جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "آنتروپی شانون" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Urbanization is a widespread phenomenon worldwide, especially in developing countries, and it has an irreversible effect on the environment and land use. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and understand urban growth patterns to guide future urban growth patterns toward sustainable development through appropriate spatial policies. According to this need, the present study aims to calculate the urban growth rate and identify the growth patterns and the resulting changes in the urban landscape pattern in Shiraz metropolitan in the period from 2001 to 2023. Using Landsat satellite images, satellite image classification maps were obtained in 2001, 2013, and 2023. After that, to increase the accuracy of measuring the growth patterns of Shiraz metropolitan, from the combination of 4 spatial criteria of urban expansion intensity index, Shannon entropy, landscape indices, and landscape expansion index, in general, and sub-scales (in 8 geographical directions and 2 km distances from the center) was used. The results showed that the growth pattern of Shiraz metropolitan is scattered and has intensified over time. It was also found that the growth rate and pattern of Shiraz metropolitan areas are different in each direction and distance. The urban expansion intensity index showed that the highest speed of expansion in these 22 years was related to the south, southwest, and northwest regions. Shannon's entropy and landscape indices showed that the northwest and south regions have the highest amount of dispersion. Finally, the landscape expansion index identified the dominant pattern of urban growth in Shiraz metropolitan as the edge expansion pattern. It was found that the highest percentage of outlying expansion also occurred in the south and northwest regions.

Landslides can occur due to human activities and environmental factors that have destructive effects. Reaching zoning of the risk of this phenomenon can help to make decisions to reduce losses and damages caused by this phenomenon. In this study, to prepare a landslide risk map, various natural factors including height, slope, slope direction, precipitation, soil type, distance from the waterway and distance from the fault have been used. Also, the historical information on the earthquake occurrence has been used to estimate the effect of each criterion and sub-criteria. For this purpose, by using the frequency ratio (FR) method, the impact of sub-criteria and by using Shannon's entropy method, the weight of each criterion has been calculated. Also, after calculating the weights of criteria and sub-criteria, VIKOR and weighted average (OWA) methods have been used to prepare a risk map. Based on the obtained results, the criterion of soil type with a weight value of 0.33 has the most effective weight. To compare different methods, the FR criterion has been used, which based on the results obtained, the OWA method has better results for α values ​​equal to 10 and 2.

In recent years, groundwater discharge is more than recharge, resulting in a drop-down in groundwater levels. Rangeland and forest are considered the main recharge areas of groundwater, while the most uses of these resources are done in agricultural areas. The main goal of this research is to use machine learning algorithms including random forest and Shannon's entropy function to model groundwater resources in a semi-arid rangeland in western Iran. Therefore, the layers of slope degree, slope aspect, elevation, distance from the fault, the shape of the slope, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, rainfall, lithology, and land use were prepared. After determining the weight of the parameters using Shannon's entropy function and then determining their classes, the final map of the areas with the potential of groundwater resources was modeled from the combination of the weight of the parameters and their classes. In addition, R 3.5.1 software and the randomForest package were used to run the random forest (RF) model. In this research, k-fold cross-validation was used to validate the models. Moreover, the statistical indices of MAE, RMSE, and R2 were used to evaluate the efficiency of the RF model and Shannon's entropy for finding the potential of underground water resources. The results showed that the RF model with accuracy (RMSE: 3.41, MAE: 2.85, R² = 0.825) has higher accuracy than Shannon's entropy model with accuracy (R² = 0.727, RMSE: 4.36, MAE: 3.34). The findings of the random forest model showed that most of the studied area has medium potential (26954.2 ha) and a very small area (205.61 ha) has no groundwater potential. On the other hand, the results of Shannon's entropy model showed that most of the studied area has medium potential (24633.05 ha) and a very small area (1502.1 ha) has no groundwater potential.

