جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « توجه » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of selected chess training programs on working memory, inhibition and attention of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: with emphasis on inhibition and non-inhibition. In this study, 30 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were randomly divided into three groups of chess training with inhibition (10 people), chess training without inhibition (10 people) and control (10 people). The training program of the subjects was three sessions a week for four weeks of chess training with and without inhibition, respectively, for the groups of chess training with inhibition and chess training without inhibition. Data were analyzed through one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of P≤0.05. In all three components, chess training groups (with and without inhibition) showed a significant difference (P≤0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the two chess training groups (with and without inhibition) (P≤0.05). It was shown that both methods of teaching chess (with and without inhibition) had a significant effect on working memory, inhibition and attention of children with hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorder. It seems that chess training can improve the performance of these children and also the inhibition approach can be considered as a new approach to be used as an intervention for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Since the role of associative and dissociative attentional focus in manipulating various constraints of the task and individual has not been clarified yet, the present study aimed to examine the role of associative and dissociative attentional focus with internal and external dimensions on blood lactate and Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale in beginners.

The method of the present study is semi-experimental in terms of practical purpose and based on the method of data collection. The statistical population of this study was all beginner females aged 18 to 30 years old at the Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran. Among them, twelve females were selected as the participants to run on the treadmill. For this purpose, the maximum speed (Vmax) of each participant was measured. The speed used in each of the test conditions (internal associative (attention to muscle), external associative (counting the running steps), internal dissociative (counting down the numbers), and external dissociative (attention to video)) was 70% of the maximum speed of each individual. During running, the questionnaire of Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale was used. After running for one minute in each condition, blood samples were taken to measure the participants’ blood lactate

The results of one-way ANOVA revealed that dissociative attentional focus with internal/external dimension resulted in lower blood lactate and lower Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale which caused higher running economy in beginners than associative attentional focus.

Based on the results of the present study, dissociative attention is the most economical method in running for beginners.

The aim of study was the psychometric of the Persian version of the Learning, Executive, and Attention Functioning (LEAF) scale in athletes. The statistical sample consisted of 252 (female=152) Iranian athletes older than 17 years who were selected using the snowball sampling method via sending an online questionnaire. The research tools, including the LEAF scale for adults (Castellanos et al., 2018) and the Barkley Functional Impairment Scale (2011), were used to examine the concurrent validity. The second order confirmatory factor analysis of the scale was used to examine the construct validity of the model. The obtained results showed that, the model has a good fit such that all domains (i.e., comprehension of conceptual learning, factual memory, attention, processing speed, visual organization, sequential processing, working memory, solving a novel problem, mathematics, reading, written expression) showed a high factor loading or correlation with their main dimensions (p≤0.001). Using Cronbach's alpha, the internal consistency reliability was obtained to be over 0.7 and desirable. The correlation between the scores of dimensions and the scale domains was 0.33-0.89, indicating an appropriate validity. The results of the differences analysis to examine the diagnostic validity showed the score of 4 as the cutoff point. MANOVA showed that athletes are significantly different in executive functions based on the level of competition and these functions improve in athletes by increasing the competition level. As the LEAF has appropriate reliability and validity coefficient among adult Iranian athletes, it is suggested that this scale be used in the future sport researches.

Many studies evaluate the interaction between cognition and posture but the effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control remains inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control.

Twenty healthy young volunteers (Mean age 22 ± 2.3 years) performed four random conditions while standing on a force platform. Conditions involved combinations of two level of cognitive task difficulty (easy and difficult cognitive task) and two level of verbal response (simultaneous and final).

Two-way ANOVA (significant level P<0.05) results demonstrated marked increased in the standard deviation and area of 95% confidence ellipse of the center of pressure in the difficult cognitive task condition with simultaneous verbal response. (P<0.05). Also, in the final response condition, difficult cognitive task reduced area of 95% confidence ellipse.

