantic web that underlies ontologies and linked data, etc.

the purpose of the research was to redesign the user interface architecture of the digital library website of the National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI(using the Card Sorting method in order to improve the structure and the desired retrieval. The present study is an applied research that used a multifaceted approach and various techniques such as interviewing, Think-aloud protocol and Card Sorting to redesign the user interface architecture of the digital library website of the NLAI. EXCEL and VISIO software were used to analyze the data, and Sort Optimal tool was used to analyze the data obtained from the Card Sorting. The results were read in the form of similarity matrix and dendrogram algorithm. The statistical population in this study included users of the digital library website of the NLAI, who were selected in two groups of novice users (clients) and advanced users (librarians). In order to validate the qualitative findings, the researcher triangulation method was used. Findings of the research, model and results obtained from the Card Sorting test, for evaluation, were provided to 7 experts, researchers and professors of library and information science who had the necessary experience, to give their expert opinion in the field of data analysis.

Results The similarity matrix findings showed that users grouped elements such as "Ask Us", "Legal Considerations", "Resource Registration", "Resource Donation", and "Technical Support" and so on. The findings of the Standardization Network also confirmed that users have included 10 times "Ask Us", 17 times "Resource Registration" and 6 times "Technical Support" in the menu of electronic services. Dendrogram findings also showed that a number of contributors expect to be able to select "source type" if necessary next to the search box, rather than independently reviewing individual digital resources. Cart sorting process analyzes showed that in addition to predefined categories, some new categories were suggested. These included "links to other digital libraries", "shared databases" and the "FAQ" category. The data and performance of users in this study showed that the current user interface of the digital library website is not user-friendly and users cannot quickly get what they are looking for. The card-sorting process generally acknowledged inconsistencies in how users perceived the labeling and organization of digital library website content. Interviews and think-aloud protocols with users also confirmed that the language used to name menus and information elements is currently not simple and user-friendly. User categories in the card-sorting process for designing the user interface architecture also showed that there are elements in the website that users do not need, and conversely, there are important elements that are not included in the website. In the simulated information architecture, based on the findings of the interview and the participation of users in the Card Sorting process, an attempt was made to design the proposed user interface somewhat similar to other user interfaces (OPAC and Rasa software). In the proposed model, while paying attention to the demands and expectations of users, the simplicity of the pages, the most important point has been observed.

The field of digital library in today's world is diversified and developed and has an interdisciplinary nature. So that the study in its various aspects is always evaluated as one of the important topics in scientific fields and can be the origin of important researches. The purpose of this study is to investigate and plot the intellectual structure of knowledge in the field of digital library in the world using a co-word analysis.

This research is a type of applied scientometric studies that uses co-word analysis and network analysis. The statistical population was all researches in the field of digital library in the web of science database, which is equal to 5655 records in total. Vosviewer, Netdraw, SPSS and Bibexecl software were also used to analyze and plot the network.

The results showed that the keywords digital library, information retrieval and library are the most frequent words and the most pairs of words are digital library and information retrieval. The co-word network includes six clusters called knowledge management and digital library, storage and retrieval of digital resources, interaction between digital and non-digital environments and e-learning, electronic resources and media, virtual screening and medical data analysis. The network density is .24 and the average centrality index is .663. The co-word network of the digital library field showed that the keyword digital library is the most central term and plays the main role of this network. The density of the network is .1290, which is not in a favorable condition. This case shows that the sub-domains within the clusters and inter-cluster connections, or the lack of research orientation to the technical issues of content, software and services as the three main elements of digital libraries and single domain. There is a lack of balance between theoretical and applied interdisciplinary research in this field. These findings are consistent with the research results of others. Of course, the low density of the network also indicates that the subjects of the library field have been researched more in a specialized way and less communication has been established between these fields, which is one of the weaknesses of this field. According to the strategic diagram, knowledge management clusters and digital libraries and digital screening are developed clusters and play a pivotal role. The electronic resources and media cluster, although pivotal, is underdeveloped and immature. Other subject clusters are marginal clusters and are emerging topics that have not been sufficiently researched.  In general, the results of this research showed that most of the researches in the field of digital library of the world have been done in the subjects of information retrieval, university libraries, user studies, internet and copyright. Considering that the network density of the digital library field is low, it is clear that researchers have neglected its interdisciplinary fields and the subjects of this field have little connection with each other. By reviewing the clusters obtained, it is concluded that the clusters of knowledge management, digital library and virtual screening have the central role of researches and most of the researches are carried out in this field and on the other hand, despite the fact that the clusters of storing and retrieving digital resources, human and environment interaction. Digital and electronic learning are one of the main and important topics in the field of digital library, they are emerging, marginal and underdeveloped topics, and researchers should direct most of their research in this direction so that these fields also reach a favorable state. In general, the structure of the intellectual network of the digital library field is fragmented, and in order to create a link between the structure of this network, researches should be removed from being single-domain and theoretical and applied interdisciplinary researches should be conducted.