Cities have always drawn their growth and development from the thoughts and ideas of their initial designers and urban planners who have undoubtedly tailored the city's construction pattern to suit the environmental geography. Kermanshah is no exception to this environmental geography and has its own model of environmental defense. As the largest city in western Iran, Kermanshah is considered the uncontested city of the region due to its unique location and extensive sphere of influence. Kermanshah has been an important center of trade and an urban hub for many centuries, and today it ranks ninth in terms of urban population in the country. Kermanshah's role as a strong defensive fortress in the west of the country has made it the focus of governments in different eras. This underscores the importance of the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah as a result of defense factors in various historical periods. In this article, the Shannon entropy model is used to examine the development process. The results show circular development of the city until 1951, and linear growth from Sarab Taq Bostan in the north to Sarab Qanbar in the south until 1971. From this date onwards, the city has seen physical growth in the western and eastern areas, with the construction of industrial zones and residential areas in these regions, aimed at development plans and urban development. Moreover, practical challenges in some areas have affected urban development, with the political-military factors playing an exceptional role in the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah's metropolis.

The location of the country on the earthquake belt and the issue of earthquake crisis control, by looking at the statistics and recorded records of past and contemporary environmental threats, the fact is revealed that the current crisis management cannot alone be able to deal with the destructive effects of disasters in order to prevent the effects are destructive to vital and sensitive centers and human resources, therefore, it is necessary to apply the principles and criteria of passive defense, which can help to complete the defense chain effectively and significantly. Earthquake is a natural and often destructive phenomenon and event which has received little attention in the urban planning of the country. Most existing studies on reducing damages caused by earthquakes have been around building construction methods to increase the building's resistance against earthquakes. The main focus of the present study is investigating passive earthquake defense in Kermanshah city. According to the goal and in order to identify vulnerable areas against earthquakes, 45 components were identified in the form of 4 natural, physical, social and economic indicators and were investigated with the Aras model. During this research, in parallel with the basic investigations and presentation of theoretical foundations related to the research topic, a panel of experts was formed, and their opinions were collected in the form of a database in Arc GIS software. In addition to earthquake risk zoning, vulnerable spatial and physical development periods were presented based on specific passive defense principles and appropriate solutions to improve the current situation. The research results showed that Regions 8, 4, 1, and 6 have the least vulnerability and Regions 7 and 5. Moreover, 3 and 2 are the most vulnerable.

Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city

Coastal tourism has the potential to provide economic and employment opportunities in destination countries. This research aimed to evaluate the factors influencing the development of coastal tourism in Iran using a multi-criteria decision-making methods. Therefore, the influential factors in the development of coastal tourism in Iran were identified using literature review, expert opinions, and the fuzzy Delphi method. This research was exploratory in terms of purpose, applied in nature, and employed a survey method for data collection. The research population consisted of experts in the field of coastal tourism in Iran. A judgmental sampling method was used to select the sample. After collecting the data, the importance and weight of each factor were identified by Shannon’s entropy method. Then, using the additive ratio assessment (ARAS) method, factors were evaluated and prioritized. According to the entropy method, the factor "marketing and advertising about tourist attractions in coastal areas" was the most important in the development of coastal tourism in Iran. The results of the ARAS method showed that among the factors affecting the development of coastal tourism in Iran, "security of coastal areas", "creation of employment opportunities and attention to local products and businesses in coastal areas" and "recreational facilities in coastal areas" had the highest priority.

Today, despite all the activities that have been done for the residents of mountainous areas, facing a phenomenon called avalanche in mountainous areas is still a normal thing. For years, the people of mountainous areas have to deal with this natural threat. The manner and place of residence and the type of construction, forestry and land use plans in recent decades have minimized the risk of avalanches in mountainous areas. During the occurrence of natural crises that are associated with social anomalies, an efficient management plan must be prepared and adjusted in advance to firstly identify high-risk areas and secondly, the shortest and most reliable ways to access the centers and the best decision can be made in setting up relief centers. In Iran, studies on the phenomenon of snow and snow avalanches are more limited than other studies. In this study, the Absafid waterfall area of Aligudarz has been investigated in order to prepare an avalanche zoning map and the factors affecting the occurrence of this hazard.

In this research, the input data to the model was prepared first. The input data included sampling points that were from avalanche prone areas (dependent variable of the model) which were identified in order to identify avalanche prone spots through field visits, local inquiries and using the information of natural resources experts in the region. Of the 4 sampling methods used, the first method is to select points that were in the area of rocky outcrops (model 1), the second method is to select points that have slopes of more than 45 degrees (model 2), the third method is to select random points in the areas of snow accumulation (model 3), The fourth method of selecting points in a grid with a regular distance of 150 meters from each other in the area of snow accumulation (model 4). And the independent variables of the model, which include indices (Slope, Aspect, LS , TWI , Wind effect, VRM , MBI , profile and general curvature , NDVI ) were used for modeling.