According to the results of the present research, it seems that the difficult cognitive task requires a greater part of attention capacity; subsequently, attention is withdrawn from the postural task and automatic control regulates posture more efficiently through unconscious, fast, and reflexive processes. Also, postural control is simultaneously affected by the difficulty of cognitive task and articulation. Therefore, for designing appropriate interventions, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactive effects of the difficulty and articulation of cognitive task.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a horse therapy training program on some psychological indicators and sensory-motor function in aggressive children. The present study was applied and in terms of causal and comparative methods. Twenty aggressive children aged 4 to 6 years (selected by purposive sampling), participants were divided into experimental and control groups and 10 people were randomly assigned to each group. The instruments used included Connors psychological nerve test, Aggression Questionnaire in preschool children, and Espense child anxiety scale for parents. The protocol was performed for sixteen weeks and two two-hour sessions each week. After the intervention, the two groups were compared using analysis of covariance. Findings showed that a course of equine therapy training program has an effect on psychological indicators and sensory-motor function of aggressive children (P <0.01). The use of equine therapy protocol is effective in improving the treatment process of aggression and associated psychological factors such as attention deficit and anxiety (P> 0.05). Based on this finding, the level of attention also shows improvement after the treatment period. It seems that equine therapy can improve attention and reduce aggression in children, it is recommended that psychotherapists use these exercises along with other pediatric interventions to improve attention and reduce aggression.

Posture-cognition studies show that postural control is affected by cognitive task. Therefore, the effect of factors such as task difficulty is evaluated in dual-task paradigm but the impact of difficulty of cognitive and postural task on postural control remains inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction effect of cognitive and postural tasks difficulty on postural control. Twenty healthy young volunteers (Mean age 22 ± 2.3 years) performed six random conditions while standing on a force platform. Conditions involved combinations of two level of postural task difficulty (standing on the floor and narrow base) and three level of cognitive task difficulty (without, easy and difficult cognitive tasks). Two way ANOVA (significant level p < 0.05) results demonstrated marked decrease in the standard deviation of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions for the difficult cognitive task condition in both postural task. (p < 0.05). Also, the easy cognitive task reduced the standard deviation of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior direction in the narrow base standing condition (p < 0.05). According to the results of the present research, it seems that the difficult cognitive task requires a greater part of attention capacity; subsequently, attention is withdrawn from the postural task and automatic control regulates posture more efficiently through unconscious, fast, and reflexive processes. Also, postural control is simultaneously affected by the difficulty of postural and cognitive tasks. Therefore, in designing appropriate interventions, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactive effects of posture and cognitive tasks.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of yoga training on attention and positive/negative symptoms in women with schizophrenia.

A quest-experimental study was conducted on a number of 25 patients with schizophrenia (mean age 46.00±6.48). The participants were selected through purposire sampling and were randomly assigned to yoga training (15 n) and control (10 n) groups. The yoga training group did yoga for 12 weeks; however, the control group performed their daily activities. Both groups participated in a pre-test and post-test. Stroop Test, and Positive/Negative Scales, were used to collect the data. Analyze of Covariance (ANOVA) was used to analyses the collected data.

A significant difference was found between the yoga and control groups in pre-test and post-test in selective attention and positive/negative symptoms.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the yoga training can be an appropriate intervention to improve attention and decrease positive/negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia.

Numerous studies have examined the effects of focus of attention and quiet eye on motor performance, however the effects of these two variables in different load of task are ambiguous. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the internal and external focus of attention instructions on quiet eye and accuracy of dart-throwing in two intensity of the secondary task. participants were 20 novice persons in dart-throwing that selected by convenience sampling; and in four dual-task conditions of internal attention-without tone estimation, external attention-without tone estimation, internal attention-with tone estimation, and external attention-with tone estimation performed dart throwing in counterbalance form that at the same time their gaze data recorded by binoculars eye tracking system. The result of accuracy showed that participants in external rather than internal attention condition and low- intensity rather than high-intensity condition had less radial error. The result of quiet eye showed that only the main effect of the secondary task was significant that participants in high-intensity of the secondary task rather low had more quiet eye duration. These results highlight the importance of external focus of attention in low and high secondary task load conditions for dart-throwing performance and direct the future research to explore more deeply the role of the quiet eye and attentional focus effects in dart-throwing performance.