To evaluate the usability of the digital library of the National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI) based on user experience.

A heuristic mixed method (convergent parallel approach) was used. To evaluate the usability of the digital library, a multifaceted approach was adopted and various techniques were used, including usability test, questionnaires, interview, observation, and Think-aloud protocol.  Eight tasks were defined for users to identify their path, problems and challenges, their confusion in the path, and the so-called pain points and ambiguous words of the website. SPSS software was used for quantitative data analysis and MaxQda software for qualitative interview data analysis. The systematic observation was carried out using Faststone and Ocam softwares. Two groups including novice users (clients) and advanced (librarians) participated in the study. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the oCam collected from interviews. In order to validate the findings, the Methodological Triangulation method and Lincoln and Cuba criteria were used.

Paying attention to the average of tasks performed by novice users (clients) and advanced (librarians) showed that registering a new user account took the most amount of time (more than 6 minutes). The overall average difficulty and ease of completing tasks without separating the two groups of users showed that Task 5 with an average of 3.45 and Task 2 with an average of 3.35 were the most difficult tasks, while Task 8 with an average of 2.25, was the easiest. Feedbacks received from novice and advanced users about the usability of evaluation criteria of the digital library (satisfaction rate, ease of operation, ease of navigation, site attractiveness, layout of information elements, etc.) showed that some components did not receive the average score of 3. For example, organizing website information with an average of 1.70, and visually attractiveness with an average of 2.10 are not desirable from the point of view of advanced users. Monitoring the level of user satisfaction with NLAI’s digital library showed that only 30% of novice users and 10% of advanced users were satisfied with their performance on the website. Numerous problems and challenges were reported during the completion of the tasks defined for the users. These challenges include complexity of processes (complex resource search process; registration process complexity; and search fields), poor understanding of site tags and concepts, arrangement of site elements, redundancy and multiplicity of options, visual appearance of the site, inappropriate retrieval, technical issues, inconsistencies, collection, and access constraints, wasted user time, variety of resource formats, and digital resource display.

Comparing the means of the two groups of novice and advanced users indicates that advanced users spend more time performing their tasks. Paying attention to the unsuccessful attempts between the two user groups and comparing them with each other showed that the rate of unsuccessful attempts was higher among advanced users than novice users. Advanced users were more unsuccessful because of the strategies and perceptions they had of the search. They naturally tended to use advanced search instead of simple search. This perception led to an increase in the number of unsuccessful attempts, as the advanced search of the digital library was very confusing.

Scientific publications are among the most important indicators for evaluating the development of scientific fields in different countries. Assessment of scientific output is necessary. The purpose of this study is to identify the status of Iranian scientific publications produced in the field of digital library.

This research is applied and an analytic survey. The research method was bibliometrics. Statistical population of the research included articles and abstracts of theses that have been published in the field of digital libraries during the years 2007- 2018. Data gathering instrument was a check list. Descriptive statistics and Excel software have been used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that most of the scientific producers belonged to digital library field, from the educational degree viewpoints, MA degree and in affiliation, Islamic Azad University of Hamadan and the gender was man. In scientific cooperation, most of the articles were written in groups. The most active authors were Yaghoob Nourouzi, Mehdi Alipour Hafezi and Ramatallh Fattahi. Highly-considered research kind was analytic–descriptive survey and the most-used keyword was digital library. The most active thesis supervisors of this field were Mehdi Alipour Hafezi (13), Yaghoob Nouruzi (9) and Esmat Moneni (4).

By analyzing research in the field of digital libraries, it can be concluded that surveys were dominant and good theoretical and practical research has been presented. But in some areas such as knowledge organization, processing systems, conceptual patterns, knowledge representation, interoperability and web content have been less or seldom surveyed; therefore, it is necessary that the researchers and the experts of digital library field should have more efforts to produce the related resources.