AUC index values for each of the 4 models, respectively, in training and test mode for: the first model) 0.808 and 0.75, the second model) 0.885 and 0.868, the third model) 0.875 and 0.881, the fourth model) 0.947 and 0.94 and the results show that all models are in the category of excellent models. The results of the Jackknife statistics analysis show that in model 1, NDVI and Slope indices have the greatest impact, model number 2 relates to Slope and TWI indices, model 3 relates to NDVI and Slope indices, and in model number 4, NDVI and Slope indices have had the greatest impact on the output of the model. The results of matching the zoning maps with each other and the percentage difference between the maps obtained from the 4 models show that the lowest matching rate among the above maps is the result of the comparison between model 1 and 2, which is 53% and also the highest The compliance rate is related to model 3 and 4, and their lack of compliance is 9%. Also, comparing the results with field observations shows that model number 3 has predicted the best result in identifying avalanche spots in the evaluated area.

In recent decades, the use of different modeling algorithms has been developed. On the other hand, in all data-driven models, in order to initially train the model, it is necessary to introduce the points related to the place of occurrence of the desired phenomenon. Therefore, the type of distribution of input data can influence the output maps. The most important goal of this research is to evaluate the type of input data introduced in a data-oriented method (based on Shannon entropy and logistic regression, Max.Ent) in preparing a snow avalanche risk zoning map in the limits of the White Water waterfall in Aliguderz city. In order to prepare an avalanche risk zoning map, 10 geomorphometric factors were used, and based on the field survey, the area of avalanche occurrence was identified in the region, and snow avalanche prone points were introduced to the model in four different ways. The results of prediction models' accuracy (AUC), determining the importance and degree of sensitivity of each of the criteria used showed that the accuracy of the predicted maps varied between 0.81 and 0.95. Also, from the results of the most effective environmental indicators in the output of each of the models, it was evident that, in general, the criteria related to vegetation and slope were given the most weight. The results of the spatial evaluation of the prepared maps indicate a difference of 53%-9% between the avalanche prone areas among the four introduced methods. In general, the northwest to southwest regions are the most sensitive to the onset of avalanches in the study area, and this issue is evident in almost all models.

Today, the "smart growth" strategy has been proposed as a new and comprehensive pattern of urban planning in the world, in order to solve the problem of sprawl urban growth due to relentless urbanization. The metropolis of Ahvaz, which has always suffered from the consequences of such growth in recent years, can not be an exception to this pattern. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, this study aimed to measure and rank the metropolitan regions of Ahvaz in terms of compliance with smart urban growth indicators. The type of research is applied with a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary studies and field observations. The statistical population of the study was Ahvaz metropolitan regions. As a result of documentary studies, 82 indicators were selected within the framework of 4 physical criteria - land use, socio-economic, access - transportation and environment and the data were extracted using available sources. The data were then analyzed using a combination of Shannon entropy weighting method and ELEKTRE technique. Based on the research results, there is a significant difference between Ahwaz metropolitan regions in terms of appropriateness to smart urban growth indicators; In this regard, District 5 of Ahvaz metropolis has poor conditions, so compared to other areas of the metropolis, it deserves more serious attention. Finally, based on the research findings, solutions were proposed.

Increasing population growth in urban areas has had adverse socio-economic, traffic and physical consequences for cities. So cities need to provide better places to live. One of these places is the creation of pedestrian zones or sidewalks. The aim of this study was to assess the factors affecting the quality of the two phases of the Rasht pedestrian zone from the citizens' point of view. The first phase of the pedestrian zone includes Alam al-Huda Street and the second phase includes Saadi, Imam Khomeini and Shahrdari squares. The method of the present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the method of implementation. In this research, in the first step, theoretical studies and research literature have been done and based on these studies, four criteria (physical-spatial, accessibility, socio-economic, micro-design) and 22 indicators have been selected. In the next step, by field studies and completion of 392 questionnaires by citizens, using the entropy method, the criteria and indicators of studies in two phases of pedestrian zones have been weighed and evaluated. The results show that the micro-design criteria and the three indicators "suitable design for the disabled and the elderly", "night lighting" and "urban facilities (trash and drinking water, etc.)" have the greatest weight and importance. Also, in ranking the two-phase pedestrian zones, citizens are more satisfied with the first phase with a normalization score of (0.52) than the second phase (0.47).