It has been invented a many techniques to enhancement of sport performance nowadays which used by athletes in different fields. Between these techniques, neurofeedback, as a noninvasive brain method, has paid much attention to itself. Many studies have investigated the effectiveness of neurofeedback training on sport performance enhancement that finds different results. The present study has done to report investigated researches by accessible sampling in athlete’s discrete skills. First, English articles have been searched by keywords like “neurofeedback” and “EEG Neurofedback” and “sport performance”, athletic performance”, “shooting performance”, “archery”, “putting performance” and “Golf”. The articles have been gathered in PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of science, EBSCO and Google Scholar. Meta-analysis and review articles added too. Time perid of articles was 1990 to 2020. Persian articles with same keywords in SID, Noormags, Magiran and Irandoc were searched. Time period was 2001 to 2020. By related keywords, a number of 16 studies have been chosen in related to the criteria of the research. Then the results of any research extracted by any of authors and reported in findings. Results showed that different recruited neurofeedback protocols in any study can effect on the results of the studies and it is necessary to pay attention in athletes. Based on the findings of the study it can be concluded that neurofeedback training has positive effects on sport performance enhancement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of famous endorsement athletes on decision to purchase of sport and non-sport products. In terms of purpose, the study was an applied and In terms of the methodology it was a Semi-experimental research. The statistical population of this study was a group of 30-40 years old people from witch 30 volunteers (15 men and 15 women) were chosen as sample of the study. In order to provide the research tool, images which were adaptable with both of strategies (fit and unfit in product and endorser). Validity of images was confirmed by 10 sports marketing experts. Enobio, a spanish electroencephalography device, with 20 channels, was used to record the waves. A questionnaire was used to measure  the decision of  purchase  and self-assessment manikin were used to measure arousal. By considering the role of the frontal lobe in attention, the alpha and beta waves in this area of the brain were examined by F3, F4 and FZ channels. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22, Matlab 2013 b softwares, descriptive and  inferential  statistics including Friedman test and logistic regression were used. The results showed that alpha and beta changes in the product – endorser fit strategy were higher than the product - endorser non fit. This strategy involves the brain in frontal lobe greater than the product - endorser non fit strategy. Therefore, marketers and researchers can use this finding to make  more effectiveness their promotional  strategies.

Deafness, in spite of the damage to the relationship, is also associated with other physical disorders such as imbalance and cognitive impairment. The study of balance and cognitive function in deaf has been considered by researchers in a few studies, but the relationship between these two functions has been less relevant. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between attentional function and balance performance in deaf people.

39 deaf students from exceptional schools in Hamadan and 40 healthy students participated in this study. The Information about attentional performance of the subjects was evaluated by Flanker, continuous performance and Stroop softwares. Also, the balance was assessed using the balance subset of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-II, a standardized test of static and dynamic balance. Data were analyzed using Maan-Withney U, Wilcoxon and Spearman test statistical methods. Results were analyzed by SPSS software with p < 0.05.

The results showed that deaf people have significantly lower balance and cognitive function than healthy subjects. The results of correlation test showed that the highest correlation was observed in Flanker test with heel-toe walking test (P <0.05).

Depending on the results presented in this study, deaf people have a greater dependence on visual information. It may also be possible to improve motor function by increasing the amount of attention.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as one of the factors associated with neuromuscular performance and cognitive function is reduced with increasing age. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and cognitive training on the dynamic balance, attention and serum BDNF levels in elderly men. In a quasi-experimental study, 60 healthy elderly men were selected through the purposeful sampling and were randomly divided into 4 groups including aerobic training, cognitive training, combinational training (cognitive aerobics) (cognitive training), and control. Training was performed during eight weeks at three sessions per week. T-test and one way ANOVA were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05). at the end of the period, a significant increase was observed in BDNF serum in the intervention group compared to the control group (P ≥0.001). Also, there was a significant increase in the ratio of the correct response on the target and non-target stimuli. In addition, a significant decrease was observed in commission errors and omission errors, and reaction time in intervention groups compared to control groups (P<0.05). It can be added that the significant improvement was observed in dynamic balance in aerobic and combination groups compared to the control (P<0.001) and cognitive training (P<0.05). Cognitive and aerobic training lead to improving the attention and balance performance in the elderly with increasing BDNF, and it is better to use a combination of physical and cognitive training for the elderly.

Balance is a key component of motor skills ranging from maintaining posture to executing complex sport skills. The aim of this study was to Comparison of static and dynamic balance of athletes of different sports in conditions with and without posture disturbances.

Fort two athletes with 3 years athletic experience (wrestling (n=14, age 19.85±2.79 years, height 177.14±5.17 cm, mass 71.64±1.32 kg), football (n=14, age 21.57±2.02, height 178.86±6.58 cm, mass 74.35±8.02 kg), karate (n=14, age 21.35±1.54, height 178.07±4.1 cm, mass 76.92±4.98 kg)) participated in this study as subjects. Static balance was assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and dynamic balance was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Data were analyzed using by (ANOVA), (GLM) and paired t test (P≤0.05).

No significant differences were found between the static and dynamic balance with posture disturbances on 3 groups. No significant different were found between static balance with and without posture disturbances on each 3 groups. Significant different were found between dynamic balance with and without posture disturbances on each groups. Also maintain of dynamic balance without posture disturbances was better.

According to the results of the research coaches and physiotherapists are advised to perform the balance using dual-task.

Background & Purpose: DCD is one of the obvious inadequacies of motor skills in children in primary school age. This study aims to examine the effect of sensory-motor integration activities on cognitive variables such as attention and working memory in children with Developmental Coordination Disorders (DCD). Hence 20 children with DCD (ages 8-1) who were referred to a rehabilitation center in Kermanshah city were selected as available samples and then randomly divided into two groups as experimental and control group. Then the Continuous Performance test and the Wechsler´s working memory test were completed as
Pre-test. The experimental group practiced for 8 weeks, three 120-minute sessions per week which were included activities such as (swinging, trampoline jumping, spinning around themselves, spinning around the coach, etc). Data were analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Leven test, Box test and analyze of covariance. The Results shows, in working memory variable, the effect was significant on both practicing (p=0.001) and group (p=0.001). In attention variable, although the effect was significant in practicing (p=0.002), it was not significant in group (p=0.056). This pattern of findings suggests the sensory-motor integration activities could promote Attention and Working memory in children with DCD.

Background & Purpose: Increasing cognitive and motor performance is an importantgoal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic exercise on memory and attention in children with intellectual disability. This study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. In this study, 20 children aged 7 to 10 years old were multistage randomly selected from the 600 primary school student’s schools in the city of Tabriz. These two groups according to age and IQ were homogeneous in rhythmic practices and control group. Programs were hold in 18 sessions and two sessions per week and each session was 45 minutes. Before the start training and the end of the last session were held pre-test and post-test. Before the start of the session and at the end of the last session of the questionnaire was completed neuropsychological Conner 2004 by parents for analyze data dependent test and in dependent with a significant level of 0.05 were used. The results showed that rhythmic practices groupafter the intervention period in memory (p= 0.002) and attention (p= 0.003) performed better than the control group. Rhythmic exercise group than the control group had a greater impact on the memory and attention. According to the results obtained it is suggested these movements were held into physical education program, extracurricular and take home.

The aim of this study was comparison of memory and attention’s profile in students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder with normal students. The research method is causal-comparative. Using simple random sampling method, four groups of 15 subjects (from each group 15 people) were selected from one of the educational district of Tehran. Tools used in this study include Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children revised, clinical interview and cheek-list based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). Data analyzed by MANOVA and Benfroni. The results showed that the groups had a significant difference in attention and memory abilities (P

One of the main concerns of aged people is the attention attenuation in the aging period. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and attention/ concentration of elderly females. It was a semi experimental study with 41 elderly subjects with mean age of 66±3.2yr whom were randomly assigned into either an exercise (EG, n=21) or a control group (CG, n=20). fasting blood test was taken 24 hours prior to experiment and 24 hours after the end of tests. COG test in Viena system was used to collect data.The aerobic training group trained for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 30 to 45 hours in each session. The aerobic training performed with 40% to 55% of maximum heart rate. Training group had rank percentile of 87 compared to reference group while it was 34 for control group. The results suggested that speed processing(P=0.001)selective attention (P=0.001)and concentration (P=0.001) were significantly improved in the training group. Since a direct relationship has been foun between BDNF and Aerobic Excercises, besides, the positive eddefct of BDNF on cognitive capacities is well proven, therefore, a mild type of aerobic exercise colud imrove the psychomotor performance.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of fine motor activities on developing and improving student attention. This research was semi-empirical including pretest and posttest plans for control and experimental groups. Population consists of all 7-10 years old girls from one of the elementary schools in Esfahan city. Studying a sample of 120 pupils indicates that fine motor skills have an impact on the development of children's attention. Boyardee test was used to assess the children's attention. This test was used before and after 12 weeks of fine motor activity of children, and ANCOVA test was applied for statistical analysis. Research findings showed that fine motor skills have an impact on the development of children's attention and the effect of age between the groups was statistically significant. The results confirm the theory of Montessori, which means fine motor activities increase attention in children. And fine motor activities have a potential for development and improvement of children attention.