Cities to expand on their peripheral surroundings, regardless of the various physical, environmental, social and economic impacts. development is one of the new strategies to counter the physical development of cities. The main purpose of this strategy is to recapture lost or destroyed urban spaces. The type of research is applied -Practical and its method is analytical. Shannon and Holdern's entropy coefficient method to analyze the data and information for measuring the sprawl of the city, the nearest index for the model of infill development capacity distribution and the Vikor model for ranking the urban areas according to the studied land uses was used. According to the Shannon entropy coefficient calculations, the value of ln (n) is obtained at 1.38, which indicates that urban sprawl and physical development are sparse compared with the urban entropy coefficient of 1.37. Holderen's results also show that about 90 per cent of the city's growth was due to population growth, and only 0.09 per cent was to the city's horizontal and spiral growth. A comparative study of the proposed area and the urban area surveyed reveal that approximately 917 hectares of proposed landfill levels have not yet been met. While the city's infill capacity is 2408 hectares. By comparative comparison, the area is measured at a numerical average of the nearest-neighbour ratio of -27.58. Since this value is smaller than one, we, therefore, conclude that the inner city capacities are clustered throughout the city. Finally, according to the results of the Vikor method, region 3 has the highest infill development capacity with 36.15.

Viability is one of the approaches that seek to create a safe and healthy environment for human societies. Today, cities face many challenges in the economic, social, and environmental fields. At the same time, population growth, along with the growing proportion of urbanization, has had detrimental consequences for cities. Continuation of such urban growth with social, economic, and environmental problems is critical and warns against urban instability. Meanwhile, other problems drastically reduce the quality of life and, consequently, livability in cities. Therefore, today the necessity and importance of the discussion of viability and sustainable development in cities are quite obvious. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the viability of neighborhoods in Yasuj with emphasis on sustainable development. The research method is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose. The data required for the analysis were collected through a questionnaire and then analyzed using SPSS, ArcMap, Excel, Shannon entropy model, and TOPSIS. The results of calculations and evaluation show that not all neighborhoods of Yasuj have the same viability. The neighborhood Zir-e Juma Bazaar has the highest level of viability whereas Eram neighborhood has the lowest level of viability.

Rockfall is one of the most important geomorphological hazards in mountainous areas, which always causes great financial and human losses, especially for communication lines (roads and railways). Zanjan - Teham and Tarem are also one of the most dangerous mountain roads in Ardabil province, where the risk of falling rocks seriously threatens the road. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the danger zones along this road. For this purpose, in addition to a field visit to the desired area and using the 2021 Landsat OLI sensor satellite images, the layers and maps that are effective in rock fall, including: geology, slope, elevation levels, slope direction, land use and vegetation, fault, distance from Road, distance from watercourse, precipitation levels, isothermal, freezing data were used. The drop points collected with dual-frequency GPS (mapping tool) were checked in the ArcGis pro software environment with the aforementioned criteria. Then, using the statistical method of frequency ratio coefficient, information value method and Shannon's entropy, which uses environmental data, zoning of the risk of falling was carried out through combining and algebraic summing of the maps in five risk classes from very low to very high. According to the results obtained in the information value method, 64.23% of the area was assigned to high to very high risk areas. In the case of frequency ratio method, this number was 41.7% and Shannon's entropy method was 44.01%. In order to evaluate the zoning accuracy of the mentioned methods, two total quality indicators and accuracy index (experimental probability) were used. The evaluation of the models showed that, in the information value model, the mentioned indices were obtained as 0.34 and 0.95, respectively, which have higher quality and accuracy compared to the frequency ratio and Shannon entropy models.

Hospitals are among the most important service centers, and the selection of the optimal site for them is a very important (yet complex) undertaking, as it can bring about optimal spatial distribution of hospitals and can make them optimally accessible for citizens. In the present study, in order to optimally locate hospitals in District 5 of Tehran metropolis, a combination of the geographical information system, objective weighting methods, and multi-criteria decision making method was used. The geographical information system was used to analyze and manage the optimal hospital locating criteria, the CRITIC weighting method was implemented to account for the correlation between the criteria, and Shannon's entropy method was used to model the existing uncertainty in the criteria. CODAS multi-criteria decision making method was used due to its novelty and the evaluation of alternatives based on two criteria. Based on the results obtained from CRITIC weighting method, distance from health centers, and based on the results of Shannon's entropy method, distance from industrial areas were the most important optimal hospital locating criteria. The results of ranking the candidate sites using CRITIC-CODAS and Shannon’s entropy-CODAS were almost the same, and both methods identified the sites on the western side of the District (that did not have any hospital) as the appropriate sites. The results of the study indicated the high accuracy of combined objective weighting and multi-criteria decision making methods in optimal locating of the hospitals. It might be asserted that these methods can replace thematic weighting methods such as analytical hierarchy process.

Today, with the increasing use of vehicles in cities, Increasing the fueling stations (Gaz stations)it gets more attention. Improper spatial distribution of these locations and low quality of service and also a small number of them in cities including problems that will bring the minds of many researchers to urban issues. Quantity (number and mode of distribution, etc.)and quality (safety and service) as station sites of the most important factors In attracting citizens to supply fuel their vehicles are considered and leading to earn more money for station owners and provide more convenient service to users. This study is based on practical purpose. The method used is descriptive-analytical. As well as the relevant documents and questionnaires and field resources have been used. Using the shannon entropy technique has been, seven indicators of the status of the gas station in regions 1 and 7 metropolitan ahwaz the evaluation and ranking. the results showed that the ranking position of the gas station of the seven indices studied based on the shannon entropy model,gas stations;respectively ranked first and seventh,with the degree of priority,are located.Fotouhi, 3shercati, sepidar ,ghaem ,pol-e-panjom ,2shercati ,5shercati, 23/0709-22/0755-20/134-15/3703- 12/5983- 11/4321- 11/1331.

Innovative city is including new concepts in urban studies, highlighted by geographers, economists and sociologists, in achieving a knowledge-community and knowledge-based development. In this regard, city has been considered in a hybrid approach as a place where creativity, knowledge, creative and innovative industries and knowledge economy. Thus, urban environments should provide conditions to attract and retain creative and innovative human capitals. According to importance of subjecte, research aims to evaluating and comparison social and cultural indicators of the innovative city in the regions of Tabriz Metropolis. In terms of purposes, the present study is of applied researchs type, and in terms of methodology, it is a comparative research. Shannon entropy method for weighing indicators is used and the TOPSIS technique is applied in order to rank the regions of Tabriz. Emphasizing on the social and cultural indicators, the findings of the research show that region 8 tops the ranking list and region 10 is ranked the last. ‌The result of research indicates that the social and cultural indicators are not distributed equitably and there is a spatial focus on distribution of indicators. The results of research indicate the incompatibility of the distribution of social and cultural indicators with the distribution of population across the city. Therefore, since innovation is the key to the development and expansion of cities as well as the equitable distribution of services and facilities necessary for development, the fair distribution of social and cultural indicators is essential for the realization of an innovative city.

Progressing population growth, development of economic activities and human needs for natural resources, including water resources, have created an imbalance between supply and demand, ultimately causing instability and inadequacy of these resources in most parts of the world, especially arid and semiarid regions such as our country. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate and formulate strategies for improving water resource resiliency of Yazd Ardakan Plain. In this study, in order to achieve the resiliency of Yazd Ardakan Plain water resources, theoretical foundations of the research were initially studied using documentary (library) reviews. After that, model components of the research were refined and evaluated using the Delphi technique and obtaining expert consensus through survey processes and using a questionnaire. In the next step, the SOAR model was adopted in order to analyze the information and formulate a strategy for water resource resiliency of Yazd Ardakan Plain, and describe its strengths, opportunities, ideals and results. Also, Shannonchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s Entropy Algorithm was used to weigh these strategies. Based on the findings of the SOAR model and considering the results of the establishment of water-related economic activities instead of agricultural activities in Yazd Ardakan plain, it shows that this area is in transition from a social-economic structure based solely on agricultural activity to a new water-resource dependent structure which does not fit the concept of transient resiliency. Results of this study show that in order to increase resiliency of the regionchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s water resources, the need for substitution of non-water-dependent economic activities with less pollution such as Green businesses, eco-tourism, renewable energy and low-water industries in land development and planning programs should receive more attention.